I ;•? : Hi '■ 1 ■ ■ !„. ' * ' - „tf l.i J ISSN 0738-9388 L I'/o! 'Ll IS THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume: XXVIII January II, 1996 Number: 1 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Bill Roiner Terry Arnold Kim Hulsell Silvana Vollero Margaret Mulliner Kay Klaus CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Busitiess Manager Photographer Litida L. Hutsell Margaret Mulliner Carole M, Hertz Jules Hertz David K. Mulliner MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Amiual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Meinbersliip (includes family): $15.(X); Overseas (surface mail): $18. (X); Overseas (air mail): $30. (X). Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 The Festivus is published montlily except December. The publication date appears on tlie inastliead above. Single copies of tliis issue: $5.(X) plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences Antliony D'Attilio c/o Booth. 2315 Hillview Dr. Laguna Beach, CA 92651 Douglas J. Eernisse California Stale University, Fullerton William K. Emerson American Museum of Natural History Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Barry Roth Research Associate Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Paul Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Emily H. Vokes Tulane University Meeting date: tliird Thursday, 7:30 PM Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park PROGRAM Travel, Diving and Shells m die Philippines Dave Mulliner, Club member and The Festivus staff on die Philippine Islands. He will also have a display photographer, will give an all new slide program of Philippine material. also Giant Reprint Sale Meeting date: January 18, 1996 Shells of die iiiondi: Philippine shells CONTENTS Club news 2 Strange variant of MiirexielUi lappa from die Galapagos or an undescnbed species? Carole M. Hertz 3 Panamic puzzles: those enigmatic Alaha Robert Koch 7 Check all your valves Gijs C. Kroenberg 10 In memoriam |R. Tucker Abbott & Gale G. Splioii, Jr| 11 1996 low tides for the northern Gulf of California 12 Page 2 THE FESTIVUS Vol, XXVIII(l): 1996 CLUB NEWS Dr. Rudiger Bieler Joins The Festivus Review Board It is witli appreciation and pride that we welcome Dr. Rudiger Bieler to The Festivus review board. Dr. Bieler, curator of moUusks at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, has written extensively on marine gastropods witli major works on tlie Architectonicidae. Our thanks to him for accepting this position despite his already very busy schedule. The Annual Christmas Dinner Party This year the Club Christmas diimer party was held on Saturday evening, December 2nd in the Montfield Room of the Four Points Sheraton Imi. The room was gaily decorated with full-size Christmas tree and table centerpieces of Strombus gigas (donated by Don Pisor) planted with briUiant-red poinsettias. Over 45 members were in attendance and the room was filled witli tlie sounds of friends happy being together for this final social event of the year. Following the cocktail hour and the very fine dinner, the board members for 1996 were installed and tliose who had served in 1995, bodi behind the scenes and on the board, were thanked by outgoing president, Kay Klaus. Members then enjoyed the traditional gift exchange, tliis year followed by a drawing for tlie beautiful centerpieces and a slide show which included images from die September party and the exciting activities of several members. The evening was a special one for all present. From the Minutes of the Meeting of the San Diego Shell Club, November 16, 1995 Kay opened the meeting at 7:45 p.m. The Club welcomed back old friend Michael Hollmann visiting from Germany and new member Rick Schaefer. Kay reminded everyone of die Christmas party on Saturday December 2nd at die Four Points Sheraton widi Hugh Bradner as emcee for die event. Kay dianked Chuck Reitz for bringing die refresliments for the evening. The election of officers for 1996 took place widi nominees elected unanimously. Tlie new officers wdl be; Bill Romer, President; Terry Arnold, Vice- President; Margaret MuUiner, Treasurer; Sdvana Vollero, Recording Secretary; and Kim Hutsell, Corresponding Secretary. There was a warm round of applause for Kay, our outgoing President. Don Shasky mentioned interesting articles in the latest issues of The Nautilus and Australian Shell News and the meeting in Perth from February 1-4, 1997. Hugh read two obimaries. R. Tucker Abbott passed away in November and Gale G. Sphon, Jr. passed away in May (see p. 11). Jules introduced the speaker for the evening. Dr. Henry Chaney. Hank spoke on the Solomon Islands which he described as the intersection of the Pacific. It is becoming a more popular place for divers since it is rich in moUusks. For now, at least, marine areas have not been impacted. It was quite a fascinating presentation. The shell drawing winner was George Kennedy. The meeting was adjourned to enjoy the refreshments and shell talk and viewing some great shells brought in for display. Silvana Vollero Dues are Due For those who have not paid their dues for 1996, this will be your last issue. Only those members in good standing will receive the February issue and appear on tlie membership roster. International Abalone Symposium* California Sea Grant is sponsoring the Third International Abalone Symposium in Monterey, Cahfomia, October 5-11, 1997. Topics to be discussed include the biology, culture and fisheries management of abalone worldwide. There will also be a trade show and a proceedings will be pubhshed in a special issue of tlie Journal of Shellfish Research. If you would like to participate in any way in this intemational symposium and would like to receive further announcements and registration information, contact Catherine Ashley, California Sea Grant College, 9500 Gilman Dr., La JoUa CA 92093-0232; FAX 619- 534-2231; email; cashley@ucsd.edu. *from Sea Grant Extension Program Newsletter Vol.XXVIII(l): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 3 STRANGE VARIANT OF MUREXIELLA LAPPA FROM THE GALAPAGOS OR AN UNDESCRIBED SPECIES? CAROLE M. HERTZ Associate, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA Recently, a problem came to my attention concerning the identification of some specimens in the Kirstie L. Kaiser collection from the Islas Galapagos. One was a mamre specimen collected by the Ameripagos Expedition in 1971, and now in the Kaiser collection, along with two other juvenile specimens collected by K. L. Kaiser in February 1988. (Three other specimens examined, also collected by tlie Ameripagos Expedition, are retained in the Mulliner collection.) After several people had examined the mamre specimen in the Kaiser collection, with differing ideas on its identification, each person noting that it didn't "look exactly right" for the species suggested, I wrote to Dr. Emily Yokes requesting permission to send photos of the four more mature specimens as well as the juvenile specimens for her appraisal. As always, she graciously offered to examine the specimens, and I sent them to her, along with a mamre specimen of Murexiella lappa (Broderip, 1833) from Panama, from the Carol Skoglund collection, which we had smdied for comparison (Figure 1). In Dr. Yokes' response she clearly noted that the Figure 1. Murexiella lappa (Broderip, 1833), 22.9 mm L., apertural and dorsal views. Collected at Isla Venado, Canal Zone, Panama on rocks, night low tide, February 26, 1967. Leg. Ann Marti. C. Skoglund colection. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Page 4 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(l): 1996 Panama specimen was a typical Murexiella lappa (Broderip, 1833), but that the others (Figures 2-5) "are not any species I recognize, and it is my opinion tliat they are just a strange variant of M. lappa. But tliey may well be a new species, as the Galapagos are wont to develop. " Dr. Yokes suggested that they be referred to as "sp. cf. lappa, as they are closer to that than anything else. Certainly they are not vittata, exigua, venustula, radicata or any other species I know of from this part of the world! " Figured here also (Figure 6), is the protoconch of the 15.4 mm specimen from the Mulliner collection. Although there is a shghtly abraded area on the first nuclear whorl, the illustrations clearly show a protoconch of 314-3 '/2 rounded, rough-surfaced whorls. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Joyce Gemmell did the camera lucida drawings of the protoconch of M. cf. lappa, David K. Mulliner took the photographs of the specimens and Emily H. Yokes identified the material for me. I thank them for their considerable help. Figure 2. Murexiella cf. lappa, 25.6 mm L, apertural and dorsal views. Leg. D. K. Mulliner (Ameripagos Expedition) at Pta. Alfaro, Isla Isabela, Islas Galapagos, Ecuador at Station 29, in 3-6 m (10-20 ft.)., March, 1971. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. VoI.XXVIII(l): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 5 Figure 3. M. cf. lappa, 15.4 mm L, apertural and dorsal views. Leg. D. K. Mulliner (Ameripagos Expedition) at Sombrero Chino, Isla Isabela [0°22'20"S to 0“25’20'’S and 90°34’30"W to 90°57' 10"W], Islas Galapagos, Ecuador at stations 29 & 23, March 22,24,25, 1971. Photos: D.K. Mulliner Figure 4. M. cf. lappa, 19.9 mm L, apertural and dorsal views. Leg. D. K. Mulliner (Ameripagos Expedition) Islas Galapagos, Ecuador, March 1971, Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Page 6 THE FESTIVUS Vol, XXVIII(l): 1996 Figure 5. M. cf. lappa, 23.5 mm L, apertural and dorsal views. Leg. D.K. Mulliner (Ameripagos Expedition) Pta. Estrada, SE side of Academy Bay, Isla Santa Cruz, in 8-10 m (25-32 ft.), Islas Galapagos, Ecuador, March 19, 1971, K. L. Kaiser collection. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Figure 6. M. cf. lappa, two views, apertural and dorsal, of protoconch of specimen illustrated in Figure 3, X25. Vol.XXVIII(l): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 7 PANAMIC PUZZLES: THOSE ENIGMATIC ALABA ROBERT KOCH' Associate, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA As reported by Keen (1971), tliere are only four species of tlie genus Akiba residing witliin tlie Panainic Province. Of tliese, three-interruptelineata Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 (Figure 1); jeannettae Bartscli, 1910 (Figure 2); and supralirota Carpenter, 1857 (Figure 3) — are said to be found in die Gulf of California, eidier by original designation or subsequent published range extensions. (See Skogluiid, 1992.) My problems begin wiUi die three Gulf iidiabitants as I can't readily distinguish between jeannettae and supralirata. Using Bartscli 's description of jeannettae and redescription of supralirata, bodi feature nuclei of four whorls, probably a semitransparent body, incised spiral lines diat are stronger toward die base and strong varices. The most distinguishing feamres are supposedly die placement of the varices and particularly die nucleus. Tlie varices of jeannettae are described as "strong, oblique" and placed at "irregular intervals," while diose of supralirata are "very strong," forming "more or less continuous lines." The nucleus of supralirata (Figure 4) feamres the "first (whorl) smoodi; the rest marked by slender, axial riblets," additionally "die last two turns are marked by a slender spiral cord." On die odier hand, die nuclear whorls of jeannettae (Figure 5) are "smoodi except for very faint, slender, axial direads which, in most instances, are only apparent at die sunmiit of die whorls." See Table 1. Under "Specimens examined" Bartscli lists from die Gulf over 2500 jeannettae and just 13 supralirata. Questions iimnediately arise coiiceriiing die huge as.sortment. How many are juveniles; die number with recognizable nuclei; the degree of variability? None are answered. There is a hint under supralirata where die rede.scription is based on two of die 13 shells, one furnishing die nucleus. Nevertheless, I simply can’t reconcile his figures with my material of 33 Gulf lots. Figures 1 & 2. (1) Alaba interruptelineata Pilsbry & Lx)we, 1932. Holoiype. 7 mm L (from Pilsby &. Lowe, 1932]. (2) Figure 2. Aaba jeanuetlae Bartscli, 1910. Presumably the holotype, 5 mm L (from Bartsch, 1910]. (3) (5) Figures 3 -5. (3) Alalxi sitpmlirala Carpenier, 1857 (USNM 4066) (4) Protoconch of A. supralirata (both from Bartsch, 1910). (5) l*roKx;onch of /4. y'ea/mer/ae, presumably the holotype (from Bartsch, 1910]. Mailing address: 1215 West Seldon Lane, Phoenix. A/ 85021, USA 1 Page 8 THE FESTIVUS Vol, XXVIII(l): 1996 collected from Puerto Penasco, Sonora, soutli to Los Frailes, Baja California Sur. Some 22 of these lots contain a half-dozen to well over 100 shells. At least 200 have the nucleus intact with recognizable sculpture, and, this is where I run into trouble. In any of my larger lots the variability factor becomes quite evident. The color varies from chalk- white (old, dead) to semitransparent (fresh dead, animal missing) to a light yellowish-brown shading with white varices where the dried animal is within. In tlie latter iirstance, tlie shell must be somewhat transparent as tlie animal is plainly visible, hi addition, some 20 lots contain one or more shells displaying some evidence of an interrupted color band. In tlie larger lots tlie only consistent feature of die varices seems to be diat diey are, or were, white. Odierwise, diere are all sorts of varical variations; from quite strong to very weak; from linear (supralirata) to irregular (jeannettae)', from initially appearing at earlier to later stages of shell growdi. Tlie contour or profile of the shells display a similar diversity, ranging, on a relative basis, from a very broad form to a quite slender one. This might be illustrated by die Carpenter drawings of A. supralirata in Braun (1966) (Figure 6): a more or less slender adult or subadult and a much broader juvenile fonn. The similar shapes of die nuclei are as illustrated by Bartsch for jeannettae and supralirata (Figures 4, 5) i.e., a tip followed by 4 whorls, the last two expanding rapidly. Possibly die tips may be a trifle more elevated than the impression given in his illustrations. Tlieir outlines confonn to diat of die teleoconchs, from broad to slender. But the similarity ceases with the sculpmre, where variabihty becomes obvious. The preponderance of my material displays some evidence of riblets. Some evince strong, clearly visible (at 40X) riblets, odiers a vague, faint type and still in odiers die tiny ribs are only visible toward die smiimit and/or base of die last whorls. A nmiiber have what might be tenned a "frosted" appearance and may be snioodi. Tlie riblets are more readily defined on the larger, final two whorls and a few show die "slender, spiral cord" attributed to supralirata by Bartsch. Aldiough noted as different species by audiors (i.e. J. Hertz, 1978; Geimiiell, Hertz & Myers, 1980; Fuiet, 1985, 1994), I feel jeannettae and supralirata could well be conspecific, evidencing a high degree of variability, and to diis complex, die slender fonn of interruptelineata might be added. To my mind, die only apparent difference is die color pattern of interrupted brownish bands. But diis color feamre, as previously noted, also is present in a number of my Figure 6. A. supralirata. Protoconch and two other specimens [from Carpenter, 1857, illustrated by Braim, 1966]. lots. And, in Carpenter’s original description of supralirata there is mention of "a rusty brown in irregular stripes," as well as a brief discussion of the variability in his modest type lot. Alaba guayaquilensis Bartsch, 1928, (Figure 7) from Ecuador, remains a mystery. I have sizable lots — well over 300 shells, some hve taken — collected at Salmas. All are representative of the other three species. There is nothing that even remotely matches Bartsch’s brief and less than satisfactory description wliich oidy mentions the single type specimen. It may be a vahd species, but I can find no subsequent reference to the shell. Figure 7. Alaba guayaquilensis Bansch, 1928 [from Bartsch, 1928]. Vol.XXVIII(l): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 9 LITERATURE CITED BARTSCH, PAUL 1910. The west American mollusks of the genus Alaba. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 39:153- 156, figs. 1-4. 1928. New marine mollusks from Ecuador. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 18(3):66-75, figs. 1-16. BRANN, DORIS C. 1966. Illustrations to "Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan shells" by Philip P. Carpenter. Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY, pp. 1-111, 60 pis. CARPENTER, PHILIP P. 1857. Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan shells in the British Museum collected by Philip Reigen. London. 552 pp. FINET, YVES 1985. Preliminary faunal list of the marine mollusks of the Galapagos Islands. Institute Royal des Sciences Naturelle de Belgique. Documents de Travail 20:50 pp. 1994. The marine mollusks of the Galapagos Islands: a documented faunal list. Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Geneva, pp. 1-180. GEMMELL, JOYCE, CAROLE M. HERTZ & BARBARA W. MYERS 1980. Seastar predation on mollusks in the San Felipe Bay area, Baja California, Mexico. The Festivus 12(3):24-55, figs. 1-51. HERTZ, JULES 1978. Minute shells. The Festivus 10(5):40, 2 figs. KEEN, A. MYRA 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 2nd edition. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. i-xiv-l-1064 pp., illus. PILSBRY, HENRY A & H. N. LOWE 1932. West Mexican and Central American mollusks collected by H. N. Lowe 1929-31. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 84:33-144, pis. 1-17. SKOGLUND, CAROL 1992. Additions to the Panamic Province gastropod (Mollusca) literature 1971 to 1992. The Festivus 24 (suppl.) pp. 1- 169. Table I. Comparison of Four Alaba Species Keen Species, Range and Length Nucleus Body Color Body Sculpture Varices 559 guayaquilensis: Ecuador (type) 5.7 mm not indicated as such, but probably 3 whorls, well-rounded, smooth, flesh-colored hom-brown (no mention of color pattern as illustrated) 5 incised spiral lines strong, almost vertical, flesh- colored 560 interruptelineala : Nicaragua (type) 7.0 mm Nicaragua to Panama (per Keen) Peru & Sonora (see Skoglund, 1992) as in supralirata (no color mentioned) semitransparent, interrupted bands of chestnut brown over entire uneroded surface incised spiral lines gradually increasing in number scattered at irregular intervals, white 561 jeannettae: Pacific Baja (type) 5.0 mm San Diego to the Gulf (per Bansch) 4 whorls, well rounded, smooth, except for very faint axials, in most instances, only apparent at summits (no color mentioned) semitransparent incised spiral lines, stronger toward base strong, scattered at irregular intervals 562 supralirata : Mazatlan (type) 4.8 mm (Carpenter) Gulf to Panama (per Keen); Galapagos (see Skoglund); 6.8 mm (per Bartsch); 4.0 mm (per Gemmell et al.) 4 whorls, 1st smooth, rest with axial riblets, last 2 with slender spiral cord (no color mentioned) semitransparent (per Bartsch) "porcellanous white a rusty brown in irreguar stripes" (per Carpenter) 1st 3 whorls smooth, followed by incised lines increasing in size & pronounced on final whorls very strong, more or less continouos lines over the whorls Page 10 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(l): 1996 CHECK ALL YOUR VALVES GIJS C. KRONENBERG c/o Milieu Educatie Centrum, PO Box 435, NL-5600 AK Eindhoven, the Netherlands Several years ago, in 1988 to be precise, I went along on a tour to Egypt to get a bit of ancient Egyptian culture, and also to collect shells in the Red Sea. At one particular spot I found a rather large specimen of Tridacna maxima, lying at a depdi of about four meters, plainly in sight on the sand just in front of the reef. It looked very nice, altliough it had some other organisms, like sponges, on it. So, I collected it (it was by no means pan of die reef itself). Upon arriving back home, it was one of the first shells I needed to clean. No need to guess why. My partner, Marianne, offered her help. Suddenly she drew my attention by pointing to a small cone still present on one of the valves. Well, that was a surprise. And upon closer examination we found some more during this "house collecting." All species measured less than 5 mm: Stomatella varia (A. Adams, 1850) Rissoina (Rissoina) ambigua (Gould, 1849) Bittium zebrum (Kiener, 1843) Viriola corrugata (Hinds, 1843) Crania martensi (Dali, 1823) Euplica varians (Sowerby, 1832) Conus (Virroconus) parvatus sharmiensis Wils, 1986 Cylichna girardi (Audoin, 1826) Pin eta da vulgaris (Schumacher, 1817). Last summer a group of seven paid a visit to Baja California Sur, Mexico, and, of course, we did some collecting. I remembered my experience widi die Tridacna, and when it happened diat my thumb was injured radier seriously, I asked my companions to collect some of die previously sighted broken and scattered valves of Pinna rugosa Sowerby, 1835, for me. It was rewarding. On diese valves we found lots of: Patelloida semirubida (DaU, 1914) Theodoxus (Vittoclithon) luteofasciatus (MiUer, 1879) Hipponix antiquatus panamensis C.B. Adams, 1852 Crepidula nummaria Gould, 1846 Crudbulum (Crucibulum) spinosum (Sowerby, 1824) Nassarius tiarula (Kiener, 1841) Costoanachis coronata coronata (Sowerby, 1832) Thala gratiosa (Reeve, 1845) (one specimen). On and near valves of Chama buddiana C.B. Adams, 1852, we found Lithophaga (Labis) attenuata (Deshayes, 1836) and Gastrochaena cf. rugulosa Sowerby, 1834. One specimen of Hyotissa hyotis Linnaeus, 1758, was completely covered with encrustations inhabited by Lithophaga (Myoforceps) aristata (Dillwyn, 1817). None of the species mentioned here are to be considered rarities. But, besides the rewards in shaking coral (Shasky, 1992, 1995), it can also be rewarding to check all valves. I would hke to thank Henk Dekke from Winkel, the Netherlands, for his help in identifying the Red Sea specimens and Marianne for her help in cleaning shells and her lasting support. LITERATURE CITED KEEN, A. MYRA. 1971 . Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 2nd edition. Stanford University Press, i-xiv + 1-1064, 12 color pis, b/w figs. SHASKY, IXDNALD R. 1992. Notes on ' Distorsio” pusilla Pease, 1861 (Tonnacea: Personidae). The Festivus 24(10): 11 3-1 15. 1995. Additional notes on Personella pusilla (Pease, 1861) (Tonnacea: Personidae). The Festivus 27(9):107. Vol.XXVIII(l): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 11 In Memoriam R. Tucker Abbott 1918-1995 It is with great sadness that we report the passing of Dr. R. Tucker Abbott, a great friend of malacology, affectionately known as Mr. Seashell. It can be said that the considerable degree of interest in mollusks by amateurs can be credited in large part to Dr. Abbott's enthusiasm and the many books he wrote for the amateur as well as the professional audience, among the most popular his landmark American Seashells (2nd edition). Compendium of Seashells, Kingdom of the Seashell, and Compendium of Landshells. His professional career included an associate curatorship at the Smithsonian Institution, Chairman of the Department of MoUusks at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and Chairman of the Department of Mollusks at the Delaware Museum of Natural History. He established the journal Indo-Pacific Mollusca, for many years was editor of The Nautilus and later began publishing works of other authors when he set up American Malacologists in 1973. His latest and last venture was as the guiding Ught and director of the newly-opened Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum in Sanibel, Florida. Tucker was a longtime member of the San Diego Shell Club serving on The Festivus review board since its inception in 1985. He is survived by his wife, Ceciha, three children, three stepchildren and five grandchildren. Gale G. Sphon, Jr. 1934-1995 We sadly amiounce the death of Gale G. Sphon, Jr. Long a worker in malacology, in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History in the 1960s and later the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History from wlrich he retired in 1992 after 24 years. He had written a number of professional papers and been an early member of the San Diego Shell Club. He is survived by his sister, Barbara Walker. The R. Tucker Abbott Memorial Fund The Bailey-Matthews Shell Museum seeks to establish Tlie R. Tucker Abbott Memorial Fund in honor of the Founding Director of tlie Shell Museum on Sanibel Island in soutliwest Florida. The aim is "to raise sufficient funds to estabhsh Tlie R. Tucker Abbott Chair, an annual lectureship and educational program in conchological science, to wliich tlie pubUc will be invited." To support tliis fund, send checks payable to Bailey-Mattliews Shell Museum, P.O. Box 1580, Sanibel, FL 33957, USA. Page 12 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(l): 1996 1996 LOW TIDES FOR THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA The entries below show periods of low tides of -4.0 feet and below. The times of low tides are given in Mountain Standard Time. To correct for San Felipe, subtract one hour from listed times which are for Puerto Penasco (San Felipe is on Pacific Standard Time). Tides below the midriff of the Gulf cannot be estimated using these entries. January 18 -4.0 ft. at 6:15 p.m. March 19 -4.0 ft. at 8:00 a.m. July 1 -4.3 ft. at 7:45 a.m. January 19 -5.5 ft. at 7:00 p.m. March 20 -4.0 ft. at 8:30 a.m. July 2 -4.2 ft. at 8:15 a.m. January 20 -6.0 ft. at 8:00 p.m. April 17 -4.0 ft. at 7:15 a.m. July 30 -4.3 ft. at 7:15 a.m. January 21 -5.2 ft. at 8:30 p.m. April 18 -4.0 ft. at 8:00 a.m. July 31 -4.2 ft. at 8:00 a.m. February 16 -4.0 ft. at 6:15 p.m. May 3 -4.0 ft. at 7: 15 a.m. August 28 -4.1 ft. at 7:15 a.m. February 17 -5.3 ft. at 7:00 p.m. May 4 -4.1 ft. at 8:00 a.m. August 29 -4.0 ft. at 8:00 a.m. February 18 -5.7 ft. at 8:00 p.m. June 1 -4.0 ft. at 7:15 a.m. December 9 -4.0 ft. at 7:00 p.m. February 19 -5.0 ft. at 8:40 p.m. June 2 -4.3 ft. at 8:00 a.m. December 10 -4.3 ft. at 7:45 p.m. March 17 -4.0 ft. at 7:00 p.m. June 3 -4.1 ft. at 8:30 a.m. December 11 -4.2 ft. at 8:15 p.m. March 18 -4.1 ft. at 7:45 p.m. June 30 -4.0 ft. at 7:00 a.m. December 12 -4.0 ft. at 9:00 p.m. Notices' of New Publications The Lure of the Liguus: The Florida Tree Snails by Henry Close has been pubhshed by Of Sea & Shore Publications. Based on an original series of articles published in Of Sea and Shore, the 140+page, spiral-bound book expands tlie original series, adding "38 pages of maps, tables and additional information, plus three full page color plates and a color cover." To order, send $19.95 plus postage to Of Sea & Shore Pubhcations, P.O. Box 219, Port Gamble, WA 98364-0219. Postage: add $3 US; $3.50 Canada & Mexico; $5.50 western Hemisphere; $7.50 Europe; $8.50 Asia & Africa; $9.50 Pacific Rim (all air mail). Seashells of Central New South Wales a Survey of the Shelled Marine Molluscs of the Sydney Metropohtan Area and Adjacent Coasts by Patty Jensen is "tlie first ever to be pubhshed on shells of New South Wales. Four hundred and eighty-four species are described and illustrated, representing most species that can be found on beaches in central New Soutli Wales. Ranges outside tliis area are mentioned. The book includes sections on gastropods, bivalves and scaphopods....[and] describes micromolluscs from families such as the Rissoidae and Pyramidelhdae...infonnation on tlie mode of hfe and ecology of tlie animals is included." Priced at $40 Australian. For furtlier information on price and overseas postage, write to Filejest Pty. Ltd., 11 Eden St., Belgian Gardens, Qld, 4810, Australia. Seashells of Eastern Arabia by Donald T. Bosch, S. Peter Dance, Robert G. Moolenbeek & P. Graham Ohver is "die first book to be devoted to die seashells of Oman and the Arabian Gulf... over 1,000 species described in layman's language... original colour photographs, scaimiiig electron microscope images and line drawings illustrate most species." Priced at $75 US widi an additional $16 packing and postage. To order send to Motivate Pubhshing, London House, 19 Old Court Place, Kensington High Street, London W8 4PL England. ISSN 0738-9388 Ho I THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume; XXVIII February 8, 1996 Number: 2 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Bill Roraer Terry Arnold Kim Hutsell Silvana Vollero Margaret Mulliner Kay Klaus CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Business Manager Photographer Linda L. Hutsell Margaret Mulliner Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz David K. Mulliner MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membersliip (includes family). Domestic S 15.00; Overseas (surface maU): S18.00, (air mail): $30.00; Mexico/ Canada (surface mad): $18.00, (air mail): $20.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 The Festivus is published montlily except December. The publication date appears on tlie mastlread above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Fie/c/ Museum of Natural History Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences Anthony D’Attilio c/o Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr. Laguna Beach, CA 92651 Douglas J. Eemisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson American Museum of Natural History Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Barry Roth Research Associate Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Paul Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Emily H. Vokes Tulane University Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park PROGRAM "Braiichmg" in tlie Philippines — Revisited Mike Miller, award wimimg member of tire Underwater diving die Philippines for about fifteen years, gave an Photographic Society, will give a slide presentation on outstanding program to the Club, "Butterflies of tlie his recent trip to die Philippines. Mike, who has been Sea," in 1992. Meetmg date: February 15, 1996 Shells of die mondi: Opisdiobranchs (Bubbles, Branchs & more) CONTENTS Club news 14 Some observations on Thyca callista Berry, 1959 George E. Metz 15 Does a new wax have a place in your collection? 17 The correspondence between M. M. Schepman and W. H. Dali A. N. van der Bijl 18 Subcancilla hindsii (Reeve, 1844); a correction for a figure ui Keen (1971) Carol Skoglund Roster for detaching ‘ APR 2 5 1996 Obraries Page 14 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK2): 1996 CLUB NEWS Volumes of The Veliger Available As a result of generous donations by members and friends, a number of complete volumes of The Veliger, some out of print, as well as individual issues are available for sale. Complete volumes can be purchased for $40 each and individual issues at $10 each. Postage is included. (For overseas addresses, the issues will be sent surface mail). Complete volumes: 9-14 and 23-29 Individual issues: 2(4); 8(4); 9(4); 13(1); 14(2) 28(1);36(1); 37(1,2);38(1,2,4) and 39(1). For furdier mfonnation, call Carole Hertz (619) 277- 6259 or Margaret Mulliner (619) 488-2701. Club Committees for 1996 hi addition to the elected officers and staff listed on tlie masthead, tlie Club requires tlie work of a number of committees to keep tlie Club operating. They are as follows: Librarian: Margaret Mulliner Parliamentarian: Jules Hertz COA Rep: Don Pisor Telephone: Vi Thomas, Don Shasky & Linda & Jolm LaG range The following tliree coimnittees are in search of volmiteers: Botanical Garden Foundation Rep., Host, and Publicity. If you are able to help, please contact President Bill Ronier at (619) 278-2389. A Date for the Auction/Potluck The 1996 Amiual Auction/Potluck will be held on Samrday evening, April 20tli. Thanks to die kindness of Wes Fanner, it will again be held in die clubhouse at liis condo - an absolutely ideal location. (Details and map later.) It is not too early to begin dmiking about die Auction. Members (and friends) are asked to begm bringing m donations for diis, die biggest social event of the year and die Club’s most important fundraiser. Look dirough your collections and fmd some quality shells, widi collecting data where possible, and eidier bring your donations to a Club meetuig or contact a board member and arrange for pickup. Be generous, die Club needs your help! Mark Your Calendars It's liard to believe, but the date for the 1996 Christmas Party has already been reserved. Since the party was so successful in '95, it will again be held at die Four Points Hotel (Sheraton) near Montgomery Field on die second Saturday in December — the 14di. From the Minutes of the Meeting of the San Diego Shell Club, 18 January 1996 President Bill Romer called the first meeting of the year to order at 7:45 p.m. After introduction of guests, several announcements were made. Members were urged to look over die reprints on sale, volunteer for committees and to sign up to bring refresliments for die monddy meetings. Dates were announced for die Club Auction Poduck and the Christmas Party. Dates and volunteer hosts are needed for the Bizarre Bazaar and die September party. In the absence of Vice President Terry Arnold, Bill introduced the speaker for the evening, Dave Mulliner, longtime member, Festivus staff photographer and award winning underwater photographer, who gave a beautiful program on his most recent visit to die Philippines. Dave began by taking members on die flight, landing in Manila and staying in accommodations at a beautiful modem hotel. He gave land tours of die city, of the islands on which he stayed, such as Cebu and Batangas, and the people he visited. He showed die markets, the residences and the countryside —and dien went underwater. Dave’s spectacular photography captured die underwater hfe of an area he says is one of die most beautiful - and to which he returns as often as he can. Colorful fish, varieties of sponges, corals, tunicates and mollusks (especially nudibranchs) in dieir natural habitats were captured by Dave's camera. It was a program gready enjoyed by all. Along widi his talk, Dave had a display of books and beautiful shells from die Philippines. Following the program, Jmie King was die winner of die door prize. Members then adjourned to continue rummaging dirough the reprints, enjoy the social time with friends and die refreshments provided by Larry Catarius and Tom Knapik. Vol.XXVIII(2): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 15 SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THYCA CALLISTA BERRY, 1959 GEORGE E. METZ 121 Wild Horse Valley Drive, Novato, California 94947, USA This small ectoparasite has been mentioned uncoinmonly in tlie literature since tlie original description by Berry in 1959. Bertsch (1975) illustrated the male by means of a SEM photograph, extended the range to Panama and reported tlie occurrence of the species on two hosts; tlie asteroids Phataria unifascialis (Gray, 1840) and P. pyramidata (Gray, 1840). Shasky (1983) mentioned die rare occurrence of die taxon and estimated die infestation rate at one per diousand starfish examined. The taxon has appeared several times in The Festivus. Bratcher (1984) while writing about Thyca crystallina (Gould, 1846) remarked on die rarity of T. callista in her experience again using die estimate of 1 ill a 1000. Dushaiie (1984) followed with her observations on having found several in shallow water. Bertsch (1985) reconfmned his observations of 1975 and his furdier experiences widi die species. There have been no furdier observations in die literamre. The life style of diis mteresting species has long piqued my uiterest. The finding of die related species, T. crystallina, in die Indo- Pacific, stimulated an intense hunt for T. callista in the Gulf of California. As noted in die previous reports, thousands of starfish were molested, until die habitat of Phataria unifascialis (rocks) was found and die search narrowed. Infestation rates vary by area. In Baliia Concepcitin, Baja California Sur, the counted rates were around 1 in 50, while in other more southern areas (Bahia Escondido), die infestation rate is about 1 in 10 with multiple infestations common. As observed by Bertsch (1985), die male hves attached to die female beneath the mande, presumably fertilizing the eggs resulting in the production of planktonic larvae. Studies of the related species, T. crystallina, by Elder (1979), show that, in this species, die larvae apparendy setde on the dorsum of the host and migrate, widi growdi, to the oral side of the host and, widi penetration of die proboscis into the asteroid integument, become pennanendy settled (Figure 1). Figure 1 . Thyca callista, 1 .5 mm adult, settled on the dorsum of the seastar Phataria unifascialis . Page 16 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK2): 1996 After examining a large number Phataria unifasdalis, a similar progression of apparent settlement, migration and development was fomid in T. callista. Twelve starfish, all parasitised witli T. callista, were examined. Five had more than one parasite ranging from 2 to 5, while 7 had only one parasite each. The parasites ranged from 1.5 imn to 10.5 nnn. All were carefully removed and examined, botli for tlie presence of a male and for tlte presence of a penetration of tlie integmnent of tlie host. Parasites larger titan 5 nun generally had a penetration site, presmnably a permanent attaclunent. Parasites larger titan 6 mm had a male attached beneatlt tlte maittle, except for a smgle 7.2 nnn specimen. The smallest iitdividual found measured 1.5 ram and was fomtd on tlte dorsmn of tlte host (Figures 2 & 3). It is limpet shaped wttlt tlie Figure 2. Thyca callisla, 1.5 mm female on the dorsum of the host. Figure 3. T. callista, specimen shown in Figure 2. apex more toward the center, but possesses tlte typical protoconch and ribs of tlie adult female. The next largest specimens were 3 nun and 3.2 mm (Figure 4), both were fomtd on the sides of tlte arm. The apex has migrated more toward its adult position on the side of the shell. Progressive sizes of 5 mm up to the mature shells which are usually 10 mm all show the adult shape with the protoconcli/apex toward the side of tlte shell and a now well developed shelf characteristic of the subgenera. Figure 4. T. callista, 3.0 mm specimen, on the side of the arm of the seastar. It appears that T. callista parallels tlte development of T crystallina witlt settlement of tlte larva on the dorsum of tlie host, migration with growtli to a position adjacent to the anibulacral groove where the proboscis penetrates tlte host and a permanent position is established. LITERATURE CITED BERRY, S. STILLMAN 1959. Notices of new eastern Pacific Mollusca - III. 1 (18):110. BERTSCH, HANS 1975. New data on Thyca callista. The Veliger 18(1):99. 1985. Biology ot Thyca callista (Gastropoda: Capulidae). The Festivus 17(2): 14- 16. Vol.XXVIII(2): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 17 BRATCHER, TWILA 1984. Jliyca. The Festivus 16(9):93. DUSHANE, HELEN 1984. Thyca (Bessomia) callisla Berry, 1959. The Festivus 16(1 1): 124- 125. ELDER, HUGH Y. 1979. Studies on the host parasite relationship between the parasitic prosobranch Thyca crystallina and the asteroid starfish Linckia laevigata. Journal of Zoology, London. (1979) 187: 369-391. SHASKY, DONALD R. 1983. Notes on rare and little known Panamic mollusks. The Veliger 4(l):22-24. DOES A NEW WAX HAVE A PLACE IN YOUR COLLECTION? In recent years. The Festivus has published some articles by Larry Buck (1991; 1995) on tlie cleaning of shells. Larry has recently brought to our attention an article by Ignelzi (1994) on tlie uses of a particular sticky wax and Larry has postulated on its possible applications by shell collectors. The wax, known as Quake Wax, is commercially available from Conservation Materials Ltd., and has been used to stabilize precious anifacts in such places as tlie J. Paul Getty Museum and die Hmitington Gallery. Ignelzi reponed diat milike odier adhesives evaluated which were bulky and weak-bonduig. Quake Wax is extremely sticky and holds securely. It doesn't penetrate die object being secured and doesn't damage such surfaces as furniture to which die objects are being held. Small pieces of wax are kneaded mitil soft and then used for securing large or small objects, with larger or heavier objects requiring as many as a dozen bits of wax. Removing die objects is a little trickier, and Ignelzi suggests sawing through die wax with dental floss and removing die waxy residue widi paint diinner. The many possible uses for shell collectors are only limited by the collectors' imaginations. Larry Buck suggests fixing large shells in place in viewing cabinets and possibly using die wax for keeping bivalves closed. Other possibilities might be for fixing shells in place m exhibits which are to be moved and for use by shell photographers in the mounting of shells on pins prior to photographing. More information and pricing on Quake Wax can be obtained by calling (702) 331-0582. LITERATURE CITED BUCK. LARRY 1991. Amway's "Redu" - a cure for rust-stained shells. The Festivus 23(7):58. 1995. A process for removing stains from shells. The Festivus 27(4):55-56, 1 fig. IGNELZI, R. J. 1994. Wax lakes a shaking, keeps on securing. San Diego Union-Tribune, 17 April 1994. Page 18 THE FESTIVUS Vol.XXVIII(2): 1996 THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN M. M. SCHEPMAN AND W. H. DALE A. N. van der BIJL Associate, Zoologiscli Museum Amsterdam, Postbus 94766, 1090 GT, Amsterdam, tlie Nedierlands Tliis paper deals, in clu-onological order, witli die letters written by Matdieus Marinus Schepman (1847-1919), the most important malacologist of die Nedierlands around die mm of die cenmry, to William Healey Dali. Dali (1845-1927) was an eminent American malacologist who worked at die United States National Museum as Honorary Curator of die Division of MoUusks and Tertiary Fossils from 1868 until his deadi in 1927. Aldiough Dali passed dirough die Nedierlands in 1878 (Bartsch et al., 1946:9), one may presume diat diey knew each odier oidy tfoni mumal correspondence. From die request of Professor Max W. C. Weber, leader of die Siboga Expedition to die Dutch East Indies in 1899-1900, Schepman smdied a large part of die gastropods collected during die expedidon. During his research, he regularly needed literamre which he was unable to find in die Nedierlands. At such times he contacted Weber for assistance. Wlien Schepman was working on die Gyimioglossa, he needed a publication on Pyraniidellidae written by Dali & Bartsch in 1904. In a letter dated 23 December 1908, he asked Weber for help. Most likely Weber could not be of help and advised him to write to Dali for die infoniiation. In correspondence dated 30 December 1908, Schepman wrote to Weber confiniiuig diat he had followed his advice. Schepman 's letter to Dali on 24 December 1908 was die first of several. Schepman sent Dali a reprint of his paper on die molluscs of Taliabu, one of die XuUa Islands, and asked Dali for a reprint of his paper on the Pyraniidellidae. Apparently Dali fulfilled his request, because when dealmg widi die species Pyramidella (Milda) ventricosa, Schepman (1909b: 242) followed die opinion of Dali & Bartsch (1904:4) concenimg die audiorship of P. (M.) ventricosa. Schepman also told Dali what he was currently working on. In Dali's reply, he probably mentioned his publication on the molluscs and brachiopods collected during die expedition with the Albatross. hi a letter dated 22 October 1909, Schepman wrote that he was interested in Dali's publication on the Albatross expedition, and should be glad to receive it from Dali. From the same letter, one can conclude diat Schepman had already sent Part II (Taenioglossa & Ptenoglossa) of his Siboga reports to Dali and also promised liim Part I (Rhipidoglossa & Docoglossa) in die event he had not already sent it to him. hi a letter of 17 November 1909, Schepman wrote diat he had received the book on the molluscs collected during die expedition of the Albatross. His first impression was that it would be very useful for him. He also mentioned that he had sent Part I of his Siboga reports and promised him all die following parts (III- VI). At the end of die letter, Schepman confided diat a minor part of Part III was ready for printmg, but diat he was not completely satisfied with his results, as he had to deal widi poor quality material in small quaiiDties. The cover page of Part III gives November 1909 as the date of publication and in die preface Schepman mentions the problems he had with this group. hi a letter to Dali dated 31 March 1910, Schepman wrote to Dali that he had sent hmi Part III of die Siboga reports and that he should be glad to receive die report on die molluscs of Peru diat Dali had promised him. Apparendy Dali was occupied widi movuig die mollusc collection in the United States National Museum (USNM), which was stored in 7000 drawers. "Wliat a heap of work!" stated Schepman, who had just moved his own collection, consisting of about 230 drawers, nearly a year earlier, from Rlioon to Bosch en Duhi. In a letter of 19 April 1910, Schepman wrote diat he had received Dali's report on die molluscs of Peru Vol.XXVIII(2): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 19 and die monograph on die Pyramidellidae. Scliepman cormnented diat writing a monograph seemed a lot of work to liim and he diought diat bodi publications would be useful to him. Schepman told Dali he was working on the Rachiglossa and had found several new species. He promised Part IV to Dali, but told him diat it would take some time before it was completed as he still had to work on die genera Nassa and Columbella. Particularly in die genus Nassa he had to deal widi a lot of material. In Part IV Schepman mentions 47 species of diis genus. He describes 7 new species and 2 new varieties. On 20 April 1910 Schepman wrote a short additional note under his letter. For mailing, Dali had used die service of the Bureau Scientifique Central N^erlandais at Leiden. Schepman explained diat die mailing took 3 mondis and diat he had to pay 25 cents. Tliis was no problem for Schepman because die books were wordi more dian 25 cents, but he presumed diat Dali also had paid for it so he recommended not usuig the Bureau Scientifique Central N^erlandais at Leiden. In Part I of die Siboga reports, Schepman concluded diat die subgenus Neritilia was considered a separate genus, which was dien placed in a new family Neritihdae. Published in September 1911 was Part IV, in which Schepman deals widi die Rachiglossa of die Siboga expedition. From die preface it can be concluded diat Dr. H. Sunrodi and Professor J. Thiele did not agree widi Schepman on his new family Nentilidae. Tliiele recognized Neritilia as a genus, but diought diat it should be placed in die already existuig family Neritidae. Siinrodi (1910:27) did not agree widi Schepman 's division into two families because it was based on shell characters only. Simrodi preferred die division made by G. C. Bourne, as it was based on anatomical characters. Schepman accused Sunrodi of not having read his text well enough because his division was also based on anatomical characters, namely die research on die radula. Contrary to Simrodi, Schepman could not agree widi die division made by Bourne. As promised earher, Schepinan sent Dali Part IV of his Siboga reports. In a letter of 24 November 1911, Dali probably acknowledged diat he had received it as Schepman replied 25 December 1911. Schepman was glad to hear diat Dali agreed widi him conceniuig Neritilia. hi tlie recent classification by Vaught (1989:13), die family Neritilidae is mentioned as subfamily Neritiliinae, part of die family Neritidae. The subfamily Neritiliinae contains die genera Neritilia and Septariellina. The separate location of die genus Neritilia within the Neritidae in Vaught's classification can be seen as evidence that Schepman was thinking in die right direction. Schepman advised Dali to wait before binding die Siboga reports because the set was not yet complete. Of the Toxoglossa for Part V, Schepman had already finished the Terebridae and die Conidae and was currendy occupied with the Pleurotomidae, a very difficult famdy in his opinion. In several letters to Weber (3 February 1911, 24 November 1911 and 23 July 1912), Schepman wrote about his problems with diis family. Schepman hoped diat he would finish the Toxoglossa during 1912. He had already finished Part VI, dealing with the pulmonates. At last Schepman wrote diat he would be glad to receive die article Dali had promised him. Schepman wished Dali luck with his work on his "Manual of N.W. American Shells." As far as I know, Dall never published a book with diis tide and they may have been speaking of a book diat was published in 1921. In Schepman’s last letter to Dall dated from 24 May 1912, he thanked DaU for the reprints he had sent. Schepman thought that they, just like Dali's other pubhcations he had received in the past, would be very interesting. Schepman confided diat he had finished his work on the molluscs of the Siboga expedition, but diat it would take some time before die results were pubhshed. Part V was published in April 1913 and Part VI ui May 1913. Dall (Dance, 1966:119), in die begimiing of die 20di Century was more or less responsible for die introduction of the malacological nomenclature published by P. F..R6ding in 1798. At die time J.F. Bolten died in 1796, he owned an enomious shell collection. Roding published a catalogue of the Bolten Collection using a manuscript- catalogue diat Bolten himself had compiled. Bolten had introduced his own malacological order, and Roding aimotated die catalogue by adding synonyms and references to the figures from odier resources. The Bolten noinenclamre published by Roding was not used extensively because die Bolten catalogue was poorly known. Although Dall did not have much support in die beginning, he encouraged odier workers to use die Bolten nomenclature and as a result, many well known names, including some introduced by Lamarck, became jmiior synonyms. In a letter dated 19 December 1917 to Miss J. Scholten, who like Schepman was a member of the Page 20 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK2): 1996 Mollusken Comit6 occupied witli studying tlie distribution of mollusks in tlie Netlierlands (Coomans, 1968:57), Schepman referred to Dali’s mentioning tliat he liked using Roding's names from the Bolten catalogue. Scholten had asked Schepman a question concerning tire genera Chrysodomus Swainson, 1840 and Neptunea Roding, 1798. Schepman wrote in his letter tliat he, just like Dautzenberg, had started to use tlie Roding name Neptunea, but tliat he, nevertlieless, was not as entliusiastic about tlie Bolten catalogue as was Dali. After Schepman's deatli in 1919, his collections of books and shells were auctioned off ui 1920. Two pubhcahons by Dali were offered as single lots (Anon., 1920:18, nos. 447 & 478), tlie monograph on tlie PyramideUidae, winch was mentioned in the letter dated 10 April 1910, and tlie monograph on die molluscan fauna of Florida, which was published in 1915, some years after die last remaining correspondence with Dali. It is not known who purchased diese publications. The odier publications by Dali probably could have been found in diree lots ui which publication of numerous audiors were assembled (Anon., 1920:21, nos 561-563). Schepman's original letters to Dali are in die Smidisonian Instimtion Archives (SIA 73, box 81, folder 1), Washington, D.C. Schepman's original letters to Weber and Scholten are in die library of die Department of Malacology of die Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I diank Dr. A. R. Rabat (National Museum of Namral History, Smidisonian Instimtion, Washington D.C., USA), who provided me widi copies and transcriptions of Schepman's letters to Dali; Mr. R.G. Moolenbeek (Zoologisch Museum, Amsterdam, die Nedierlands), and Mrs. K.L. Kaiser who reviewed die text. LITERATURE CITED ANONYMOUS 1920. Catalogus eener fraaie verzameling boeken. . .prachtverzameling schelpen. . .afkomstig van...M. M. Schepman conchylioloog te Bosch en Duin....Firma A.J. van Huffel Utrecht - Trans 13. 1920:1-31 . Utrecht. BARTSCH, P., H. A. REHDER & B. E. SHIELDS 1946. A bibliography and short biographical sketch of William Healey Dali. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 104(15):l-96, 1 pi. BOURNE. G. C. 1908. Contributions to the morphology of the group Neritacea of aspidobranch gastropods. Part 1: the Neritidae. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London:810- 887, pis. 46-66, 1 text fig. COOMANS, H. E. 1968. Fifty year of "Comite ter bestudering van de Molluskenfauna in Nederland." Beaufortia 15(187);57-62. DALE, W. H. 1908. Reports on the dredging operations off the \vest coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the west coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California. ..XFV. The Mollusca and Brachiopoda. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 43(6):205-487, pis. 1-22. 1909. Report on a collection of shells from Peru, with a summary of the littoral marine Mollusca of the Peruvian zoological province. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 37(1704):147-294, pis. 20-28. 1921. Summary of the marine shellbearing mollusks of the northwest coast of America, from San Diego, California, to the Polar Sea... United States National Museum Bulletin 112:1-217, pis. 1-22. DALE, W. H. & P. BARTSCH 1904. Synopsis of the genera, subgenera and sections of the family PyramideUidae. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 17:1-16. 1909. A monograph of West American pyramidellid mollusks. United States National Museum Bulletin 68:1-258, pis. 1-30. DANCE, S. P. 1966. Shell Collecting. An Illustrated History. London, pp. 1- 344, figs. 1-30, pis. 1-35. SCHEPMAN, M. M. 1907. On a collection of land-and freshwater mollusks from Taliabu (Xulla-Isles). Notes from the Leyden Museum 28:12-128, pi. 1. 1908. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga expedition. Part I. Rhipidoglossa and Docoglossa. - Siboga-Expeditie 49- la:l-98, pis. 1-9. 1909a. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga expedition. Part II. Taenioglossa and Ptenoglossa. - Siboga-Expeditie 49- lb:109-231, pis. 10-16. 1909b. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga expedition. Part III. Gymnoglossa. - Siboga-Expeditie 49-lc:233-245, pi. 17. 1911. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga expedition. Part IV. Rachiglossa. - Siboga-Expeditie 49-ld:247-363, pis. 18- 24. 1913a. The Prosobranchia of the Siboga expedition. Part V. Toxoglossa. - Siboga-Expeditie 49-le; 365-452, pis. 25- 30. 1913b. The Prosobranchia, Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia tectibranchiata tribe Bullamorpha of the Siboga expedition. Part VI. Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia tectibranchiata tribe Bullamorpha. - Siboga-Expeditie 49- 1E453-494, pis. 31-32. SIMROTH, H. 1910. Some remarks with regard to Professor Bourne's monograph on the Neritidae. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 9(l):26-33. VAUGHT, K.C. 1989. A Classification of the Living Mollusca. Melbourne, Florida, USA, pp. 1-195. Vol.XXVIII(2): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 21 SUBCANCILLA HINDSII (REEVE, 1844): A CORRECTION FOR A FIGURE IN KEEN (1971) CAROL SKOGLUND Associate, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA In going tlirough tlie marginal notes made by S. Stillman Berry in his copy of Sea Shells of Tropical West America, tlie following error came to light. Dr. Berry noted tliat Figure 1440 in Keen (1971) for Subcxmcilla hindsii (Reeve, 1844) is actually a photograph of his paratype SSB 2462a of Subcancilla calodinoia (Berry, 1960). The error was also noted on the label of tlie Berry paratype now at tlie Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Cemohorsky (1991) figured die drawuig of Mitra hindsii from Reeve, and made die species a synonym of Subcancilla attenuato (Broderip, 1836). Reeve's type figure of Mitra hindsii (Figure 1) is repeated here for comparison widi die Keen figure. Tlianks to Dr. Dwight W. Taylor for calling diis to my attention, to Paul Scott for use of die material at die Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History and to David Mulliner for die photography LITERATURE CITED CERNOHORSKY, WALTER O. 1991. The Miiridae of the World. Pan 2. The subfamily Mitrinae concluded and subfamilies Imbricariinae and Cylindromitrinae. Monographs Marine Mollusca 4:1- 164; pis. 1-155 (May 13). KEEN, A. MYRA 1971 . Sea Shells of Tropical West America: Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif, i-xiv -1-1064 pp.; ca. 4000 figs.; 22 color pis. REEVE, LOVELL AUGUSTUS 1844. Conchologia Iconica: or Illustrations of the Shell of Molluscous Animals. Vol. 2. Monograph of the Genus Mitra. (Aug). Figure 1. A//rra Reeve, 1844. From Reeve (1844, Plate 21, Species 165). Photo: D. K. Mulliner. SAN DIEGO SHELL CLUB Membership List - 1996 ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 ALBI, YVONNE, P.O. Box 45828, Los Angeles, CA 90045 AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Serials Unit, Library, Central Park West at 79tli St., New York, NY 10024, (212) 769-5714 ANDERSON, ROLAND, Seattle Aquarium, Pier 59, Waterfront Park, Seattle WA 98101, (206) 386-4359 ARNOLD, TERRY, 2975 B St., San Diego, CA 92102, (619) 235-8181 BARILOTTI, RICK, 13056 Wanesta Dr., Poway, CA 92064, (619) 748-4111 BARTON, GEORGE & PAULA, 620 S. Nevada St., Oceanside, CA 92054, (619) 722-7281 BERSCHAUER, DAVID & FELICIA, 21961 Bacalar, Mission Viejo, CA 92691, (714) 581-9979 BERTSCH, HANS, 192 Imperial Beach Blvd. Imperial Beach, CA 91932, (619) 423-8900 BIALASIEWICZ, SEWERYN, 7651 S. Kendall Blvd., Littleton, CO 80123, (303) 973-1705 BIELER, RUDIGER, Field Museum of Natural History, Dept, of Zoology, Roosevelt Dr. at Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, IL 60605, (312) 922-9410 ext. 270 BILLER, BARTON B., 1523 Krim PL, Oceanside, CA 92054, (619) 722-7120 BISHOP, JOHN, 3026 Freeman, San Diego, CA 92106, (619) 223-6038 BOONE, CONSTANCE E., 3706 Rice Blvd., Houston, TX 77005, (713) 668-8252 BOSS, KENNETH J., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138 BOWYER, BRUCE & DIANE, 30663 San Pasqual Rd., Temecula, CA 92591, (909) 676-8702 BOYD, BOB & SUSIE, P.O. Box 1541, Fallbrook, CA 92088, 728-3849 BOYD, EDWARD & PATRICIA, 18218 Paradise Mountain no. 197, Valley Center, CA 92082, 749-9033 BRADNER, HUGH & MARGE, 1867 Caminito Marzella, La Jolla, CA 92037, 459-7681, FAX (619) 459-0657, Email: hbradner@UCSD.edu BRATCHER-CRITCHLOW, TWILA, 8121 Mulholland Terr., Los Angeles, CA 90046, (213) 656-4877 BRENNER, ED, 1291 Las Flores Dr., Carlsbad, CA 92008, (619) 720-1556 BRIDELL, AL & MARY, 2265 Gulf Drive, #240-E, Sanibel, FL 33957, (813) 472-1637 BRITISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Acquisitions Sec. (DLS) Cromwell Rd., London SW7 5BD, England BROWN, BILLEE & BOB, 6333 La Jolla Blvd. #171, La Jolla, CA 92037, (619) 454-5788 BUCK, LARRY & TONI, 13440 Portofino Dr., Del Mar, CA 92014-3512, (619)792-5404 BUKRY, J. DAVID, 3707 Brandy Rock Way, Redwood City, CA 94061-1928 CARR, WALTER, 2043 Mohawk Dr., Pleasant Hill, CA 94523, (510) 938-2251 CASTOR, JANE C., 854 Via Granada, Santa Barbara, CA 93103, (805) 569-0293 CATARIUS, LARRY & DEBBIE, 4173 Galt St., San Diego, CA 92117, (619) 270-4376 CHANEY, BARBARA, 1633 Posilipo Lane, Santa Barbara, CA 93108, (805) 969-1434 CHANEY, HENRY W., 1701 La Vista Grande, Santa Barbara, CA 93103, (805) 963-9679 (home), (805) 682-4711 ext. 334 (work), FAX (805) 963-9679 CHIPPEAUX, EDITH R. & HARRY L., 1308 Biltmore Dr., Fort Myers, FL. 33901-8710, (813) 936-4058 CLOVER, PHILLIP, P.O. Box 339, Glen Ellen, CA 95442, (707) 996-6960 COAN, EUGENE V., 891 San Jude Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94306, (415) 493-8242 COOK, BUNNIE & GEORGE, 1120 Makaiwa St., Honolulu, HI 96816, (808) 737-8050 COOVERT, GARY, 36 Prospect Ave., Dayton, OH 45415, (513) 275-7431 CORGAN, JAMES X., 209 Chip-n-Dale Rd., Clarksville, TN 37043, (615) 648-1253 D'ATTILIO, ANTHONY (Hon), c/o Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr., Laguna Beach, CA 92651, (714) 494-7943 DELENIA, DICK, 1960 Dunning Circle, San Diego, CA 92154-2008, (619) 424-3451 DESCHAINE, LEWIS, 3029 Silver Lake Rd., St. Anthony, MN 55418-2435 DOl, MATTHEW S., 16209 Taylor Ct., Torrance, CA 90504-1902, (213) 329-3201 DULLAS, NORMA M. & WILLIAM, 13231 North 65tli Dr., Glendale, AZ 85304, (602) 979-8758 DUSHANE, HELEN, 9460 Friendly Woods Lane, Wliittier, CA 90605, (310) 696-0687 EERNISSE, DOUGLAS J., Dept. Biology MH 282, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92634, (714) 879-4706 (home) EMERSON, WILLIAM K., 10 E. End Ave. Apt. 18E, New York, NY 10021-1184 EVERSON, GENE, 500 Nottingham Pky., Louisville, KY 40222 FARMER, WES, 3591 Ruffin Rd., #226, San Diego, CA 92123, (619) 576-2143 FLENTZ, MARY & JOHN B., 4541 Lambeth Court, Carlsbad, CA 92008-6407, (619)434-2522 FOSTER, NORA R., University of Alaska Museum, 907 Yukon Drive, Fairbanks, AK, (907) 474-7994 FOSTER, ROBERT, P,0. Box 3010, Saiita Barbara, CA 93130-3010, (805) 963-3228 FRANK, WILLIAM M., 1865 Debutante Dr., Jacksonville, FL 32246-8645, (904) 724-5326 GARRISON, SUSAN, 1846 Hamilton Hwy., Adrian, MI 49221 GORI, SANDRO, Via Seraesi 7, Livorno, Italy GREEN, DAVE, LUCILLE & KRISTEN, 12307 Laneview Dr., Houston, TX 77070, (713) 376-5630 HAMILTON, IAN, 1057 Marina Dr., Napa, CA 94559-4738 HANSELMAN, GEORGE, 5818 Tulane St., San Diego, CA 92122, (619) 453-3019 HELLBERG, MICHAEL E., Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0202 HERRMANN, RICHARD & GINNY, 12545 Mustang Dr., Poway, CA 92064, (619) 679-7017 HERTZ, JULES & CAROLE M., 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, (619) 277-6259 HILL, LEONARD C., 10501 S.W. 102 Ave., Miami, FL 33176, (305) 271-0650 HOLLMANN, MICHAEL, Goerdelerweg 17, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany, 551-22356 HOUSTON, ROY, Dept, of Biology, Loyola Marymount University, Loyola Blvd. at West 80th St., Los Angeles, CA 90045, (213) 642-3126 HUTSELL, KIM & LINDA, 5804 Lauretta St. n, San Diego, CA 92110, (619) 294-3914 INASE, JOHN L., 3670 31st St. Apt H, San Diego, CA 92104, (619) 284-6638 JACKSON, JOHN & ELLEN, 11558 Rolling Hills Dr., El Cajon, CA 92020, (619) 579-1084, FAX (619) 579-7901 KAISER, KIRSTIE K., do Johnston, Mail Box Etc. Suite 078-444, 9297 Siempre Viva Rd., San Diego, CA 92173- 3628, 52 (322) 15041 (home) KANNER, PAUL, 10609 Esther Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90064, (310) 559-7140, (310) 274-9888 KEMP, BRUCE, 9420D Carlton Oaks Dr., Santee,CA 92071, (619) 449-7610 (home), (619) 225-7494(work) KENNEDY, GEORGE, 8997 Moisan Way, La Mesa, CA 91941, (619) 667-1030 KING, BOB & JUNE, 4269 Hawk St., San Diego, CA 92103, (619) 296-0574 KLAUS, DEL & KAY, 8674 Glenhaven St., San Diego, CA 92123, (619) 292-4527 KNAPIK, TOM, 6952 Tower St., La Mesa, CA 91941, (619) 462-1805 KOCH, BOB & WENDY, 1215 West Seldon Lane, Phoenix, AZ 85021, (602) 943-0816 KRONENBERG, GIJS, Havenstraat 7, 5611 VE Eindlioven, The Netlierlands LAFORET, GEORGETTE, 1119 Periwinkle ft\16, Sanibel, FL 33957 LAGRANGE, JOHN & LINDA, 533 North Rios, Solana Beach, CA 92075, (619) 755-7215 LANCE, JAMES R., 746 Agate St., San Diego, CA 92109, (619) 488-2132 LAROSE, JEAN, Department d'Etudes Fran?aises, Universite de Montreal, C. P. 6128, succ. A, Montreal, H3C 3J7, Quebec, Canada LEVIN, DEBRA J., 704 Copperbush Ct., Anchorage, AK 99518, (907) 522-5856 (home), (907) 522-1099 (work) LEWIS, JUDY, 2117 Via Estrada, Carrollton, TX 75006, (214) 416-4712 LINDAHL, KEN & MARGE, 202 Grand Canal, Balboa Island, CA 92662, (714) 675-5858 LUCARELLI, MARILYN N., 113 Wineberry Lane, Ballston Spa, NY 12020 LUCUM, LOIS M., 702 Alder, Edmonds, WA 98020, (206) 778-3372 LUKE, SPENCER R., 0206 UCSD, La Jolla, CA 92093-0206, (619) 466-7676 LUTHER, DOUG & MARY, 4458 Sierra Dr., Honolulu, HI 96816 MASON, MICHAEL L. & KAREN R., 1395-48 Callejon Palacios, Chula Vista, CA 91910, (619) 482-1098 (home), (619) 532-2742 (work) MCCLINCY, RICHARD J., 809 St. George Rd., Danville, CA 94526, (510) 838-3217 METZ, GEORGE E., 121 Wild Horse Valley Dr., Novato, CA 94947, (415) 892-4960 MICHEL, JOHN & NOLA, 4758 Mt. Cervin Dr., San Diego, CA 92117, (619) 278-9088 MULLINER, DAVID K. & MARGARET, 5283 Vickie Dr., San Diego, CA 92109, (619) 488-2701 MUNEKATA, HIROSHI, 3385 Kita-toyama Komaki-shi, Aichi-Ken, 485 Japan MUSEUM OF NEW ZEALAND, Hector Library - Librarian, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand MYERS, JOHN & BARBARA W., 3761 Mt. Augustus Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, (619) 279-9806 NEGUS, RICHARD H., 3401 Woodland Way, Carlsbad, CA 92008, (619) 434-9808 NELSON, LOIS, 1310 W. Palmaire Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85021, (602) 997-9196 NESHEIM, DAVID A. & KATHLEEN, 26515 Hawkhurst Dr., Rancho Palos Verdes, CA 90274, (310) 541-1568 NORRID, HAL & CHARLOTTE, 233 E. Cairo Dr., Tempe, AZ 85282, (602) 967-4957 PERRIN, MARILYN, 10960 Via Abaca, San Diego, CA 92126, (619) 586-0175 PIECH, BETTY JEAN, Cokesbury Village, Cottage 19, 726 Loveville Rd., Hockessin, DE 19707-1504, (302) 234- 4317 PIERCE, ROSEMARY & FRANK, 43099 Tenaja Road, Murrieta, CA 92562, (714) 674-9370 PIKE, BOB & SUE, 7331 Colombia Dr., Buena Park, CA 90620, (714) 994-2236 PISOR, DON & JEANNE, 10373 El Honcho PI., San Diego, CA 92124, (619) 279-9342 RAINES, BRET, P. O. Box 612, Victorville, CA 92393, (619) 247-1197 REGULA, MARY & STAN, 15838 Avenida Villaha nil, San Diego, CA 92128, (619) 673-9110 REITZ, CHUCK & JESSICA, 410 Orpheus Ave., Leucadia, CA 92024, (619) 943-1029 REYNOLDS, CINDY, 13216 S. Isis Ave., Hawthorne, CA 90250, (310) 643-9791 RICE, TOM, P.O. Box 219, Port Ganble, WA 98364, (206) 297-2426 ROBERTS, DALE L. & KIMBERLY, 28402 Harvest View Lane, Trabuco Canyon, CA 92679 ROBERTSON, ROBERT, Dept, of Malacology, The Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Benjainm Franklin Pkwy., Philadelphia, PA 19103-1195 ROBERTSON, WALLY & MARILYN, c/o 1137 Prospect St., La Jolla, CA 92037, (619) 459-6858 ROMER, BILL & CAROL, 3249 Towser, San Diego, CA 92123, (619) 278-2389 SANTA BARBARA MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105-2936 SCHNEIDER, WILLIAM & NANCY, 12829 Carriage Rd., Poway, CA 92064, (619) 748-2822 SCOTT, PAUL H., Santa Barbara Museum (NH), 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd., Santa Barbara, CA 93105, (805) 682-4711 ext. 319, FAX (805) 569-3170 SENCKENBERGISCHE BIBLIOTHEK, Zeitschriftenabteilung/DFG, Bockenheimer Landstr. 134-138, D-60325, Frankfurt Am Main, Gennany SHASKY, DONALD R., 4990 Nighthawk Way, Oceanside, CA 92056, (619) 941-4532 SIO LIBRARY, C-075-C, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 SKINNER, DREW V. JR., P.O. Box 208, Bremerton, WA 98337-0046, (206) 876-0214 SKOGLUND, CAROL & PAUL, 3846 E. Highland Ave., Phoenix, AZ 85018, (602) 955-2072 SMALL, MICHAEL, Embajada de Canada, Apdo Postal 105-05, 11580 Mexico D.F., Mexico, 525-545-1961 STEINKE, DALE & CHRISTY, 12100 Tall Trees Dr., Dunlap, IL 61525 STEPHENS, SUSAN B„ P.O. Box 217, Sanibel, FL 33957, (813) 472-1654 STEWART, KATHERINE, 19 La Rancheria, Cannel Valley, CA 93924, (408) 659-2321 STOHLER, RUDOLF (Hon), 1584 Milvia St., Berkeley, CA 94709 TAYLOR, ROLAND & KAY, 2437 Aster St., San Diego, CA 92109, (619) 274-2998 THOMAS, CHARLES & VIVIAN, 5253 Mt. Alifan Dr., San Diego, CA 92111, (619) 277-4483 THOMPSON, FRED G., Florida State Museum, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 TREGO, KENT B., 441 Ravina St., Apt. La Jolla, CA 92037, (619) 456-7655 UNDERWOOD, DORIS K., 2263 W. New Haven Ave. H362, West Melbourne, FL 32904-2045 UPTON, VIRGINIA, 2500 Meadowlark Dr., Sierra Vista, AZ 85636 VELARDE, RON, Marine Biology Lab., 4918 N. Harbor Dr. Suite 101, San Diego, CA 92106, (619) 692-4903, FAX (619) 692-4902 VERMEIJ, GEERAT J., Dept. Geology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, (916) 752-2234 VOKES, EMILY H. & HAROLD, Dept, of Geology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, (504) 865-5198 VOLLERO, SILVANA & BOB PETROSKI, 5613 Carnegie St., San Diego, CA 92122, (619) 625-0756 VON KRIEGELSTEIN, DOUG, 11288-A San Juan, Loma Linda, CA 92354, (909) 825-7207 VOSO, ED & HELEN, 1815-134 Sweetwater Rd., Spring Valley, CA 91977, (619) 469-8308 WATERS, CHARLES, 308 S. Guadalupe, Redondo Beach, CA 90277, (310) 316-8214 WEBER, GLADYS, 3607 Sylvan Meadows Court, Modesto, CA 95356, (209) 549-1071 WEBSTER, HERB & MELLA, 34021 -A Ruby Lantern, Dana Point, CA 92629, (714) 240-1606 WELTY, STEPHEN, Box 639, Dubois, WY 82513, (307) 455-2922 WHITE, JACKIE, 886 Mountridge Ct., Las Vegas, NV 89110-2911, (702) 452-9651 WOMACK, EDWIN B. & JEAN, 2126 S. Arroyo Vista, Cottonwood, AZ 86326, (602) 639-2112 WOOLSEY, JODY, 3717 Bagley Ave. Apt. 206, Los Angeles, CA 90034, (310) 839-1604 WU, SHI-KUEl, University of Colorado at Boulder, Museum, Hunter Bldg., Campus Box 315, Boulder, CO 80309- 0315, (303) 492-7357 WUYTS, JEAN, Koning.sarendlaan 82, B-2100 Deunie, Belgium YIN, BOB, 1275 Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, 454-2342 ,.i-^jif-ji ,.;ij ■•%,., ^ *■ ' ^ -''U. ■#! ' .:.f"‘ ; ,4' ..;. , ■ ,. . .. . ..v-™..,. - . / ' ■•'.,, '- iCv xtUr4-^.'W#‘4ii'5v4£A ,ii^**' ■ '.'.Oi ■ A:y >K: ' '’, ':..,^'A,: .4 ■ ■ - ''':■ ..y ..,.y, <' ■' .fUA. »fr ■" ■ " lyyL.' "-f' i' !) •• •>' ( V ‘f )^'"-'i • J! 4..;iy. .i^Vi D '.('■ ^- ., > 7'VJ^^‘'V3!' ■ •^‘- '' ''K>' V : ■*> to !■ ‘"t'-i ^'' ’ jV .'.« . ■.•.>4 ■ '■ *'' y ..V;-s4*' ,i" , „■ ■''■*i^^.\'(>‘f ■ ■•• ■•■. ■; ■■' :• ■ •'.'' ..CiMkr , ' .. .'''■ V. ■•‘7:4i;.,:> •.^..■••^&-4i'<•’■'* ■ • ;■'> .;>'\ , „: >■ •'.' ^ ■' . '7y „ 0’r 4/,^ ^ . ','■' ii^*:!^VV;',-i;if;'fj7 ,,; ..;ii' '■■f‘j', , '.. ,it !> .«'fY}yi'.^ .-vy ffe '< ' .{yVio'-f'ii&Kt-' i :»> •:•• ft- H yfj^'; ■"• . . t ‘y i . '-us.fiAi; . „, 1 ’: ,i ., ' , • ■!^A!4S|'''i'i;,V,Ai.' rs^A,.y • ' ■• ('■• ■»)■'! fii*5‘.'' '■' '-.’ "• t l#» A.- “'V--;'' ‘.'1 - ' i < '"Cil'iW /"Ma: 4 ••. V 'f ,i,H' •-• •* •.fj’iiTi; .'fM-'iV.., y'^,'':'i)(f'H',.',tej]}! ^ . ..Wjt.'^i ' 'Vry/li^ '''■'i4(>'' 'i?^.''»''i I™' ;.') ( 'V ' r.',^ ,.i, v.4i$4t'’‘ » •.. ..A..V ' i ;j>',* il "'■■ ■c'.'f'.v. y^ ' ‘'A/!'^.' : . ''■i'4;lA '?■.;■ '7 "It'' i%'fllr^'' ',' ''4}‘'J , .''^ '■J''- ' '%....' '■ ' '" ■ .,' ^-■ . ' "■ ■' ' ' "' ■ ' ' . ■■;'''^.'i^’^ ''"’ilwiy ' •'■n^'t t .,;■: yAA}|j . , ,.M-^' ^;vy :'^;'f' .a;. . •« A.^.v.. .;. .'f,. . .:■■ , :' y ■ ,if^; ' ""'' ' f ■ . • • . t A , y fej ' ' '• : ■'' :--'■ ... ■ . * ■ J I ' >.i Oi' .'Stf(! ■• ■" ■ T'A ,..>|T- ,.< ISSN 0738-9388 ei U HOi THE FESTIVUS A publication of tlie San Diego Shell Club Volume: XXVIII March 14, 1996 Number: 3 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Bill Romer Terry Arnold Kim Hutsell Silvana Vollero Margaret MuUiner Kay Klaus CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Business Manager Photographer Linda L. Hutsell Margaret MuUiner Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz David K. MuUiner MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $15. (X); Overseas (surface mail): S18.(X), (air mail): $30.00; Mexico/ Canada (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $20.00. Address all correspondence to tlie San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences Anthony D'Attilio c/o Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr. Laguna Beach, CA 92651 Douglas J. Eemisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson American Museum of Natural History Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Barry Roth Research Associate Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Paul Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Emily H. Vokes Tulane University Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park PROGRAM Byne’s Disease, History, Causes and Prevention Sally Shelton, Director of Collections, Care and Conservation at tlie San Diego Natural History Museum, is a recognized expert in collection care. She has lecmred in the United States and Europe and will discuss the problem of Byne's Disease in shell collections. She will have demonstration materials and handouts. Meeting date: March 21, 1996 Shells of tlie month: — Latiaxis CONTENTS Club news 23 PoUnices (Mammilla) simiae on Isla del Coco, Costa Rica: anotlier Indo-Pacific invader into the Panamic Province Michael Holhnami 24 Panamic puzzles: valid or variant vitrinellids? Robert Koch 30 The Festivus aimomices a comprehensive index 1970 tlirough 1995 32 Two news items of interest to divers . . 32 APR 2 5 1996 ^BRARIES . Page 23 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK3): 1996 CLUB NEWS Too Late for the Roster Adams, Rosemary, 13346 Birchwood, Sumiymead, CA 92553, (714) 242-9501 Auckland Instimte & Musemn, Serials Librarian, Private Bag 92018, Auckland, New Zealand Burch, Tom & Beatrice, P.O. Box 309, Kailua, HI 96734, (808) 261-7465 Danko, Jean & David, 1339 Cottontail Ln, La Jolla, CA 92037, (619) 455-8248 Kalohi, Katliy, 13901 Wilkie Ave., Gardena, CA 90249, (310) 719-1816 Pacific Northwest Shell Club, Ann Smiley, Treasurer, 2405 NE 279 St., Ridgefield, WA 98642 Smith, Vivienne B., 16331 Porto Bello St. NW, Bokeelia, EL 33922. Young, Herb & Wihna, 14550 Stone Ave. Nortli, Shoreline, WA 98133, (206) 364-8327 From the Minutes of the Meeting of the San Diego Shell Club, 15 February 1996 Bill Romer called tlie meeting to order at 7:45 p.m. The minutes for last montli's meeting were approved as published in The Festivus. Bill reminded members that we are still in need of a Host and a Botanical Garden Foundation Rep. He also announced tliat die Auction will take place at Wes Farmer's clubhouse again this year. Carole Hertz reminded everyone diat diere is only one meeting left before die auction. Donations can be given to any one of die Club's officers or brought to die March meeting. The Bradners very graciously volunteered to host die Bizarre Bazaar and die Arnolds have offered to host the September party again diis year. Dates for the two events will be announced later. Hugh Bradner reported diat a call for papers had been sent out for die WSM annual meeting in San Diego from Jmie 23-27. Bill dianked Ken Trego and Billee Brown for die evening's refresliments. Terry Arnold introduced die speaker for die evenmg, Mike Miller. Mike is an underwater photographer. His slides were taken on a recent trip to the Philippines in which he and odiers found 22 new species of nudibranchs. The colors, patterns and variety of die nudibranchs he shared widi us were just incredible. For diose interested in receiving furdier infoniiation on diis subject, Mike's web site is http:\\ww. electriciti.com/mdniiller. Several members met in January at Kay Klaus' house to discuss shells. The next Saturday session on the second Saturday of the month, March 9, will be on cones. Call Kay for details. Tlie drawing winner was Bill Romer. The meeting was adjourned at 8:30 p.m. and everyone enjoyed the casual conversation, yummy treats, and viewing the shells brought in by Chuck Reitz. Silvana Vollero 1996 Annual Meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists in San Diego The 29th annual WSM meeting will be held from 23-27 June 1996 at the Handlery Hotel and Resort in San Diego. Tliree symposia are planned: Biology and Evolution of Cypraeoidea convened by Terry Arnold and Lindsey Groves, Functional Morphology and Natural History of Molluscan Feeding convened by Hans Bertsch, and Invertebrate DNA: Prospects and Problems convened by Michael Hellberg. Contributed papers and poster presentations are also solicited. In addition to the scientific program there will be many other events. The San Diego Shell Club will host a welcoming wine and cheese reception. There will be field trips (Hubbs-Sea World Research Instimte, paleontology sites in San Diego County, and tlie Stephen Birch Aquarium), an auction and book/ reprint sale to support smdent grants, evening slide shows, shell displays and a banquet. Deadline for receipt of titles of talks or poster presentations is May 1. Deadline for abstracts is June 1. For further information, contact President Hugh Bradner (619) 459-7681; FAX (619) 459-0657 or e- mail: hbradner@ucsd.edu. The Auction/Potluck '96 Tlie Club's annual auction/ potluck is always a fantastic affair. Help make this year's as great as always by remembering to make your donation. Contact a board member and arrange for pickup if you will not be able to bring your donation to the March meeting. Two liighlights of the auction will be a magnificent specimen of the wliite form of Cypraea jeaniana (aiirata) and Oldroyd's original The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America (all four parts). Vol.XXVIII(3): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 24 POLINICES (MAMME.LA) SIMIAE ON ISLA DEL COCO, COSTA RICA: ANOTHER INDO-PACIFIC INVADER INTO THE PANAMIC PROVINCE MICHAEL HOLLMANN Goerdelerweg 17, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany (e-mail: Hollmaim@Exmedl .dnet.gwdg.de) During the April 1992 expedition to Isla del Coco, Costa Rica (see Chaney, 1992), tliree live specimens of a naticid species were collected by Kim Hutsell from sand trails in 15-20 m in Bahia Wafer. Initially tliese specimens were tentatively identified as Polinices (Mammilla) caprae (Philippi, 1850). This determination came more or less by default as P. caprae is tlie only vahd species of Mammillz which has been reported from tlie Panamic Province (Keen, 1971; Marincovich, 1977; Skoglund, 1992). Two otlier taxa, Polinices crickmayi Palmer & Hertlein, 1936, and Polinices (Mammilla) clarki M. Smidi, 1950, are regarded as junior synonyms of P. (M.) caprae (Marincovich, 1977). On close inspection of the tliree specimens from Isla del Coco it became clear to me tliat tliey were quite different from typical P. (M.) caprae in a number of features. When I compared them to Indo-Pacific species of tlie subgenus Mammilla I concluded tliat all tliree specimens belong to tlie widely distributed Indo-Pacific species Polinices (Mammilla) simiae (Deshayes, in Deshayes & Edwards, 1838) (see Table 1 and Figures 1,3,5). This species extends from Soutli Africa to Hawaii and from New Zealand to Japan. To my knowledge it has not previously been found in tlie eastern Pacific. Altliough P. (M.) caprae and P. (M.) simiae are very similar in tlieir general shape and color pattern, tliere are several morphological features diat serve to easily and reliably tell diem apart. I have not yet encountered any specimens which could not unequivocally be assigned to one of die two species. Table 1 lists die various feauires useful for differential diagnosis. As P. (M.) simiae (Figures 1,3,5) is, at least superficially, quite similar to P. (M.) caprae (Figures 2,4), it seemed possible diat additional specmiens of P. (M.) simiae might have been collected over die years in die Panamic Province diat were misidentified as P. (M.) caprae. In an attempt to locate such specimens, I examined naticids collected by Donald Shasky now in the collections of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. The Shasky collection from Isla del Coco contains two lots of shells labeled "P. (M.) caprae”. Tlie first lot (SBMNH 142079) was collected at Bahia Qiadiam on sand at night in 20-25 m, 21 March 1989, and consists of one hve taken specimen with the operculum retained attached to the dried animal. The second lot (SBMNH 142080) was collected on Isla Manuelita, on sand at night in 17 m, 24 Aprd 1986, and consists of three live taken specimens. All four specimens are clearly P. (M.) simiae, and are indistinguishable from the those collected by Kim Hutsell in 1992. Tlie collections of the Los Angeles County Museum of Namral History were also checked for possible specunens of P. (M.) simiae. Indeed, there is one lot (LA CM 38-38.11) consisting of a single dead specimen of 15.0 mm collected off Isla Nunez, Isla del Coco, at 55-91 m on rocky and coralline substrate by the Allan Hancock Foundation Expedition, working off the R/V Velero III in January 1938. It is, thus, obvious that P. (M.) simiae (Figure 5) lias been hving on Isla del Coco for at least 60 years. I have not seen any true P. (M.) caprae from Isla del Coco. Therefore, it is not clear at present whether the two species coexist on this island, or anywhere else for tliat matter. It should be noted here that P. (M.) caprae appears to prefer somewhat deeper water (> 30 m) than the largely intertidal P. (M.) simiae, so that tlieir ecological niches are not necessarily congruent. Since P. (M.) simiae managed to spread to Isla del Coco, one might expect this species to have migrated to the otlier eastern Pacific oceanic islands as well. However, at present tliere is no evidence for tlie occurrence of P. (M.) simiae on Isla Guadalupe, Islas Revillagigedo, Clippenon Island, or tlie Galtipagos. A possible explanation could be tliat Isla del Coco lies in Page 25 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK3): 1996 Figure 1. Polinices (Mammilla) siniiae (Deshayes, in Deshayes & Edwards, 1838). A-pertural views (a) and dorsal views (b) of 8 specimens (A 10 H, from lelt to right, top row first) from various locations throughout the Indo-Pacific region. A: Hidoka, Japan, MHC 940418.39; B: Jeftrcy's Bay, Cape, South Africa, washed ashore after rough seas, MHC 940418.23; C: New Zealand, MHC 940418.26; D: Phe-Phe Island, Phuket, Thailand, at 20 m among coral rubble, MHC 940418.40; E: off Agat, Guam, MHC 940418.38; F: Julear, Madagascar, intertidally, MHC 940418.30; G: Dampicr Arcliipelago, Western Australia, on inteitidal sand flats, MHC 940418.33; H: Topatii, Huahine, French Polynesia, at -0.8 m in coarse white sand pockets near reef, MHC 940418.35. Note dark brown operculum of specimens A and E-H. The small divisions on the scale shown on the right represent millimeters. Vol.XXVIII(3): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 26 Figure 2. Polinices (Mammilla) caprae (Philippi, 1850). Apenural views (a) and dorsal views (b) of 10 specimens (A to J, from left to right, top row first) from various locations in the Panamic Province. A-D: Junta de Jualuapan, Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico, 30 m, leg. Carl & Laura Shy; F>F; Playas del Coco, Guanacaste, Costa Rica, dredged at 30-35 m on mud bottom; G-1: Islas Perlas, Panama; J: Bahia Escondido , B.C., Mexico, on sand and rubble at 30 m, leg. Kim Hutsell; A: MHC 940418.3, B: MHC 940418.5, C: MHC 940418.7, D: MHC 940418.8, E: MHC 940418.9, F: MHC 940418.11, G; MHC 940418.21, H; MHC 940418.19, I: MHC 940418.13, J; MHC 940418.12. Note light brown operculum of specimens B and C. The small divisions on the scale shown on the right represent millimeters. Page 27 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK3): 1996 the path of tlie eastbound north equatorial countercurrent while tlie other oceanic islands do not. Interestingly, Hertlein & Strong (1955) reported tlie Panainic mainland species P. (M.) caprae from tlie Galapagos at Isla Isabela (Albemarle Island) (1 specimen, in CAS collection), while Marincovich (1977) figured a specimen of a true P. (M.) caprae from Isla Santa Cruz (AMNH 110382). No reports are available of P. (M.) caprae from Isla Guadalupe, Islas Revillagigedo, or Clipperton Island. The presence of P. (M.) caprae on tlie Galapagos may suggest tliat P. (M.) caprae could also occur at Isla del Coco. P. (M.) simiae to my knowledge has not been reported from tlie west American mainland. Thus, it appears tliat Isla del Coco is die easternmost limit in die distribution of P. (M.) simiae. William K. Emerson, who reviewed die distribution of shallow water Indo-Pacific species in eastern Pacific waters (Emerson, 1991), did not list any species of die family Naticidae. Thus, die range extension for P. (M.) simiae reported in diis paper is die first report of an Indo-Pacific naticid occurring in die eastern Pacific. Abbreviations used: AMNH = American Museum of Namral History CAS = California Academy of Sciences LACM = Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History MHC = Michael Holhnaim collection SBMNH = Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Note to readers: The autiior is very much interested in hearing of any odier findings of P. (M.) simiae (or any odier Indo-Pacific Naticidae) in the Panainic Province, particularly from die mainland. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My dianks go to Kim Hutsell who spotted and collected die diree P. simiae, and, widi his usual diligence, kept all die relevant data. I also would like to diaiik Donald Shasky, George Kennedy of the Department of Geological Sciences at San Diego State University and Paul Scott of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History for arranging access to specimens of P. simiae from Isla del Coco collections, and James McLean and Lindsey Groves of the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History for access to the LACM collection. Finally, my thanks go to Carole Hertz for her much appreciated help in locating die scattered literamre on Indo-Pacific species in eastern Pacific waters. LITERATURE CITED CHANEY HENRY W. 1992. Interesting gastropods from the 1992 Cocos Island Expedition. The Festivus 24(8); 86-91, figs.1-11. DESHAYES, G.P. 1835-45. in Deshayes, G.P. & H. Milne Edwards. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres; Vol. 8; Mollusques, (1838), Bailliere, Paris. Natica simiae, pp. 652-653. EMERSON, WILLIAM K. 1991. First records for Cymatium mwuium (Gould) in the eastern Pacific Ocean, with comments on the zoogeography of the tropical trans-Pacific tonnacean and non-tonnacean prosobranch gastropods with Indo-Pacific faunal affinities in west American waters. The Nautilus, 105(2):62-80, figs. 1-24, tables 1-4. HERTLEIN, LEO GEORGE & A. M. STRONG, 1955. Marine mollusks collected at the Galapagos Islands during the voyage of the Velero III, 1931-1932; in: Essays in the natural sciences in honor of Captain Allan Hancock, University of Southern California Press, Los Angeles, pp. 111-145, pi. A. KEEN, A. MYRA. 1971 . Sea Shells of Tropical West America. 2nd edition, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, i-xiv -I- 1064 pp., illustrated. MARINCOVICH, LOUIE JR. 1977. Cenozoic Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the northeastern Pacific. Bulletins of American Paleontology 70(1 94): 165-494, pis. 17-42. PALMER, ROBERT H. & LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN 1936. Marine Pleistocene mollusks from Oaxaca, Mexico. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 35(2): 65-81, pis. 18-19. PHILIPPI, RUDOLPHUS AMANDUS 1849-53. Die Gattungen Natica und Amaura, in: Systematisches Conchy lien-Cabinet von Martini und Chemnitz. Bauer & Figures 3-5. (3) Poliiiices (Mammilla) simiae. Close-up of the apex (a) and the columella (b). Same specimen as in Fig. IB. In a, note dark nuclear whorls and black line at suture; in b, note tongue-shaped lower lobe of parietal callus, broadly reflected columellar callus with indistinct white fleck, and narrow brown band running into the umbilicus. (4) Polinices (Mammilla) caprae. Close-up of apex (a) and columella (b). Same specimen as in Fig. 2G. In a, note white nuclear whorls and absence of black line at suture; in b, note inconspicuous lower lobe of parietal callus, narrowly reflected columellar callus with protrusion in the middle (funicular callus, with oblique transverse groove), and broad brown band running into tlie umbilicus. (5) Polinices (Mammilla) simiae. Apertural view (a) and dorsal view (b) of two specimens from Bahia Wafer, Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, hand-dredged from sand at 15-20 m, leg. Kim Hutsell, currently held in MHC, 940513.2 (left specimen) and 940513.1 (right specimen); c: apical view of the right specimen in a and b. The small divisions on the scale shown on the right represent millimeters. Vol. XXVIK3): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 28 fr Si i / Vol.XXVIII(3): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 29 Raspe, Niirnberg. Natica caprae, pi. 9, fig. 2 (1850), text p. 56 (1852). SKOGLUND, CAROL 1992. Additions to the Panamic Province gastropod (Mollusca) literature 1971-1992. The Festivus 14: Supplement, pp. 1-169. SMITH, MAXWELL 1950. New Mexican and Panamic shells. The Nautilus 64(2): 60-61, pi. 4. TABLE 1. Diagnostic features for P.(M.) simiae & P. (M.) caprae Feature P. (M.) simiae (Deshayes, in Deshayes & Edwards, 1838) P. (M.) caprae (Philippi, 1850) Protoconch brown to black white Suture bordered by a tliin blackish line, particularly on last whorl no blackish line below suture Parietal callus prominent, tongue-shaped, brown, usually protruding to tlie left side of tire columella, well beyond tlie umbilical callus inconspicuous, white, not protmding beyond umbihcal callus Columellar callus well developed along entire lengtli of tlie columella, tapering anteriorly; broadly reflected to cover tlie umbilicus, sometimes button-shaped and entirely filling die mnbilicus, occasionally leaving a slit-like opening; brown widi a very distinct white fleck in die center (in some specimens, white fleck may be quite small) developed only at the posterior half of the columella; narrowly reflected, always leaving a half-open umbUicus; with a nose- like protrusion to the left in die middle of die columella; this protrusion represents the funicular callus and always shows an obhque horizontal groove; columella brown below the nose-like protrusion, while callus above is white Umbilicus closed or slit-like, widi a narrow brown band ruiming into die umbilicus from die base; brown band may be bordered by a second brownish band which is distinctly lighter in color; brown band may be absent in juveniles half open, with a broad brown band running from the base into die umbdicus; brown band may be absent in juveniles Apermre always white inside, widi outside color pattern shining dirough brown inside (except for juveniles), widi outside color pattern weakly shining dirough Operculum (homy) deep reddish-brown light brown, honey-colored Page 30 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK3): 1996 PANAMIC PUZZLES: VALID OR VARIANT VITRINELLIDS? ROBERT KOCH Associate, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA' The genus Episcynia, in die family Vitrinellidae, exliibits a unique feature; die periphery of die whorl has a slender keel or carina, often minutely serrate, above and below which is attached a tuft-like periostracal fringe. This fringe apparendy sheds easily as it is present on only a few of die specimens in die Koch and Skoglund collections. Three Episcynia species have been reported from die Panamic Province (Keen, 1971), one of which was later synonymized (Myers, Hertz & Geramell, 1990). In die Koch (K) and Skoglund (S) collections are a limited number of Vitrinellidae which camiot be referred to any described species widiin die Panamic Province. They have a disjmict final whorl which is detached from die preceding mni. All were recovered dead, from dredged grunge. Wlien examined from the apermral view, die re are two distinct species. "Species 1" has a more elevated spire, while "species 2" exhibits a larger and broader aperture. However, the dorsal and basal views do not show diis difference and die two could be considered a single species. Photos (apertural and basal views only) were sent to Dr. Winston Ponder and Dr. Anders War6ii. Dr. WarSn's "guess" [dated 7/29/94] was Episcynia since "Tliey do have a periostracal keel like diat genus and a sharply demarcated umbilicus.." He asked, "...is die protoconch yellow?... [if so] it is in Episcynia." This latter feamre is indetenninate in these dead shells. Dr. Ponder's response was, " Tlie beast you have is almost certainly an Episcynia - I diink I may have seen a specimen before widi a similar disjmict body whorl but caimot recall where." The diree lots of "Species 1" have diameters of 1.0-1. 5 mm. Distribution is from off Baliia Concepcibn, Baja California Sur (1 specimen, S) (Figures 1,2) to Estero Morua, Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico (1 specimen, K) and south at Bahia de Panama, Panama (3 specimens, K). Only the Baliia Concepcibn specimen displays the peculiar peripheral tufted fringe. Tlie odier four have but a very faint trace of a modest ridge widi no visible serrations. "Species 2" (Figures 3,4) is represented by a single lot of two specimens with diameters of ca 1.6 and 1.8 mm. These are from off Punta Arco, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico in depths of 30 to 40 m (S) and, again, evidence only a vague peripheral ridge with no serrations. The only questionable aspect that I can discern involves the peripheral sculpture of all the "naked" shells. While not readily apparent from the dorsal or basal views, all evidence a vague peripheral ridge that shows no serrations. Being dredged dead, could this lack of a distinctive Episcynia characteristic simply be tlie result of wear and/or erosion? Whatever these tiny rascals represent — aberrants or true species - they seem, at least for the time being, best placed within the genus Episcynia. Thanks to David K. Mulliner for the excellent photographs, to Drs. Winston Ponder and Anders Warbn for their informative comments and to Carol Skoglmid for the loaned specimens. LITERATURE CITED KEEN, A. MYRA. 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America, 2nd ed. Stanford University Press vii-xiv + 1064 pp., illus. MYERS, BARBARA W., CAROLE M. HERTZ & JOYCE GEMMELL 1990. A discussion of Episcynia bolivari Pilsbiy & Olsson, 1946, and related eastern Pacific species. The Festivus 22(2):14-20, figs. 1-6. 1 Mailing address; 1215 West Seldon Lane, Phoenix, AZ 85021 Vol.XXVIII(3): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 31 Figures 1 and 2. Episcynia "Species 1", dorsal and basal views of 1.5 mm diameter specimen from Bahia Concepcion, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Skoglund Collection. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Figures 3 and 4. Episcynia "Species 2", dorsal and basal views of 1.8 mm diameter specimen from Punta Arcos, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. Skoglund Collection. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Page 32 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK3): 1996 THE FESTIVUS ANNOUNCES A COMPREHENSIVE INDEX 1970 THROUGH 1995 Carole M. and Jules Hertz have compiled an index of the articles and papers which have appeared in The Festivus since its inception in 1970. Tlie index of 31 pages is arranged botli by autlior and by key words. The author index is arranged alphabetically by author's last name; each entry including (in chronological order) year, title, volume, issue, pages and nmnber of figures. Tlie key word index is arranged alphabetically, each key word followed by entries in alphabetical order by autlior's last name, volume and issue. This comprehensive index [Vol. I, no. 1 through Vol. XXVII, no. II] is available for $5.00 (domestic addresses) and $6.00 (overseas, surface mail). To order, send your check, made payable to the San Diego Shell Club, to the Club address at 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. For those individuals and institutions utilizing the database Procite, disks of the index can be ordered for $15.00 including postage. Add one dollar for overseas orders. TWO NEWS ITEMS OF INTEREST TO DIVERS The San Diego Union-Tribune of 21 February 1996 disclosed an electronic device to repel sharks. The "Shark-off" device was developed by a Soutli African inventor and works by creating an electric field generated by tlie two-part device which is attached to a diver's air tank and flipper. The device, tested by Valerie and Ron Taylor provided a safe zone of up to seven yards — botli for tlie diver and tlie shark. The device is due to become coiimiercially available in May. All article in die December 1994 issue of Levantina, published by die Israel Malacological Society [no. 81:8], by B. S. Singer & D. Korkos reported on a danger among corals in die Gulf of Aqaba. Tliey told of a physically fit, fully suited diver who entered a shallow cave to collect sand from the cave floor and received a burning shock to his face lasting two to three seconds which stunned him. It took about 20 seconds before he no longer felt in danger. The authors surmise that the corals, although not touched by the diver, may have secreted a venom into die water when disturbed by the diver's entry into the cave. There were no marks from nematocytes on the diver. The article advises divers swimming close to dieir reefs to wear full suits, even in warm water. They added that this occurrence may explain some previous unresolved diving fatalities in die area. PACIFIC SHELL CLUB’S THIRD SEA SHELL SHOW The Pacific Shell Club presents tiieir 3rd Sea Shell Show on Sunday, 28 April 1996 from 10:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.ni. at die Cabrillo Marine Coimiiunity Building, Bertli 28, San Pedro, Cahfomia. There will also be an auction from 3^:30 p.m. All are invited to exhibit and attend. For additional information call (310) 514-8012. ISSN 0738-9388 HOI f J tO ^ Volume: XXVIII THE FESTIVE A publication of the San Diego Shell Club April 11, 1996 Number: 4 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Bill Romer Terry Arnold Kim Hutsell Silvana Vollero Margaret Mulliner Kay Klaus CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Business Manager Photographer Linda L. Hutsell Margaret Mulliner Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz David K. Mulliner MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Armual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $15.00; Overseas (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $30.00; Mexico/ Canada (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $20.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego. CA 92111 The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences Antliony D'Attilio c/o Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr. Laguna Beach, CA 92651 Douglas J. Eemisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson American Museum of Natural History Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Barry Roth Research Associate Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Paul Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Emily H. Vokes Tulane University Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park COME TO THE AUCTION/POTLUCK ! 20 April 1996, 5:00 p.m. - ? Smnmer Hill Clubhouse, 3575 Ruffm Rd., San Diego (See map on last page for details.) Tliere will be no regular meetmg tliis month. CONTENTS Club news 34 Distributional records of interesting and rarely collected marine gastropods from the tropical eastern Pacific Donald R. Shasky 35 A second record of die muricid Hexaplex nigritus (Gastropoda: Muricidae) at Bird Rock, La Jolla, California Kent D. Trego 46 Notice of diree aimual malacological meetings 47 Map for detaching Page 34 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK4): 1996 CLUB NEWS Additions to the Roster AVILEZ, DON & KIM, 5481 Los Robles, Carlsbad, CA 92008, (619) 438-4460. PASQUA ROBERT A., 2236 Via Clialupa, San Clemente, CA 92673, (714) 492-6855. PONDER, WINSTON F., Australian Museum, 6-8 College St., Sydney, N.S.W. 2000, Australia. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES, Library Acquisitions Acct. #9010520201, Washuigton, D.C. 20560. From the Minutes of the Meeting of the San Diego Shell Club, 21 March 1996 Bill Romer called die meeting to order at 7:45 p.m. Tlie minutes of die February meetuig were approved as published in die March issue of The Festivus. Margaret MuUiner reported as treasurer diat die Club is financially sound. As librarian, she told members diat the Club library now has die new Manual of the Living Conidae, Volume I. Indo Pacific Region. Bill read a letter from members Rosemary and Frank Pierce in Temecula inviting members to dieir home. Bill also dianked Kent Trego for volunteering to serve as host. Tlie volunteer list and die refreslunent sign-up sheet were passed around to die meinbership. A potluck sign-up sheet was passed for die Auction/Potluck on April 20di. The auction will start one hour earlier (at 5 p.m.) so diat it does not go late into die night. Donations are still needed. The Bizarre Bazaar will be held some Sunday in August. Tlie specifics will be amiounced soon. The September Party will be held at the Arnold's. The dieine and die date are yet to be detennined. Larry Buck asked die Club to renew die inagazuie World Shells on an on-going basis. Librarian Margaret Mulliner suggested diat die Board should consider diis matter. On behalf of die WSM, president Hugh Bradner expressed his deep appreciation for die generous smdeni grant donation made by die Club. Terry Arnold introduced die speaker of die evenmg. Sally Shelton spoke on a subject that is near and dear to us all and she is a specialist on collection preservation. Sally began her presentation by informing us that Byne’s Disease is, in fact, not a disease. She said that Thomas Brown was the first to observe the white spotting and deterioration of shells. Byne claimed that die cause was bacterial but Agnes Kenyon disagreed. It was not until 1985 that a definitive paper was written on die subject. SaUy continued her talk by advising preventive measures such as storage in steel cabinets, using acid-free paper and avoiding cotton, cork and PVC plastics. [A future issue of The Festivus will publish excerpts from Ms Shelton’s talk.] The drawing winner was Paula Barton. Thank you to the Bradners and the Hertzes for the delicious refreslunents. The meeting was adjourned at 9:15 p.m. for everyone to enjoy the refreslunents, die casual conversation and the many shells for viewing, especially some great Latiaxis. Silvana Vollero The Auction/Potluck '96 The Auction/Poduck, the Club event of the year, wdl be held on Saturday evening, 20 April again at Wes Farmer's Clubhouse (see map, last page). Tlie festivities will begin at 5:00 p.m. widi "Dave's punch" and shell viewing. Dinner will begin at 6:00 p.m. and die auction will start promptly at 7:00 p.m. If you have not signed up for your poduck contribution or made your shell donation, it’s not too late. Contact any board member and arrange for pickup of your donation and/or let diem know what food contnbution you will make. The auction is not only a great party, but it is die Club's only fundraising event. Your donations and purchases provide the means by which die Club's publication. The Festivus, continues to operate and publish occasional supplements, allows the library to buy books which are too cosdy for many home libraries and provides for donations for scientific 'grants and student scholarships. So help die Club and have a whale of a good time. See you at die Auction! Vol.XXVIII(4): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 35 DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS OF INTERESTING AND RARELY COLLECTED MARINE GASTROPODS FROM THE TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC DONALD R. SHASKY 4990 Nightliawk Way, Oceanside, CA 92056, USA For a number of years The Festivus has published, on a continuing basis, infonnation on range extensions and data about species not previously recorded in tlie tropical eastern Pacific fauna. By far tlie largest project of tills type undertaken is die series of four "updates" to Keen (1971) by Carol Skoglund (1989, 1991a, b, 1992). This paper reports on 61 species m 42 genera and 18 famihes. Widi diree exceptions, all specunens listed are in my collection. The species are arranged ui taxonomic order according to Skoglund (1991b, 1992) vvidi numbers from Keen (1971) included, when applicable. TURBINIDAE 149. Turbo squaniiger (Reeve, 1843). New record from Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Four specunens were dredged m 15-61 m, during two trips, 5 March 1984 and May 1985. This, I believe, is also a new depdi record. SKENEIDAE 124. Parviturbo steanisii (DslW, New record from Isla del Coco. Twenty specunens were collected by divmg in 18-34 m, durmg March 1984 and March 1985; nme specunens were dredged in 61 m off die west end of die island, 5 March 1984, and one specimen was taken hi a tangle net hi 107-122 in, a depdi record, off die nordiwest side of die island, April 1992. PELYCIDIIDAE 220. Pelycidion kelseyi (QdiVi'icXx, 1911). Additional distribution records. This species was described as a Nodutus from a shigle spechnen from Coronado Island, San Diego, California. It was placed hi die genus Pelycidion Fischer, 1873, by Ponder and Hall (1983) when diey created die family Pelycidiidae, which, at die time, diey placed in the order Archaeogastropoda. Keen (1971) reported this species as far south as Nayarit, Mexico, and Draper (1974) reported it from die GaUpagos. I collected five specimens at Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, in 20-38 m, 13-16 February 1991 (Figure 1) and two specimens intertidally at Isla Venado, Panama, in March 1971. Figure 1. Pelycidion kelseyi (Bartsch, 1911), 1.5 x 0.4 mm. Isla del Coco, Costa Rica in 28-38 m. Photo: D. K. Mulliner. Page 36 THE FESTIVUS Vol, XXVIIK4): 1996 199. Alvinia halia (Bartscli, 1911). A range extension to Panainl. Tliis species was described as an Alvania from specimens dredged in 80 m on a sand and shell bottom in die Islas Galapagos by die Albatross. Ponder (1985) placed diis species in Manzonia and J. Hertz (1994) transferred it to Alvinia. K.L. Kaiser collected additional specimens off Isla Santa Maria (Floreana) and Isla Santa Cruz {Indefatigable} in die Galapagos in 9 to 12 m (J. Hertz, 1994), and I found six specimens mtertidally on rocks just west of Punta Connorant, Isla Santa Maria {Floreana) on 15 February 1988. On 13 April 1992, I found ten specimens of A. halia under rocks and coral at Isla Landones, Golfo de Cliiriqui, Panami, at a depdi of 12 to 15 m (Figure 2). Figure 2. Alvinia halia (Bartsch, 1911), 2.0 mm. Isla Landones, Panama in 12-15 m. Pholo: D. K. Mulliner. RISSOIDAE 216. Lxipsigyrus niyriosirissa Sliasky, 1970. A range extension to Panama. This species was described from Mazadin, Sinaloa, Mexico, where it was dredged in a mud bottom at 20 m. Chuck Snell collected two specimens at a depdi of 7 m off Sayuhta, Nayarit, Mexico, in April 1971, and I found a specimen at Isla Jesusita, Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica, in 1 to 3 m in siftings on 26 November 1978 and dredged two very worn specimens off Punta Chame, Panama, in August 1986. 246. Rissoina burragei Bartsch, 1915. New record from Isla del Coco. This species was known only from die Golfo de Cahfomia. I collected four lots totaling 10 specimens from four dive sites at Isla del Coco, in 10 to 32 m on 13-16 February 1991, 19 April 1993 and 3- 18 March 1984. 250. Rissoina effiisa Morch, 1860. New record from Isla del Coco. Described from Panama and known from as far south as Salango and Isla La Plata, Ecuador. This species has been found at numerous dive sites at Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, in 9-33 m during April 1983, March 1984, May 1985, May 1986 and April 1987 for a total of 89 specimens. 268. Rissoina peninsularis Bartsch, 1915. A range extension. Reported only from die Golfo de Cahfomia, I have collected this species from die following six locations. Mexico: one specimen intertidally, under a rock, from the east side of Isla Chivos, Mazad^, Sinaloa, 26 December 1962; two specimens from Coastecomate, Jalisco, in siftings from 8-15 m, 12-20 October 1968; two specimens trawled in 15-30 m off Chiapas, between Puerto Madero and San Simeon during January to August 1961. Panam^: one intertidal specimen from Isla Venado, 8-11 March 1970. Ecuador: one specimen from Punta Mala, Manabi, under a rock in 20 m, 18 September 1978; and six specunens from under rocks and coral in 6-12 m from Isla Salango, Manabi, 26 June to 4 July 1980. Previously I misidentified die above two lots from Ecuador as Rissoina zeltneri (de Folin, 1867.) For those of you who have that paper (Shasky, 1983), please make this correction. 271. Rissoina stricta Menke, 1850. Additional destribution records. Known from Mazadin, Sinaloa, Mexico, to the Islas Galapagos. I have collected diis species from the following locations. Mexico: six specimens from under intertidal rocks at La Libertad, Sonora, 24-25 May 1967; four specunens in 1-3 m under rocks at El Pulmo Reef, Baja California Sur, 1 1 April 1965; 15 specimens mider rocks in 1.5-6 m at Baliia Braidiwaite, Isla Socorro, Islas Revillagigedo; 12 Vol.XXVIII(4): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 37 specimens under rocks, intertidally, one mile soutli of Puerto Balleta, Isla Maria Madre, Islas Tres Marias, 22 December 1964. Costa Rica: 25 specimens mider coral in 9-24 in at two dive sites at Isla del Coco, 15-20 April 1983. 279. Rissoina zeltneri (de Folin, 1867). Originally described from Mazatlin, Sinaloa, Mexico. As noted above, in my earlier paper (Sliasky, 1983) I misidentified two lots of R. peninsularis as R. zeltneri. Tlie tliird lot from Isla La Plata was correctly identified as R. zeltneri. 242. Zebina axeliana (Herdem & Strong, 1951). Additional collection record. Described from off Puerto Guatulco, Mexico, dredged in 12.6 m on a bottom of grey sand and crushed shell. It has been reported from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico (Skoglmid & Koch, 1995), the Galapagos (J. Hertz, 1976) and from Manabi Province, Ecuador (Sliasky, 1983). On 15 March 1984, I fomid tliree specimens in 13 to 17 m under rocks at Baliia Ballena, Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica. 281. Zebina (Tipliyocenna) preposterum (Berry, 1958) (Figure 3a-c). Additional collection record. This species was described from a single decollate specimen from Puerto Pehasco, Sonora, Mexico. The type, illustrated by Keen (1971), exhibits minimal detail. The type was subsequently illustrated by C. Hertz (1984) showing more sculptural detail. Ponder (1985) transferred Tiphyocerma to a subgenus of Zebina. He illustrated two specimens from tlie collection of tlie Los Angeles Comity Musemn. One was collected between Rancho el Tule and Rancho Pahnilla, Baja California Sur, Mexico, in 18 to 36 m. Tlie otlier, a 2.3 nnn specimen, was taken in 2 to 17 m on a rock substrate from tlie head of tlie Golfo de Dulce, nortliwest of Rincon de Oro, Pmita Arenas Province, Costa Rica, on 19 March, 1972 by Janies H. McLean. Anotlier specimen (2.3 nun) collected in tlie nortliem Golfo de California by Bert Draper was fomid at Estero Morua, Sonora, Mexico (7 miles soutlieast of Puerto Peiiasco), in October 1973. I fomid a fiftli specimen (2.5 nun) in 13 m in siftings, about 0.5 km nortliwest of Baliia Saladita near Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, in August 1970. BARLEEIDAE 225. Barleeio polyclironia (de Folin, 1870). A range extension. Described from Pananii, 1 am not aware of any otlier citation of ranges for tliis taxon. I collected Figure 3a-c. Zebim (Tiphyocerma) preposterum (Berry, 1958). (a&b) 2.3 mm L, Estero Morua, Sonora Mexico, leg. B. Draper, November 1975. (c) 2.2 mm L, Golfo Dulce, Puntarenas Province, Costa Rica, leg. J. McLean, March 1972 (LACM 72-71). Photos: B. Draper. Page 38 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(4): 1996 one lot of 20 specimens in 15-21 m under rocks off tlie SE tip of Isla San Pedro Nolasco, Golfo de California, Mexico, on 13 October 1981. I also found 26 specimens on 15 April 1983 from tliree dive sites at Isla del Coco, in deptlrs of 6-24 m under coral. Anotlier lot of an estimated 200 specimens was taken intertidally under rocks at Baliia Chatliam on 21, 25 May 1985. During February 1991 more tlian 100 specimens were collected from tangle nets from coralline algae in 79-82 m. 226. Barleeia paupercula (C.B. Adams, 1852). New record from Isla del Coco. Described from Pananri, tliis species lias been reported from near Santa Rosalia, Baja Cabfoniia Sur, Mexico (Draper, 1972). From Isla del Coco, I have one lot of 305 specimens taken on coral at Roca Sucia, at a deptli of 18-36 m in March 1984 and a second lot of eight specimens taken mider rocks intertidally at Balha Chatliam, 21 May 1985. ELACHISINIDAE 236. Elachisitm johnstoni (Baker, Hamia & Strong, 1930). Additional collection record. Described from Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico, I reported tliis species from tlie Galapagos (Shasky, 1989). I have collected specimens from several localities in tlie Golfo de California, Isla Venado, Panama, and Punta Anc6n, Ecuador. In addition I have collected four specimens from Isla del Coco, Costa Rica: one specimen in 18-33 in under coral, March 1984, two specimens dredged in 46-68 in, 27 May 1985 and one specimen in 91-122 in on 9 May 1986. TRUNCATELLIDAE 283. Truncatelki bairdiana C.B. Adams, 1852. A new record from Isla del Coco. As far as I am able to tell, tliis species is known only from the type lot of 400 specunens collected under a heap of stones at die high- water mark "at die bottom of die sea wall of Panama. " Clench & Turner (1948) in dieir monograph of die western Atlantic Tnincatella synonymized T. bairdiana and diree odier species into T. bikibiata Pfeiffer, 1840. Turner (1956) seemed to confinn die validity of T. bairdiana in a foodiote in her paper on die species of die eastern Pacific described by C.B. Adams. Aldiough I have collected in Panama many times, including along die sea wall in Ciudad de Panama adjacent to die Panama Canal, I liave failed to find diis species. On die northwest side of Isla del Coco, a small river empties into Bahia Wafer. Along die soudiem bank of die river, I collected eight specimens of T. bairdiana under a rotting log in the spring of 1985. TRIVIIDAE 911. Erato oligostata Dali, 1902. Additional distributional record. The northern limit for this species is recorded as Panamti, the type locality. I have collected two lots at Bahia Ballena, Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica; the first lot from under a rock in 13-14 m and die second dredged in 13-17 m on 14-16 March 1984. RANELLIDAE — Linatella sucdncta (Linnaeus, 1771). A new record from Isla del Coco. This Indo-Pacific species, was previously reported by me from a single specimen from Isla Enderby off Isla Santa Maria (Floreana), Galtipagos, in 1988 (Shasky, 1988). This new record is a single juvenile specimen collected by me under a coral slab in 13 m at Bahia Weston, Isla del Coco, on 13 April 1983 (Figure 4). Figure 4. Linatella sucdncta (Linnaeus, 1771), 10.5 x 6.3 mm, Bahia Weston, Isla del Coco, in 13 m. Photo: D. K. Mulliner. MURICIDAE 977. Haustellum lividus (Carpenter, 1857). A range extension. Tliis species was described from Mazadtin, Sinaloa, Mexico, which is still its known soudiem range. It is also known in die Golfo de California. Neidier Carpenter (1857), Keen (1971), Yokes (1988) nor Fair (1976) gave any indication as to its habitat and Vol.XXVIII(4): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 39 Figure 5. Hausielluni lividus (Carpenier, 1857), 52.2 x 29.0 mm. Gulf of Tehuaniepec, Mexico, in 229 m. Photo: D. K. Mulliner. Raclwiii & D'Attilio (1976) did not include tliis species. Wliile collecting from a shrimp trawler in tlie Golfo de Tehuantepec, Chiapas, Mexico (station 1-10, 15°37'N, 94°378'W), I found one specimen taken from a deptli of 229 m in August 1963 (Figure 5). Murex ruthae Yokes, 1988. Additional collection record. In her description of tlie above species. Yokes stated tliat paratype "A" is from die chaimel between Loreto and Isla Cannen, Baja California Sur, Mexico, at a deptli of 27-45 m (Ariel Expedition, 29 August 1960). I was on tliis expedition and collected tliree specimens of tliis species on tlie same haul. They remained muianied in my collection until 26 October 1995, die day before I started writing on diis species. On die final day of die trip, 28 August 1960, our trawling was off Cabo Haro, Guaynias, Sonora, and I collected a specimen from a depdi of 36- 73 m. Having been co-organizer of the Ariel Expedition along widi Captain Xavier Mendoza von Borstel, dien of Guaymas, we found that the planning was relatively easy until we tried to get government permits for the trip. Tliis, alone, took eight months. The Ariel was a fonner 105-foot U.S. Navy mine sweeper converted into a slirimp boat. I think that all of those who joined us on die expedition were happy with what was collected. Among those who took part were John Q. Burch, Dr. Bruce Campbell, Helen and Joe DuShane, Dr. Antonio Garcia-Cubas, Dr. A. Myra Keen and Gale Sphon. 1015. Dermormrex myrakeenae (Emerson & D'Attilio, 1970). A range extension to PanamS. Known as far south as Zihuatanejo, Guerrero, Mexico, I discovered a single crabbed specimen intertidally at Isla Boyarena, Islas Perlas, Panami. 993. Murexiella perita (Hinds, 1844). A range extension to Peru. This species was previously reponed Page 40 THE FESTIVUS Vol, XXVIII(4): 1996 Figure 6. Murexiella perita. (Hinds, 1844), 17.7 x 10.9 mm, off Caelata la Cruz, Peru, in 18.3-36.7 m. Photo: D. K. Mulliner. as far soutli as Panama aiid tlie Galdpagos. I also collected tliis species by trawluig from a shrimp boat in 18-37 m off Caelata la Cruz, Peru, on 13-15 April 1972 (Figure 6), The identification was confirmed by Dr, Emily H, Yokes, BUCCINIDAE 1098. Bailya auomala (Hinds, 1844). Additional collection records. At Isla Venado, Panama, tliis species is fairly easy to find at low tide if one seeks out flat rocks tliat are partially buried m mud. Because of tlie mud on tlie under surface of tlie rock, one must look carefully to spot tlie shell. On a shark-infested dive (haimnerheads) to 30 m, 22 March 1984, 1 collected a single live spechneii of this species as 1 ascended to 22 m at Isla del Coco. Since Keen (1971) reported only intertidally collected specimens from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, to Nicaragua, I also note tliat tlie only specimen of which I am aware from Guaymas, is a specimen tliat I collected on 28 September 1962 under a rock at 13 m. 1102. Caducifer nigricostatus (Reeve, 1846). Additional collection records. Keen (1971) hsted tlie range of tliis species as Jalisco, Mexico, to Panama and Shasky (1984) extended the range to Ecuador. In an inlet to Balii'a Saladita, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, on 5 August 1965, I found two specimens under rocks at a deptli of 10 m. COLUMBELLIDAE — Aesopus chrysalloides (Carpenter, 1864). A range extension to Ecuador. This species has not been cited soutli of Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico. I have collected this taxon in the following locations: Isla Chivos, Mazatlto, Sinaloa, Mexico, one specuneii intertidally under a rock, 26 December 1962; Guayabitos, Sinaloa, Mexico, one specimen dredged in 9-18 m, March 1962; Punta Chame, Panamd, a total of 48 specimens dredged in 1977 and 1986; first island of Islas Dos Amigos, Isla del Coco, under dead coral in 18-30 m; off Bahia Wafer, Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, 15 specimens dredged in 60 m, 5 March 1984; Playas, Ecuador, five specimens intertidally under a rock, 8 March 1970. — Aesopus oblita (Reeve, 1859). A range extension to Mexico. This species has not previously been reported in the tropical eastern Pacific. It was described from Peru without specifying locality. 1 fomid one specimen in 7. 6-9.0 m at Tamarindo Cove, Baliia Tenacatita, Jalisco, Mexico on 25 February 1968; one specimen in 7.6-14 m at Cuastecomate, Jalisco, Mexico, 13-20 October 1968; three specimens intertidally at Isla Boyarena, Islas Perlas, Panama, 27 February - 3 March 1979 and 7 April 1981 (Figure 7). All of tlie above were under rocks. Reeve’s figure of the species appears to me to be that of an unmature specimen due to its thin elongate aperture. In his description he stated tlit the aperture is small. However, the figured specimen has an elongate aperture half the lengtli of tlie shell. One of my specimens has an immarnre apermre similar to the type. Mature specimens of Aesopus have a small ovate apermre. 1163. Aesopus sanctus Dali, 1919. A new record from Isla del Coco. I found one specimen of this species at Isla Pdjaro, Isla del Coco, in 12-15 m under coral, 27 March 1984. Vol.XXVIIl(4): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 41 1168. Aesopus osbonii Hertlein & Strong, 1951. A range extension. This species has not been reported since its original description from specimens taken at Puerto Guatulco, Oaxaca, Mexico. I collected die species at Islas Revillagigedo, Mexico: one specimen as far north as Isla San Benedicto, 25 November 1988, one specimen at Burner's Cove, Isla Socorro, 26 November 1988 and one at Baliia Cornwallis, Isla Socorro, 27 November 1988 (Figure 8). All were collected under rocks at a depdi of 11-15 m. I have also found eleven specimens of diis species at Bahia Ballena, Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica, at a depdi of 6- 13.5 m, under rocks, 15 March 1984 and 18 May 1985. Figures 7 & 8. (7) Aesopus oblita (Reeve. 1859), 5.9 x 1.6 mm, Isla Boyarena, Islas Perlas, Panama, imenidally. (8) Aesopus osbonii Hertlein & Strong, 1951, 4.9 mm, Binner's Cove, Isla Socorro, Islas Revillagigedo, Mexico, in 15 m. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. 1169. Aesopus subturritus (Carpenter, 1864). Additional distribution record. No previous report of diis species from soudi of die Islas Tres Marias Islands, Nayarit, Mexico, has been published. I found one specimen under a rock in 7.6-9. 1 m at Tamarindo Cove, Baliia Tenacatita, Jalisco, Mexico, 25 February 1968. 1215. Bifurcium bicanaliferum (Sowerby, 1832). A range extension to Peru. Known, on die mainland, as far soudi as Ecuador, I have one lot with two specimens from a shrimp trawler off Caelata la Cruz, Peru, in depths of 18-36 m, April 1972. 1231. Mitrella baccata (Gaskoin, 1852). A range extension to Peru. Reported from Baliia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, Mexico, to Nicaragua, I collected 14 specimens, intertidally under rocks at Playas, Ecuador, 8 March 1970. Also, intertidally at El Rubio, Peru, I found four specimens under rocks, 17 April 1972. 1234. Mitrella densilineata (Carpenter, 1864). A range extension to southern Mexico. Apparendy known only from die type lot from Cabo San Lucas, Baja Cahfomia Sur, Mexico, I collected two dead specimens under rocks at La Ventosa, a small village near Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, Mexico, 5-7 July 1963 (Figure 9). Figure 9. Miirella densilineata (Carpenier, 1864), 6.3 x 2.5 mm. La Ventosa, Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, Mexico, under rocks. Photo: D. K. Mulliner. THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK4): 1996 Page 42 1243. Mitrella pulclirior (C. B. Adams, 1852). A range extension to Ecuador. Reported only from Panama, I collected one lot of 26 specimens, under rocks, intertidally at Playas, Ecuador, 8 March 1970. 1244. Mitrella santabarbarensis (Gould & Carpenter, 1857). A range extension to Peru. Tliis small columbellid is known from tlie soutliem part of tlie Golfo de California to Ecuador. On 16 April 1972 1 collected 14 specimens intertidally under rocks at El Rubio, Peru. 1251. Steironepion melanosticta Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932. A new record from Isla del Coco. I have collected five lots each widi one specimen from five dive sites in deptlis of 12-38 m, during April 1983, May 1985 and March 1989. 1259. Zanassarina poecila (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932). A range extension to Costa Rica. Reported from Mazatl^i, Sinaloa, Mexico, to San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua (type locality), I have one lot of nine specimens from under rocks collected in Baliia Ballena, Golfo de Nicoya, Costa Rica, March 1984 and May 1985. BUCCINIDAE 1307. Nassarius nodidnctus (A. Adams, 1852). A new record from Isla del Coco. I have collected two specimens from 116 m in a tangle net off Baliia Iglesias, 4 April 1992. TURRIDAE 1639. Iredalea ella (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932). A new record from Isla del Coco. Known from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, to Manabi Province, Ecuador, I have one lot witli one specimen from a 9 m dive at Punta Barreto, Isla del Coco, on 19 April 1983. 1640. Iredalea perfecta (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932). A new record from Isla del Coco. This species has tlie same reported range as 7. ella I also have a smgle specimen of tliis species dredged in 66 m off Roca Sucia, Isla del Coco, on 23 April 1986. 1643. Belkispira melea Dali, 1919. A new record from Isla del Coco. Reported from die Golfo de California to Colombia, I have two lots from Isla del Coco, taken by dredging in coral rubble, die first in 36- 67 m off Baliia Chadiam for a total of five specimens in April 1985 and April to May 1986. The second lot was taken in 30-39 m off the east side of Roca Sucia in April 1986. 1681. Crassispira turricula (Sowerby, 1834). This species, with a wide distriburion, is reported from Isla del Coco for the first time. One lot of five specimens was dredged in 15-40 m off Bahia Chatham in May 1985 and April to May 1986. 1691. Crassispira bifurca (E. A. Smidi, 1888). A range extension to Peru. Reported from die Golfo de California to Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador, I collected one specimen intertidally under a rock at El Rubio, Peru, on 16 April 1972. 1770. Mitromorpha carpenteri Gilbert, 1954. A new record from Isla del Coco. I have collected four lots totaling 17 specimens fi:om four dive sites in April 1983, May 1984, May 1985, and May 1986. I also have a fifdi lot of four specimens dredged in 46-70 m off Baliia Chatham in May 1986. 1776. Clathurella rigida (Sowerby, 1834). A range extension. Tliere have been no previous reports from either die Islas Revillagigedo (Emerson, 1995) or Isla del Coco (Montoya, 1983). I have one lot of one specimen taken fi'om under a rock at a depth of 13 m at Punta Ortolan, Isla San Benedicto, Islas Revillagigedo, on 25 November 1988 and three lots from three dive sites at Isla del Coco in depths of 12-38 m for a total of 34 specimens in April 1983, May 1984 and March 1989. An additional specimen was taken in a tangle net off Isla del Coco from 91 m in March 1989. 1778. Nannodiella nana Dali, 1919. A new record from Isla del Coco. Known from the Golfo de Cahfomia to Isla Gorgona, Colombia, I have one lot of two specimens fi:om Isla del Coco dredged in 61 m off Baliia Wafer on 5 March 1984. 1789. Kurtziella plumbea (Hinds, 1843). A range extension to Isla del Coco and Panama. Known from British Columbia, Canada, to Mazatlto, Sinaloa, Mexico, I have two lots widi a total of five specimens taken by shrimpers from 19-20 fadioms (34-36 m) off the Chiapas coast, Golfo de Tehuantepec, Mexico, in March 1961 and October-December 1962; one lot with one crabbed intertidal specimen from Isla Venado, Panami, in March 1970 and one lot witli one specimen from 5 m under coral at Bahia Chatliam, Isla del Coco, in April 1983. Vol.XXVIII(4): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 43 1792. Kwtzidla beta (Dali, 1919). A range extension to Peru. Reported from tlie Farallon Islands (west of San Francisco), California to Baliia Santa Maria, Baja California Sur, Mexico, I collected a single live specimen wliile aboard a shrimp trawler working in 18- 36 m off Caelata La Cruz, Peru, on 13-17 April 1972 (Figure 10). Figure 10. Kurtziella beta (Dali, 1919), 4.1 x 2.0 mm, Caelaia La Cruz, Peru, in 18-36 m. Photo: D. K. Mullincr. 1798. Tenaturiis merita {YimCiS,, A new record from Isla del Coco. There have been no previous reports of tliis species from Isla del Coco. I have collected five lots totaluig 16 specimens from four dive sites in March 1984, February 1988, March 1989, February 1991 and April 1983. 1805. Plat}’ cy thorn curto (Dali, 1919). Additional collection record. This tiny species is known from only tliree specimens, tlie first being tlie holotype which was taken in 53 m m Baliia Panama, Panama, at U.S. Bureau of Fisheries station 2766. The second specimen was taken at a depth of 1.5 m at Isla Zacatillo, Golfo de Fonseca, El Salvador (13°18’N, 87°46'W), on 27 January 1973, leg. Anthony Ferreira (LACM 73-57). The tliird specimen I collected intertidally from under a rock at Isla Venado, Panama, 4 April 1981 (Figure 11). Figure 11. Platycythara curta (Dali, 1919), 2.4 x 1.1 mm, Isla Venado, Panama. Photo: D. K. Mulliner. 1810. Kurtzia arteaga (Dali & Bartsch, 1910). A range extension to Peru. Previously reported from as far soutli as the Golfo de Tehuantepec, Mexico, I collected two specimens while aboard a shrimp trawler off Caelata La Cruz, Peru, on 13-15 April 1972. 1816. Agathotoma aldppe (Dali, 1918). A new record from Isla del Coco. Two lots from two dive sites in deptlis of 12-23 ra, one specimen m each lot was taken, 22 April 1989 and 4-6 April 1992. One specimen was also dredged in 100-133 m off Baliia Chatham, March 1986. Page 44 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(4): 1996 1818. Agathotoma fininma (Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932). A range estension to Peru. Known from San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, to Salinas, Ecuador, I collected 12 crabbed specimens Lntertidally at El Rubio, Peru, 16 April 1972. 1821. Agathotoma stellata (Morcli, 1860). A range extension to Peru. Known as far soutli as tlie Santa Elena Peninsula, Ecuador (Keen, 1971), 1 have one lot of two crabbed specimens also taken intertidally at El Rubio, Peru, 16 April 1972. 1835. Ithycythara penelope (Dali, 1919). A new record from Isla del Coco. It has been reported from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico, to Baltia Panama, Panama, and tlie Galapagos (Keen, 1971) and Manabi Province, Ecuador (Shasky, 1984). I have 50 specimens dredged May 1985 and April-May 1986 in 30-62 m in coral rubble off Baltia Chatliam, and nine specimens dredged in 61 m off Baltia Wafer, Isla del Coco, 5 May 1984. 1839. Daphnella mazatlanica Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932. A new record from Isla del Coco. Knowit from tlte head of tlte Golfo de California to Maitta, Ecuador (Keen, 1971), I fouitd one specimen intertidally, under a rock at Baltia Chatltam, Isla del Coco, iit April-May 1986. 1840. Daphnella retusa McLeait & Poonttait, 1971. A new record front Isla del Coco. Known from tlte Golfo de California to Islas Secas, Paitam^ (Keen, 1971) to Ecuador (Shasky, 1984). Two lots of one specimen each were dredged off Baltia Chatltam, one iit 15-23 in aitd dte otlter iit 46-69 in. May 1985. I also collected one specimen off Roca Sucia, Isla del Coco, diving m 18-34 lit, March 1984. 1848. Microdaphne trichodes (Dali, 1919). A new record from Isla del Coco. This species has a wide distribution tltroughout tlte Panamic Province and tlte Indo-Pacific (Keen, 1971). I have a total of 17 specimens from tliree dive sites at Isla del Coco in deptlts of 9-40 m and one specimen front a taitgle net from 91 m iit April 1983, March 1984, March 1989 and February 1991. RISSOELLIDAE 238. Rissoella rumens (Carpenter, 1857). Additional distribution records. Described from Mazatltin, Sinaloa, Mexico, it is known from Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico (DuShane & Poonnan, 1967), soutlt to tlte Islas Galtipagos (Shasky, 1989). I have one lot of four specimens taken in 13 m at Isla San Benedicto, Islas Revillagigedo, Mexico, 25 November 1988 and four lots from dive sites at depths of 12-36 m and one lot from 91 m in coral rubble taken in a tangle net at Isla del Coco, 14-16 April 1983, 7 March 1984, May 1985, and 21-30 March 1989. AMATHINIDAE 782. Phasianema saxicola (C.B. Adams, 1852) [Litiopa], A new record from Isla del Coco. This species was described from Panamti. Ponder (pers. comm.) relates this species to the above genus which is in tlte pyramideUid family Amathinidae. I have collected this species from nine dive sites at Isla del Coco, at depths of 30-33 m. Tltese specimens are now in tlte Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History (SBMNH 143023, 2 spec., 14 April 1983; 143024, 23 spec., 14 April 1983; 143025, 3 spec., 22 March 1984; 143026, 24 spec., 23 May 1985; 143027, 6 spec., 29 March 1986; 143028, 1 spec., 14 February 1991). PYRAMIDELLIDAE 2023. Triptychus incantatus Hertlein & Strong, 1939. A new record from Isla del Coco. Described from Santa Elena, Ecuador, I have taken four specimens of this species by dredging in 46-75 m in coral rubble off Baltia Cltatham, Isla del Coco, 1985. Tltis specimen is in tlte Saitta Barbara Museum of Natural History (SBMNH 143029). HAMINOIEDAE 2240. Atys chimera Baker & Haima, 1927. A range extension to Panama. This species has not been reported siitce Keen (1971). She hsted the range from the Golfo de California to Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. I collected a single specimen (8.6 mm) iit 12-14 m at night on tlte east side of Isla Landones, Golfo de Cltiriqui, Panamti, on 16 April 1993. Tltis specimen is now in tlte Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History (SBMNH 142996). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When tins paper was first conceived, I iittended it to be fairly brief. Since startiitg it I have made many additions to the number of species. I tltank Carole Hertz who has been very patient witlt me as I brought her numerous revisions. Witltout Dave Mullitter and his photographic genius this paper would have been disappoiitting. Bert Draper, anotlter excellent Vol.XXVIII(4): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 45 photographer, supplied photographs (Figure 3a-c ) for Zebina (Tiphyocenna) preposteruiu. My tlianks also go to Henry Chaney of tlie Santa Barbara Museum of Nauiral History and Jim McLean of tlie Los Angeles County Museum of Namral History for supplying me widi accession numbers for specimens in tlieir respective institutions and to Carol Skoglmid for carefully reviewing a draft of die paper and making suggestions which much improved die paper. LITERATURE CITED ADAMS, C.B. 1852. Catalog of shells collected at Panama with notes on synonymy, station, and habitat.... Annals Lyceum Natural History. New York 5:229-296 (June); 297-549 (July). BARTSCH, PAUL 1911. TTie Recent and fossil mollusks of tlie genus Alvania from the west coast of America. Proceeding of the United States National Museum 41(1863):333-362, pis. 29-32. CARPENTER, PHILIP P. 1857. Catalog of tlie collection of Mazatlan shells in the British Museum collected by Frederick Reigen... London (British Museum) i-iv-l-ix-xvi + 552 pp. CLENCH, WILLIAM J. & RUTH D. TUIWER 1948. Tlie genus rnmoute/Ia in the western Atlantic. Johnsonia 2(25): 149- 164, pis. 66-73. DRAPER, BERTRAM 1972. Checklist of shells found in scrapings from Spondylus princeps taken at a depth of 40 feet, southeast of Santa Rosalia, Baja California, 1969. The Festivus 3(4):5-7. 1974. Minute shells - part 6. The Tabulata 7(l):17-22, figs. 1- 10. DUSHANE, HELEN & LEROY POORMAN 1967. A checklist of mollusks for Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. Tlie Veliger 9(4) :41 3-44 1 . EMERSON, WILLIAM K. 1995. A zoogeograpliic summaiy of the marine mollusks of the Revillagigedo Islands (tropical eastern Pacific Ocean). Tlie Festivus 27(1):3-18, fig. 1. FAIR RUTH 1976. Tlie Murex Book an Illustrated Catalogue of the Recent Muricidae (Muricinae, Muricopsinae, Ocenebrinae) ix-xvi -(- 17-138, pis. 1-23. HERTLEIN, LEO G. & A. M. STRONG 1951. Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society. XLUl. Mollusks from the west coast of Mexico and Central America. Part X. Zoologica 36(2):67-120, pis. 1-11. HERTZ, CAROLE M. 1984. Illustration of the types by S. Stillman Beriy in his "Leaflets in Malacology." The Fpstivus 15 (supplement) 41 pp.. 92 figs. HERTZ, JULES 1976. Minute shells. The Festivus 7(9):53-54, 5 figs. 1994. Review of the type species of Ponder, 1983. The Veliger 37(1):1 10-1 16, figs. 1-15. KEEN, A. MYRA 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America, second edition. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1064-1- pp., illustrated. MONTOYA, MICHEL 1983. Los molluscos marinos de la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. I. Lista anotada de especies. Brenesia 21:325-353. PONDER, WINSTON F. 1985a. A review of the genera of the Rissoidae (Mollusca: Mesogastropoda: Rissoacea). Records of the Australian Museum Supplement 4, 221 pp., 153 figs. 1985b. The anatomy and relationships of Elachasim Dali (Gastropoda: Rissoacea). Journal of Molluscan Studies 81:23-34, 7 figs., 2 tables. PONDER, WINSTON & S.J. HALL 1983. Pelycidiidae, a new family of archaeogastropod molluscs. The Nautilus 97(l):30-36, 3 figs. RADWIN, GEORGE E. & ANTHONY D'ATTILIO 1976. Murex Shells of the World. An Illustrated Guide to the Muricidae. 284 pp., 32 pis., 191 text figs. REEVE, LOVELL. 1859. Conchologica Iconica. Monograph on the genus Columbella, 37 pis., 240 figs. SHASKY, DONALD R. 1970. New gastropod taxa from tropical western America. The Veliger 13(2):188-195, 1 pi., 2 text figs. 1984. A preliminary checklist of marine mollusks from Manabi Province, Ecuador. Western Society of Malacologists Annual Report (for 1983) 16:25-32. 1988. Update on mollusks with Indo- Pacific faunal affinities in the tropical eastern Pacific — VIII. The Festivus 20(10):104-105, figs. 1-4. 1989. An update on the mollusks from the Galapagos Islands as listed in "Preliminary faunal list of the marine mollusks of the Galapagos Islands" by Yves Finet. The Festivus 21(1):7-10. SKOGLUND, CAROL 1989. Additions to the Panamic Province chiton (Polyplacophora) literature - 1971 through 1988. The Festivus 21(9):78-91. 1991a. Additions to the Panamic Province Opisthobranchia literature 1971 to 1990. The Festivus 22 (supplement 1): i-iii -t- 1-27. 1991b. Additions to the Panamic Province bivalve (Mollusca) literature 1971-1990. The Festivus 22 (supplement 2):i-v -I- 1-74. 1992. Additions to the Panamic Province gastropod (Mollusca) literature 1971 to 1992. The Festivus 24 (supplement) i- viii -t- 1-169. SKOGLUND, CAROL & ROBERT KOCH 1995. New distributional information for Panamic Province Rissooidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda). The Festivus 27(2):23-28, fig. 1. TURNER, RUTH D. 1956. The eastern Pacific marine mollusks described by C.B. Adams. Occasional Papers on Mollusks, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 2(20):21-135, pis. 5-21. VOKES, EMILY H. 1988. Muricidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the Esmeraldas Beds, northeastern Ecuador. Tulane Studies in Geology 21(l):l-50, pis. 1-6, text figs. 1-15. Page 46 THE FESTIVUS Vol.XXVIII(4): 1996 A SECOND RECORD OF THE MURICID HEXAPLEX NIGRITUS (GASTROPODA: MURICIDAE) AT BIRD ROCK, LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA KENT D. TREGO 441 Raviiia Street, ^3, La Jolla, California 92037, USA Recently, Spencer Luke of tlie Bentliic Invertebrate Collection of tlie Scripps Instimtion of Oceanography brought to my attention a muricid which had been collected at tlie Bird Rock area of La Jolla, California. Tlie specimen, 60 imn in lengtli, was live collected in tlie intertidal area at low tide on 15 March 1995. I identified tlie specimen as Hexaplex nigritus (Philippi, 1845) (Figures 1, 2). Tlie specimen remains in tlie Bentliic Invertebrate Collection of Scripps Institution of Oceanography (M690I). Farmer (1987) reported collecting a hve 58 mm specimen of the same species at Bird Rock. This specimen, comparable in size to the specimen collected in 1995 is in the possession of the Department of Invertebrate Zoology of the San Diego Natural History Museum. The occurrence of these two Hexaplex nigritus is, of course, unusual because Keen (1971) confined this species to the Gulf of Cahfomia, and Radwin and Hemingway (1976) in discussing Muricanthus radix Figures 1 & 2. Hexaplex nigritus, (1) dorsal view and (2) ventral view of 60 mm specimen. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Vol. XXVIIK4): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 47 noted "a single live specimen [of tlie nigritus fonn] in a marshy area near tlie entrance to Scammon's Lagoon...." As yet, tliere is no evidence for a population of H. nigritus existing at the Bird Rock location. Altliough El Nino may be considered as an emplacement mechanism, tlie fact tliat two specimens of tliis muricid species show up at tlie same general area some eight years apart may imply artificial introduction by man. I wish to thank Mr. David Mulliner for providing the photos of tlie H. nigritus specimen. LITERATURE CITED FARMER, WESLEY M. 1987. The black murex, Muricanthus nigritus, from Bird Rock, La Jolla, California — fact of fiction? The Festivus 19(5);42, fig. 1. KEEN, A. MYRA 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America: Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Stanford University Press, i-xiv+1064 pp.; ca. 4000 figs. RADWIN, GEORGE E. & GEORGE T. HEMINGWAY 1976. Muricanthus radix and Eupleura triquetra (Gastropoda: Muricidae) new range records fixim western Baja California. The Veliger 18(3):339-340. NOTICE OF THREE ANNUAL MALACOLOGICAL MEETINGS The 62nd Amiual Meeting of tlie American Malacological Union (AMU) will take place from 29 June to 3 July at tlie Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois, witli the Chicago Shell Club taking an active role. hi addition to Contributed Papers and Posters, tliere will be a Freshwater Symposium, a Shell Power Symposium, a Collection Management Symposium/Workshop and Mollusca and die Internet. There will be a FMNH Library Rare Book Exliibit and Supply Vendor Displays as well as otlier social events such as die President's Recepdon, Aucdon, Banquet and an Architecture Cruise. For furdier infoniiation, contact President Rudiger Bieler (312) 922-9410 [FAX (312) 663-3397, E-mail: bieler(g>fimdi.org] . Tlie 25di Annual Conveiition of die Conchologists of America (COA) will be held at die Tradewinds Resort at St. Pete Beach, Florida, from 14-19 July and is hosted by the St. Petersburg Shell Club, hi addition to die regular programs, two special seminars are plaimed. One is entitled "Public Relations for Shell Clubs" and die second "The Future of Shell Collecting." There will be die traditional welcome party, annual auction and silent auction, bourse, seven optional field trips and the annual banquet with guest speaker Dr. Paula Mikkelsen of the Delaware Museum of Natural History. For additional information, contact either Betty Lipe (813) 360-0586 or Eleanor Rothoff (813) 527-4707. The Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) will hold its 29th Annual Meeting at the Handlery Hotel and Resort in San Diego, CaUfomia, from 23-27 June. In addition to contributed Papers and Posters, three symposia are planned: Functional Morphology and Natural History of Molluscan Feeding, Invertebrate DNA: Prospects and Problems and Biology and Evolution of Cypraeoidea. The meeting will open widi a wuie and cheese reception hosted by the San Diego Shell Club. In addition to the traditional auction and reprint sale, evening slide shows, shell displays and annual banquet, several field trips are scheduled (Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute, San Diego paleontology sites and the Stephen Birch Aquarimn). For further information, contact President Hugh Bradner (619) 459-7681 [FAX (619) 459-0657, E-mail: hbradner(g)ucsd . edu] . o CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Bill Romer Terry Arnold Kim Hutsell Silvana Vollero Margaret Mulliner Kay Klaus CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Business Manager Photographer Linda L. Hutsell Margaret Mulliner Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz David K. Mulliner MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $15.00; Overseas (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $30.00; Mexico/ Canada (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $20.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences Anthony D'Attilio c/o Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr. Laguna Beach, CA 92651 Douglas J. Eemisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson American Museum of Natural History Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Barry Roth Research Associate Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Paul Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Emily H. Vokes Tulane University Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park PROGRAM Patterns of Change in the Marine Environment: Longterm Population and Community Studies at Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico Dr. Hans Bertsch, Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, National University, a longtime smdent of the natural world of Baja California, will give an illustrated program centered on the marine environment at Bahia de los Angeles in the Gulf of California. Meeting date: 16 May 1996 Shells of the month: Ohve shells CONTENTS Club news 49 New distributional records in the gastropod famihes Tomidae, Planaxidae and Vanikoridae in the northern Gulf of California Carole M. Hertz, Barbara W. Myers & Joyce Gemmell 50 The first record of Aspella pyramidalis (Broderip, 1833) (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from Baja California Sur, Mexico Gijs C. Kronenberg 58 Book news: Field Guide to the Geoduck... by David George Gordon, reviewed Roland C . Anderson, reviewer 59 Page 49 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK5): 1996 CLUB NEWS The Auction/Potiuck '96 And what a grand party it was! Over 45 members and guests began streaming in to the clubhouse of host Wes Farmer’s condo (at the new starting time of 5 p.m.) laden with wonderful-smelling dishes for the potluck dinner. The auction table and silent auction, set up in record time, were soon crowded with people checking the many fine donations of books and specimen shells and marking their lists for the big event to begin promptly at 7 p.m. Others were happily greeting good friends and sampling "Dave’s Punch" ably made by Bill Romer. As always, the dinner was spectacular. The food contributions seem to get better every year with members savoring again some repeats of last year’s favorite dishes and raving about some new entries. The desserts, plentiful and more than amply sinful, attracted everyone. This was not diet night. At the stroke of 7 p.m., the auction got underway with auctioneer Carole Hertz cajoling the enthusiastic crowd to ever bigger and better bids for the choice auction material on the table. And what material there was — Conus milneedwardsi, Cypraea guttata, Cypraea jeaniam aurata. Valuta bednalU, wonderful fossils, an extraordinarily large orange Lyropeaen subnodosus, a gigantic Tennessee River bivalve, a D’Attilio drawing, Oldroyd’s complete original The Marine Shells of the West coast of North America and both Keen’s 1971 and 1958 volumes to name just a few. It was a fun- filled, rowdy, exciting and very successful auction. Weary members finally bid the last bid at about 10:30 p.m. and applauded the great party, each other, the auctioneer and the three wonderful "gofers" who helped distribute the auction shells all evening, Lauren Buck, Jessica Reitz and Joanne Romer. The Club thanks all those who helped in making the auction possible - those who donated shells, bought shells, phoned members, bagged the material, helped set up, helped clean up, bought supphes and managed the food and drinks. The following people generously donated to the 1996 Auction/Potiuck: Terry Arnold, Paula & George Barton, Joe Bibbey, Ed & Pat Boyd, Hugh & Marge Bradner, Billee Brown, Larry Buck, Larry Catarius, Wes Farmer, Joyce Gemmell, Brian Hayes, Richard Herrmann, Carole & Jules Hertz, Kim & Linda Hutsell, John Jackson, Kirstie Kaiser, June King, Kay Klaus, John LaGrange, Marge & Ken Lindahl, Ann Marti, Mike & Karen Mason, Margaret & Dave MuUiner, Rick Negus, Rosemary & Frank Pierce, Bob Pike, Don & Jeanne Pisor, Chuck Reitz, Dale Roberts, Wally Robertson, Bill & Carol Romer, Nancy & Bill Schneider, Don Shasky, Carol & Paul Skoglund, Kent Trego, Charhe Waters, Gladys Weber and Jody Woolsey. The 1996 Greater San Diego Science and Engineering Fair For the 24th consecutive year, the Club has participated in die Greater San Diego Science and Engineering Fair. The committee (Hans Bertsch [chair] and Carole and Jules Hertz) selected as the Club winner Gerard James Rymer, a senior at Gompers Secondary School. Gerard was also a first place winner in zoology in the senior division. Gerard’s winning project is entitled, ”Strongylocentrotus purpuratus: chemo tactic response to Macrocystis pyrifora extracts." He will be invited to give an overview of his project at an upcoming meeting at which time he will be awarded his prize from a choice of three texts on zoology. Between Pacific Tides, Intertidal Invertebrates of California or Invertebrate Zoology. A Date for the Bizarre Bazaar Marge and Hugh Bradner have graciously made their garden available for the Club’s annual Bizarre Bazaar. It win be held on the afternoon of Sunday August 4th. Mark your calendars and details will be pubUshed later. Additions to the Roster BARBOUR, SIMON, GPO Box 697, Adelaide 5(X)1, Australia (61) 8 2647008 [PH/FAX] LEWIS, MARY ELLEN, 28122 Via Herrera, Mission Viejo, CA 92692, (714) 458-1870 MIKKELSEN, PAULA M., Delaware Museum of Natural History, Wilmington, DE 19807-0937 Vol.XXVm(5): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 50 NEW DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS IN THE GASTROPOD FAMILIES TORNIDAE, PLANAXIDAE, AND VANIKORIDAE IN THE NORTHERN GULF OF CALIFORNIA CAROLE M. HERTZ*, BARBARA W. MYERS" & JOYCE GEMMELL" Associates, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA T50 S. Anza Sp. 47C, El Cajon, CA 92020, USA Abstract: New distributional records are reported here for two species of Tomidae, Macromphalina symmetrica (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945) and M. equatorialis (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945); one species of Planaxidae, Fossarus tuberosus Carpenter, 1857, and one of Vanikoridae, Vanikoro aperta (Carpenter, 1864). The species were identified in the Gemmell collection from the San Fehpe area, Baja Cahfomia, Mexico. Background: In the ongoing study of moUusks in the Gemmell collection from San Fehpe and environs on the Baja side of the northern Gulf of Cahfomia, collected from 1965 to 1976, we have reported a number of species from the area that had not been noted previously, particularly in famihes having smaU, inconspicuous species not extensively studied nor actively sought by many collectors (Gemmell, Hertz & Myers, 1980, 1995; Hertz, Myers & Gemmell, 1992a,b, 1994; Myers, Hertz & Gemmell, 1989, 1990, 1991). Little taxonomic work has been published on Macromphalina since Pilsbry & Olsson (1945, 1952). They included the genus in the Vitrinelhdae as did Moore (1965). Keen (1971) placed the genus in the Fossaridae and it was later transferred to the Tomidae (Abbott, 1974). Houbrick (1990) placed the genus Fossarus in the Planaxidae (subfemily Fossarinae) based on study of the anatomy. The systematic position of Vanikoridae has not been changed since Keen (1971). Following is a hsting of the four species newly reported from the San Fehpe area. The Gemmell specimens were compared with material iu the Carol Skoglund coUection as weU as with specimens in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History (SBMNH) and are ihustrated here by means of camera lucida drawings by Gemmell using a Wild microscope. Unless otherwise noted, sheUs were cohected empty. AU specimens here studied in the GemmeU coUection are currently housed in the San Diego Natural History Museum (in the Department of Entomology). TORNIDAE Genus Macromphalina Cossmann, 1888 Macromphalina equatorialis (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945) (Figures 1-3) Chonebasis equatorialis Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 97:264-265, pi. 24, figs. 6, 6a, 6b. GemmeU material studied: 12 specimens, 1.0-2. 2 mm max. diam., Puertecitos, in grunge. 2 specimens, 1.5 & 2.5 mm max. diam., Playa Ahcia, S of San Fehpe, in fine sand among rocks, minus 6 ft tide, April 14-16, 1976. 9 specimens, 1.2-3. 8 mm max. diam., Playa Ahcia, S of San Fehpe, under small rocks, November 1968. 2 specimens, 1.5 & 4.3 mm max. diam., N side of Bahia Willard, San Luis Gonzaga, in drift, November 1969. Previous reported distribution: Punta CaUo, Manabi Mailing address; 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. 2 3761 Mt. Augustus Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. Page 51 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK5): 1996 Figures 1-3. Macrompfmlina equatorialis (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945), (1-2) apertural & dorsal views of 4.0 mm specimen, N. side of Bahia Willard, San Luis Gonzaga, (3) apertural view of 1.5 mm specimen showing keel, Playa Alicia, San Felipe. Province, Ecuador (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945; Keen, 1971); Puerto Penasco, Sonora, intertidal to 10 m (Skoglund & Koch, 1995). Remarks: Pilsbry and Olsson 's illustration of the type, a 1.9 nun diameter specimen, clearly shows a dehcate keel or "seam-like sutural border." This is also apparent on the 1.2 mm Gemmell specimen (Figure 3). On larger Gemmell specimens (Figures 1, 2) this becomes obsolete. Additional uncited material studied in the Caro Skoglund collection is from Santa Cruz (4 specimens) in drift, 1967-1980, ChacaUta (3 specimens) dredged in 3-5 m, December 1973, both Nayarit, Mexico; La Cruz de Huanacaxtle, Bahia Banderas (1 specimen) 1972- 1979, Caleta de los Angeles, Bahia Tenacatita (2 specimens) intertidal, December, 1977, both Jahsco, Mexico; Puerto San Carlos, Bahia Magdalena (1 specimen), dredged 2-10 m, 1979, Baja CMfomia Sur, Mexico; Balboa, Panama (1 specimen) dredged commercially from Bahia de Panama, April 1981. The Gemmell specimens from San Fehpe, Puertecitos and San Luis Gonzaga place the species on the Baja side of die northern Gulf for the first time. The Skoglimd specimens extend the known range of the species to the Pacific coast of Baja California and to Panama. Macromphalina symmetrica (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945) (Figures 4 and 5) Chonebasis symmetrica Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945:97:261, pi. 24, figs. 3, 3a. Gemmell material studied: 1 specimen, 2.2 mm max. diam., Puertecitos, in grunge. Previous reported distribution: Ecuador (Keen, 1971; Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945); Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico (F. & L. Poorman, 1988); Bahia la Cholla, Sonora and off Puerto Escondido, Baja Cahfomia Sm, intertidal to 52 m (Skoglund & Koch, 1995). Vol.XXVIII(5): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 52 Figures 4 & 5. Macromphalina symmetrica (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945), 3.8 mm max. diam., Puertecitos, in grunge (4) apertural view (5) apical view. Figures 6-8. (6) Fossarus tuberosus Carpenter, 1857, (6) syntypes, after Brann (1966) (7) Fossarus angulatus Carpenter, 1857, syntype, after Brann (1966) (8) Fossarus purus Carpenter, 1864, holotype, after Palmer (1963). Page 53 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK5): 1996 Remarks: Shell has a repaired break where the axial sculpture changes from heavy to fine. Appears close to Macromphalina hancocki Pilsbry & Olsson, 1952, but the GemmeU shell does not have the brownish nucleus of M. hancocki. The GemmeU specimen places the species in the northern Gulf at Puertecitos. PLANAXIDAE Subfamily Fossarinae Troschel, 1861 Genus Fossarus PhUippi, 1841 Fossarus tuberosus Carpenter, 1857 (Figures 6, 9-12) Fossarus tuberosus Carpenter, 1857:354. Fig'd Brann (1966, p. 63, pi. 38, fig. 404 [tab. 1700]. GemmeU material studied: 1 specimen, 1.5 mm L, Pta. EstreUa, San Fehpe, dredged. May 1968. 2 specimens, 2.0 & 3.2 mm L, Radar Beach, off San Felipe, in grunge, April 1971. 3 specimens, 1.5-2. 2 mm L, 8 km S of Puertecitos. Previous reported distribution: Mazatl^, Sinaloa, Mexico (Carpenter, 1857; Keen, 1971); Islas Galapagos (Shasky, 1989). Remarks: We have identified the species as F. tuberosus (Figm-e 6) rather than F. angulatus (Figure 7) both of Carpenter, 1857, or F. purus Carpenter, 1864 (Figure 8). Both F. tuberosus and F. angulatus were described from Mazatlto, coUected on bivalves: three specimens of F. tuberosus on Chama and Spondylus and two specimens of F. angulatus on Spondylus. According to Keen (1968:424), the remaining syntype of F. angulatus in the British Museum of Natural History is almost completely disintegrated. Fossarus purus was described from Cabo San Lucas, Gulf of Cahfomia, coUected by Mr. John Xantus of the U.S. Coast Survey. Table I details the characters of the three species based on their original descriptions and type figures in Brann (1966, pi. 38, fig. 404) and Palmer (1963, pi. 66, figs. 4, 4a) as weU as the comments on the syntypes by Keen (1968) and Palmer (1963:342-343). It compares the above- mentioned three species with the characters of the GemmeU and Skoglund material studied, hereafter referred to as the G/S specimens. As can be seen in Table I, aU the species have the same general size and shape with large open aperture, wide umbihcus and strong spiral keels varying in number. However, the spire is higher in F. tuberosus and the G/S specimens (Figures 6, 9-12) and is acute in F. angulatus specimens. Both F. tuberosus and the G/S specmens have a brown protoconch of 3"^ whorls, cancellate and tilted to the left. The protoconch in F. angulatus and F. purus is of two whorls. Fossarus tuberosus has 6 whorls and the G/S specimens 5-6 whorls depending on the size. The other two species have 4 or less. A periostracum is noted only for F. tuberosus and we observed traces of this on many of the G/S specimens. On one Skoglund specimen (Figures 11, 12), the sheU is completely covered by the pale tan periostracum with hairs on the keels. The aperture of aU the species is large and angulate, reflecting the keels. Only F. tuberosus and the G/S specimens have a broad caUus on the columella. F. angulatus is hsted as having "no trace of caUosity" whUe no caUus is mentioned for F. purus. Although the original descriptions of F. angulatus and F. tuberosus state the colors white-black, piuple colored, or maculated, no indication of color pattern can be seen in the figures of the types. AU the G/S specimens are white with a brown nucleus. Only F. purus is described as white. Because the G/S specimens have the high spire, 3"^ whorled tilted nucleus, pale tan, hairy periostracum and callosity on the columella, we have identified them as F. tuberosus. The GemmeU material extends the distribution to San Fehpe. Specimens in the Skoglund CoUection extend the distribution of F. tuberosus to Santa Cruz (Nayarit) and Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico, aU collected intertidaUy, and to Bahia Tenacatita, Jahsco, Mexico. One specimen reported from the Laura Shy coUection is listed questionably as F. tuberosus from off Puertecitos by DuShane (1962). VANIKORIDAE Genus Vanikoro Quoy & Gaimard, 1832 Vanikoro aperta (Carpenter, 1864) (Figures 13-15) Narica aperta Carpenter, 1864:13:476. Fig'd Keen (1971, fig. 797 [holotype]). GemmeU material studied: 4 specimens 1.6-4. 2 mm max. diam., Puertecitos, in grunge. 7 specimens, 1.4-6. 1 mm max. diam., Pta. San Fehpe, ahve under rocks. Previously reported distribution: Cabo San Lucas to Guaymas, Sonora (Keen, 1971); Bahia San Carlos, Vol.XXVIIKS): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 54 Figures 11 & 12. Fossarus tuberosus, ±2 mm max. diam., (11) apertural view (12) dorsal view from lot of 2 specimens, live collected with periostracum, Gulfito, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, intertidal, N of bay entrance, leg. C. Skoglund, April 1983. Page 55 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK5): 1996 Sonora, Mexico (Poorman & Poonnan, 1988); Manabi Province, Ecuador (Shasky, 1984). Remarks: We compared the Gemmell specimens with the similar Vanikoro galapagana Hertlein & Strong, 1951 (see holotype figures, pi. 11, figs. 7, 8). From the original description the only difference stated between V. aperta and V. galapagana was the "stronger, more nodulose spiral threads" of V. galapagana. It was stated that the umbUicus in V. galapagana is "narrow, deep" whereas the umbihcus of V. aperta is "maximo, carinato." Keen (1971:455) figured the holotype of V. aperta (USNM 15897) and noted the large umbihcus "bounded by a heavy rib." This feature is clearly evident in the Gemmell specimens (Figure 15). Specimens of V. aperta in the Skoglund collection include five lots: one lot of 2 specimens from Playa Ahcia, San Fehpe, collected with Gemmell, March 1976, and 4 specimens foimd intertidally on dead bivalve shells from Punta La Gringa, Bahia de los Angeles, both in Baja Cahfomia, Mexico; a lot of 4 intertidal specimens from Bahia la ChoUa, 15 September 1970, 43 specimens in drift at high tide line, Estero Morua, S of Puerto Penasco, 1968-1978, and 12 intertidal specimens from Puerto Lobos, Cabo Tepoca, 16-17 August 1970, all in Sonora, Mexico. Based on the large umbihcus bounded by a heavy rib and the type locahty at Cabo San Lucas (V. galapagana is known only ft-om the Galapagos), we have identified the GeimneU specimens as V. aperta. This is the first report of the species in the northern Gulf of Cahfomia at San Fehpe and Puertecitos (GemmeU specimens) and on the mainland side of the Gulf in the Puerto Penasco area to Cabo Tepoca and at Bahia de los Angeles, Baja Cahfomia, Mexico (Skoglund specimens). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank the San Diego Natural History Museum for work space in the Entomology Department and express our appreciation to Carol Skoglund for generously making her collection available to us for study and for critically reading drafts of the manuscript. Figures 13-15. Vanikoro aperta (Carpenter, 1864). 4.2 mm max. diam., from San Felipe, under rocks (13) apertural view (14) dorsal view of spire (15) basal view. Vol.XXVIII(5): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 56 Table I: Comparison of G/S specimens with characters of Fossarus tuberosus, F. angulatus and F. purus as reported from original descriptions and notes of Keen (1968) and Palmer (1963) Fossarus tuberosus Fossarus angulatus Fossarus purus Gemmell & Skoglund Specimens Size 2 syntypes: 1.1 mm (fig'd Brann, 1%6, pi. 38, fig. 404) 1 syntype, 1.8 mm (fig'd Brann, 1%6, pi. 38, fig. 405) 1.2* mm L x ± 1.5 mm diam., (fig'd Palmer, 1963, pi. 66, figs. 4, 4a) 1. 4-6.1 mm [5-6 whorls], (42 specimens) (fig'd herein) Shape subovoid, thin similar to F. angulatus but with 6 whorls subovoid, thin, spire sub-acute, 4 whorls similar to F. angulatus subovoid, thin, spire elongate Protoconch 3 brown whorls, 2 whorls on smaller syntype, 3 on larger (Keen, 1968); slanted to the body whorl (Carpenter, 1857); syntype figure with cancellate nucleus syntype almost disintegrated (Keen, 1968); original description states 2 nuclear whorls, tilted to left, no color given 2 whorls, dark brown, cancellate as in F. tuberosus, 2 strong revolving ribs on nucleus; no tilting of the nucleus to the left mentioned or obvious on type figure in Palmer (1963) 3''' brown, cancellate whorls, tilted to left, elongate Whorls & sculpture 6 whorls, 2 or more keels on body whorl with fine spirals between, irregular minor lirae (Carpenter, 1857); 4 carinae on body whorl and fine spiral intercalary ribs (Keen, 1968) 4 whorls, about 6 angular keels, prominence of angular keels differing on each; Keen (1968) noted 2 carinae on body whorl number of whorls not given in original description; 2 strong revolving ribs on penultimate whorl, body whorl enlarged with four strong widely spaced, revolving ribs, greatly acute with microscopic cross lines between the ribs; interstitial lines subobsolete & decussate basally (Palmer, 1963); whole surface minutely, spirally striate; basal carinae subobsoletely interstitially decussate (Carpenter, 1857) 5-6 whorls including protoconch, 2-4 carinae, varying within lots with fine intercalary spirals intersected by minute axial lines; prominence of keels differing on each; size of specimen and number of keels do not correlate Periostracum and pattern sometimes hairy periostracum no periostracum mentioned no periostracum mentioned tan periostracum on some specimens, with hairs on the keels Umbilicus size and height variable, in the spreading form very large, in "compact state, very small” large and acutely carinate wide, large, carinate, forward large, deep, defined by a carina Aperture lip excavated; syntype figure shows large callus on columella lip thin, angulate, peritreme continuous, lip scarcely excavated, not at all plicate; no trace of callosity on columellar lip; Keen (1968) notes ' wide columellar lip, large aperture with thickened rim broadly or widely semilunate, outer lip strongly carinate, greatly indented; inner lip straight, narrow outer lip thin, reflecting keels, peritreme continuous, large callus on columellar lip; aperture D- shaped Exterior color blackish-white, nucleus brown purple-colored, irregularly spotted, nucleus brown all white but for brown protoconch all specimens white, some with tan periostracum, nucleus brown Operculum none mentioned none mentioned brown, paucispiral, minutely rugose, nucleus anterior light brown, paucispiral, nucleus anterior Page 57 THE FESnVUS Vol. XXVIIKS): 1996 LITERATURE CITED ABBOTT, R. TUCKER 1974. American Seashells, Second edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., NY. 663 pp., 24 color pis., 6405 figs. BRANN, DORIS C. 1966. Illustrations to "Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells" by Philip P. Carpenter. Paleontological Research Institution, Ithaca, NY, 111 pp., 60 pis. CARPENTER, PHILIP P. 1857. Catalogue of the collection of Mazatlan shells in the British Museum: collected by Frederick Reigen... London, pp. i-iv+ix-xvi+552. Reprinted, Paleonotological Research Institution, 1967. 1864. Diagnosis of new forms of mollusks collected at Cape San Lucas, Lower California, by Mr. J. Xantus. Annals & Magazine of Natural History, series 3, 13:311-315, 474- 479; 14:45-59. DUSHANE, HELEN 1962. A checklist of mollusks for Puertecitos, Baja California, Mexico. The Veliger 5(l):39-50. GEMMELL, JOYCE, CAROLE M. HERTZ & BARBARA W. MYERS 1980. Seastar predation on mollusks in the San Felipe Bay area, Baja California, Mexico. The Festivus 12(3):24-55, figs. 1-51. 1995. The Epitoniidae of San Felipe and environs, Golfo de California, from the Gemmell Collection (1965-1976). The Festivus 27(6):74-80, figs. 1-12. HERTZ, CAROLE M., BARBARA W. MYERS & JOYCE GEMMELL 1992a. Two new vitrinellid species from the Gulf of California, Mexico (Gastrcpoda: Vitrinellidae). The Veliger 35(1):70- 73, figs. 1-8. 1992b. Review of the Vitrinellidae from the San Felipe area, Baja California, Mexico, from the Gemmell Collection (1965- 1976). The Festivus 24(7):68-80, figs. 1-27. 1994. The Caecidae of San Felipe and environs. Gulf of California, from the Gemmell collection (1965-1976). The Festivus 25(2):16-18, figs. 1-7. HOUBRICK, RICHARD S. 1990. Anatomy, reproductive biology and systematic position of Fossarus ambiguus (Liiuie) (Fossarinae: Planaxidae: Prosobranchia). Aeoreana. Supplement to 1990, pp. 59- 73, illustrated. KEEN, A. MYRA 1968. West American mollusk types in the British Museum (Natural History) IV. Carpenter's Mazatlan Collection. The Veliger 10(4): 389-439, pis. 55-59, 171 text figs. 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America: Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Stanford University Press, i-xiv + 1064 pp.; ca. 4000 figs. MOORE, DONALD R. 1965. New species of Vitrinellidae from Gulf of Mexico and adjacent waters. The Nautilus 78(3):73-79, pi. 7. MYERS, BARBARA W., CAROLE M. HERTZ & JOYCE GEMMELL 1989. Preliminary report on the Vitrinellidae from San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico, from the Genunell Collection. Annual Report of the Western Society of Malacologists [for 1988] 21:17 [abstract]. 1990. A discussion of Episcynia bolivari Pilsbiy & Olsson, 1964, and related eastern Pacific ^ecies. The Festivus 22(2) : 14- 20, figs. 1-6. 1991. Two new species of Vitrinellidae from the Gulf of California, Mexico (Gastropoda). Venus, The Japanese Journal of Malacology 50(l):30-36, figs. 1-11. PALMER, KATHERINE VAN WINKLE 1%3. Type specimens of marine Mollusca described by P. P. Carpenter from the west coast of Mexico and Panama. Bulletins of American Paleontology 46(21 1):289-408, pis. 58-70. PILSBRY, HENRY A. & AXEL A. OLSSON 1945. Vitrinellidae and similar gastropods of the Panamic Province. Part I. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 97:249-278, pis. 22-30. 1952. Vitrinellidae of the Panamic Province: II. ibid 104:35-88, pis. 2-13. POORMAN, FORREST L. & LEROY H. POORMAN 1988. A report of the molluscan species in the San Carlos Rectangle, Sonora, Mexico, collected by Forrest L. and Leroy H. Poorman from December 1953 to December 1983. The Festivus 20(6):47-63, fig. 1. SHASKY, DONALD R. 1984. A preliminary checklist of marine mollusks from Manabi Province, Ecuador. Annual Report of the Western Society of Malacologists [for 1983] 16:25-32. 1989. An update on the mollusks from the Galapagos Islands as listed in "Preliminary faunal list of the marine mollusks of the Galapagos Islands" by Yves Finet. The Festivus 21(1):7-10. SKOGLUND, CAROL & ROBERT KOCH 1995. New distributional information for Panamic Province Rissooidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda). The Festivus 27(2) :23- 28. Vol. XXVIIK5): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 58 THE FIRST RECORD 0¥ ASPELLA PYRAMID ALIS (BRODERIP, 1833) (GASTROPODA: MURICIDAE) FROM BAJA CALIFORNIA SUR, MEXICO GIJS C. KRONENBERG c/o Milieu Educatie Centrum, PO Box 435, NL-5600 AK Eindhoven, the Netherlands When Keen (1971) pubUshed the second edition of her great work on the Panamic faunal province, the muricid gastropod Aspella pyramidalis (Broderip, 1833) was known from Mazatlin, Sinaloa, Mexico to Panama and the Islas Galipagos (Keen:527). Since that time, some extensions of the known distribution were pubUshed, both southward to Colombia (Rad win & D'AttiUo, 1976; Cosel, 1984 (fide Skoglund, 1992:69)) and northward to Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico (Poorman & Poorman, 1988:58). While diving off Punta Concepcidn, east of Muleg6, Baja California Sur, Mexico, on 21 June 1995, I found one specimen of this species at 8 meters, under a rock. The specimen measures 13.4 mm long. This record extends the known distribution of Aspella pyramidalis to the Baja peninsula. This specimen is in my coUection (no. 5005). I would like to thank Mr. Roland Houart from Landen, Belgium, for identifying the specimen, and Mr. Ron P.A. Voskuil from Delft, the Netherlands for photography. LITERATURE CITED COSEL, RUDO VON 1984. Moluscos marinos de las Isla de Gorgona (costa del Paci'fico Colombiano). Annales del Institute de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta de Beti'n 14:175-257, figs. 1-42 [non vide]. KEEN, A. MYRA 1971 . Sea Shells of Trcqjical West America. ..2nd edition. Stanford University Press, i-xiv-l- 1-1064, 12 color pis b/w illus. POORMAN, FORREST L. & LEROY H. POORMAN 1988. A report of the molluscan species in the San Carlos rectangle, Sonora, Mexico, collected by Forrest L. and Leroy H. Poorman from December 1953 to December 1983. The Festivus 20(6):47-63, 1 map. RADWIN, GEORGE E. & ANTHONY D’ATTILIO 1976. Murex Shells of the World. An Illustrated Guide to the Muricidae. Stanford University Press, pp. 1-284, 32 pis., 192 text figs, [non vide]. SKOGLUND, CAROL 1992. Additions to the Panamic Province gastropods (Mollusca) literature 1971 to 1992. The Festivus 24 (supplement) i-viii -I- 1-169. Figure 1. Aspella pyramidalis, apertural and dorsal views of specimen 13.4 mm L, Punta Concepcion, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 21 June, 1995. Leg. G. C. Kronenberg. Page 59 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK5): 1996 BOOK NEWS FIELD GUIDE TO THE GEODUCK: the secret life of the world’s biggest burrowmg clam from Northern Cahfomia to Southeast Alaska. By: David George Gordon. 1996. Pubhsher: Sasquatch Books (Seattle). 48 pages, iUus. Price: $6.95, paper. “According to the Suquamish tribe of Washington State, clams have been great gossips since long ago. To silence their incessant chattering and restore peace to the wilderness, the other animals in the Pacific Northwest decided to bury the pesky mollusks on a beach. Today, whenever you walk along the seashore at low tide, you’ll see water shooting up from the sand. These spurts come from deeply buried clams, striving to rid themselves of all the silt and seawater they swallow while continuing to gossip. Judging by the sizable spout from this giant bivalve - the largest burrowing clam in the world - the geoduck must have been quite the blabbermouth in its younger days.” Thus begins the Field Guide to the Geoduck. Author David George Gordon has put together another valuable addition to this series on the natural history of Pacific Northwest animals published by Sasquatch Books of Seattle. Free-lance writer Gordon, who hves in Port Townsend, has previously authored four other field guides in the series, including the interesting and whimsical Field Guide to the Slug. The series is dedicated to various non-profit environmental organizations in the Northwest. Royalties from the slug book benefit the Western Society of Malacologists and proceeds from the geoduck book will go to People for Puget Soimd, a watch-dog agency that monitors pollution. The book begins with the geoduck family tree, describing its place among the mollusks and goes on to explain the etymology of its name, including the many various spellings of both its common and scientific names and their origins. Internal and external anatomy (“it looks like something you won’t see on TV”) are covered in moderate detail along with its hfe cycle, predators and companions (its “boring relatives”!). There is also quite a good history of geoduck gathering, the problem of over-fishing in the 1920s and 30s and the current commercial harvest of today. The first commercial catch of subtidal geoducks began in Washington State in 1970 and quickly grew and spread to other states and British Columbia. The ciurent harvest is strictly regulated and brings in about $20 million a year to Washington just in leases of geoduck tracts. This money goes to aquatic lands enhancement, geoduck research projects and replenishment of the stocks. It is one of the best regulated reapings of wild stocks, maintained on a sustainable yield basis. Live geoducks sold for sushi bring as high as $20 per pound in seafood markets, but most are exported nowadays to Asian markets. This book will be a valuable and reasonably-priced addition to the library of any malacologist or conchologist interested in West Coast bivalves. Shell collectors, beachcombers and seafood hunters alike will all enjoy Gordon’s clever, pithy humor and the interesting information on this noble clam. Roland C. Anderson ISSN 0738-9388 6il 4ol FHi? A10LL THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume: XXVIII June 13, 1996 Number: 6 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Bill Romer Terry Arnold Kim Hutsell Silvana Vollero Margaret Mulliner Kay Klaus CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian FESTIVUS STAFE Editor Business Manager Photographer Linda L. Hutsell Margaret Mulliner Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz David K. Mulliner MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $15.00; Overseas (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $30. (X); Mexico/ Canada (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $20.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences Anthony D’Attilio c/o Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr. Laguna Beach, CA 92651 Douglas J. Eernisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson American Museum of Natural History Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Barry Roth Research Associate Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Paul Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Emily H. Vokes Tulane University Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park PROGRAM Octopus veligero: a Vacationing Tourist or a Permanent Resident Megan Lilly, a marine biologist with the City of San illustrated presentation on Octopus veligero and Diego's Ocean Monitoring Program, will give an Octopus species of the Southern California Bight. Also Club winner in the 1996 Greater San Diego Science of his vtdnning project, "Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus: and Engineering Fair, Gerard James Rymer, a senior at chemotactic response to Macrocystis pyrifora extracts. " Gompers Secondary School, will present an overview and receive his Club award. Meeting date: 20 June 1996 Shells of the month: Southern California shells CONTENTS Club news 61 Dredging around Isla Danzante, Gulf of California, Mexico, or what you find at the end of a line Margaret Mulliner 62 Book news: Monographs on Galapagos Mollusca, Marine Molluscs of the Galapagos, Gastropods, No. 1 and No. 2 by Yves Finet, reviewed James H. McLean, reviewer 71 Page 61 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK6): 1996 CLUB NEWS From the Minutes of the Meeting of the San Diego Shell Club, 16 May 1996 Bill Romer called the meeting to order at 7; 40 p.m. The minutes of the March meeting were accepted as published in The Festivus. Bill informed everyone that the Auction had been a great success. Everyone who attended had a great time. The Bizarre Bazaar will be held on August 4th from 1:00 to about 5:00 p.m. at the home of the Bradners. The September Party will be on September 21st at the home of the Arnolds. The party's theme is "Come as your favorite person. " Attendees are asked to bring their favorite dish or make a $5.00 contribution. The Christmas Party on December 14th will be held in the same location as last year and will include the same choices of meals (chicken or pork) at the prices paid last year. Terry Arnold has a web page dedicated to Club information. The address is printed below, http : / /WWW . users . cts . com/crash/t/ /tamold/WSMPage . html Bill introduced the speaker of the evening, Hans Bertsch. Hans informed the group that students from one of his classes were present and they were welcomed by the members. Hans spoke on the region of Bahia de Los Angeles. He told of the rain shadow effect which causes the area to the west of the mountains in Baja California to receive rain, whereas the eastern side of the mountains is dry and barren. Though the land is barren, there is a wealth of life below the sea. He identified three areas each hosting differing kinds of sea life: the sandy area in the bay, the shallow rocky area, and the deeper island area. After three years of data collection, he found that as temperatures decreased in the winter in the region, the number of species increased. It was a wonderfully informative presentation. The drawing winner was one of Hans' smdents, Eric Saxton. The meeting was adjourned at 9:00 p.m. for everyone to enjoy the refreshments provided by Silvana Vollero, Kent Trego and Bill Romer. Everyone enjoyed looking at the Olive specimens from the Gulf of California. Silvana Vollero New Laws on the Collecting of Abalone According to new regulations, only the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) may be taken by either commercial or recreational collectors. The harvesting of green, pink and white abalone will be strictly prohibited for the next two years and the collecting of black abalone has been banned since 1993. For further information, consult the latest Department of Fish and Game regulations booklet. The WSM in San Diego The 29th annual meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists will be held at the Handlery Hotel and Resort from 23-27 June. The Club will host a welcoming wine and cheese reception. There will be three symposia [see March issue] as well as contributed papers and poster presentations. In addition to the scientific program there will be field trips, an auction and book/reprint sale to support smdent grants, evening slide shows, shell displays and a banquet. For further information, contact President Hugh Bradner (619) 459-7681; FAX (610) 459-0657 or e- mail: h bradner@ucsd.edu. It is hoped that many Club members will attend. Club T-shirts on Sale Now that summer is almost upon us, it will be a perfect time to replenish your t-shirt supply. The Club's brightly printed t-shirts will be on sale at the June meeting at the very low price of $10.00 each. Don't miss this opportunity to get a Club t-shirt at a bargain price. Also available for sale are the beautifully designed Club mugs. Addition to the Roster Hayes, Brian, P.O. Box 804, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa. Tel/FAX (041) 334521. Vol.XXVIII(6): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 62 DREDGING AROUND ISLA DANZANTE, GULF OF CALIFORNIA, MEXICO, OR WHAT YOU FIND AT THE END OF A LINE MARGARET MULLINER 5283 Vickie Dr., San Diego, CA 92109, USA Since 1985, my husband Dave and I have been dredging around Isla Danzante, the small island just southwest of Isla Carmen, in the Gulf of California. We have remrned to this area each year from late September through October. Although most of our collecting has been done by small dredge, Dave has also collected specimens by scuba diving. The results of our ten year survey of this region has yielded range extensions, both geographic and bathymetric, as well as examples of interesting and beautiful species. The species listed below in Table 1 are all in the Mulliner collection. The taxonomic arrangement is by Keen (1971) as modified by Vaught (1989) and Skoglund (1992). Numbers from Keen (1971) are used where possible. Identifications of material were confirmed by Carol Skoglund of Phoenix, Arizona. All material was collected dead unless otherwise noted. In the table, a circle [•] next to a Keen number indicates a new depth record. (Where possible, previously reported depth records are noted.) When these specimens were collected dead, it is understood that they may have been washed to these lower depths. An asterisk [*] indicates a range extension. In the "Remarks" are listed previous distributional records and other pertinent information. I wish to thank Carol Skoglund for help in identifying the species, Dave Mulliner for the photography and Carole Hertz for help in setting up the paper and for her patience. LITERATURE CITED ANON 1970. Shells of the west coast of the Americas. The Tabulata 3(3): 19. 2 figs. BEU, ALAN G. & PHILLIP A. MAXWELL 1987, A revision of the fossil and living gastropods related to Plesiotriton Fischer, 1884... With an appendix: genera of Buccinidae Pisaniinae related to CoLubraria Schumacher, 1817. New Zealand Geological Survey Paleontological Bulletin 54:1-140, pis. 1-30. BRATCHER, TWILA 1991. Terebra argosyia alive and well in Panama. The Festivus 23(8):61-62, figs. 1-3. DRAPER. BERTRAM 1974a. Minute shells - part 8. The Tabulata 7(3):69-77, figs. 1- 21, 1974b. Minute shells - part 9. The Tabulata 7(4): 100-1 14, figs. 1-33. DUSHANE, HELEN 1974. The Panamic-Galapagan Epitoniidae. The Veliger 16 (supplement) 1-84, 15 pis., 5 text figs. 1979. Description of a previously misidentified species of Epitonium (Gastropoda: Epitoniidae). The Veliger 21(3):379-380, 1 fig. 1989. The range for Macron aethiops (Reeve, 1847). The Festivus 2 1(7): 60-61, figs. 1-2. EMERSON, WILLIAM K. 1995. A zoogeographic summary of the marine mollusks of the Revillagigedo Islands (tropical eastern Pacific Ocean). The Festivus 27(1):3-18, fig. 1. HERTZ, CAROLE M, BARBARA W. MYERS & JOYCE GEMMELL 1992. Two new vitrinellid species from the Gulf of California, Mexico (Gastropoda: Vitrinellidae). The Veliger 35(1):70- 73, figs. 1-8. KEEN. A. MYRA 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America, Second edition. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA i-xiv -(-1064 pp., 22 color pis., ca 4000 text figs. KOCH, ROBERT 1992. Panamic puzzles: Terebra argosyia and T. robusta. The Festivus 24(l):3-7, figs. 1^. MARINCOVICH, LOUIE 1977. Cenozoic Naticidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of the northeastern Pacific. Bulletins of American Paleontology 70(294): 1-494, 25 pis. McLEAN, JAMES H. & JAMES NYBAKKEN 1979. On the growth stages of Conus fergusoni Sowerby, 1873, the reinstatement of Conus xanthicus Dali, 1910, and a new species of Conus from the Galapagos Islands. The Veliger 22(2): 135-144, figs. 1-4, 3 pis. MONTOYA, MICHEL 1983. Los molluscos marinos del la Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. I. Lista anotada de especies. Brenesia 21:325-353. PENA G. GREGORIO MARIO 1970. Zonas distribucion de los gastropodos marinos del Peru. Page 63 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(6): 1996 Anales Cientificos de la Universidad NacionaJ Agraria 8(34): 154-170. POORMAN, LEROY H. & FORREST L. POORMAN 1988. A report of the molluscan species in the San Carlos Rectangle, Sonora, Mexico, collected by Forrest L. and Leroy H. Poorman from December 1953 to December 1983. The Festivus 20(6):47-63, 1 map. RADWIN, GEORGE E. & ANTHONY D’ATTILIO 1976. Murex Shells of the World. An Illustrated Guide to the Muricidae. Stanford University Press, 284 pp, 32 pis, 192 text figs. SHASKY, DONALD R. 1975. Range extensions for two tropical west American gastropods. The Veliger 18(2):217. 1984. Update on mollusks with Indo-Pacific faunal affinities in the tropical eastern Pacific III. The Festivus 16(1 1): 123- 124, figs. 1-3. 1989a. An update on the mollusks from the Galapagos Islands as listed in "Preliminary faunal list of the marine mollusks of the Galapagos Islands” by Yves Finet. The Festivus 21(1):7-10. 1989b. My last seven years - at Cocos Island. The Festivus 21(8):72-75, figs. 1-4. SKOGLUND, CAROL 1992. Additions to the Panamic Province gastropod (Mollusca) literature 1971 to 1992. The Festivus 24 (supplement), 74 pp. 1993. Additional distributional information for Cochliolepis cornis Hertz, Myers & Gemmell, 1992 (Gastropoda: Vitrinellidae). The Festivus 25(5):50. SKOGLUND, CAROL & ROBERT KOCH 1995. New distributional information for Panamic Province Rissooidea (Mollusca: Gastropoda). The Festivus 27(2):23-28, fig. 1. STRONG, A. M. 1938. New species of west American shells. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 23(14):203-216, pis. 15, 16. VAUGHT, KATHERINE C. 1989. A Classification of the Living Mollusca. American Malacologists, Inc. Melbourne, Florida. 195 pp. Figure 1, 4 (1, r). (1) Astraea unguis (Wood, 1828), profile view of specimen 12.5 x 23.0 mm. Dredged off Isla Danzante in 45-55 m in sand, and mbble, 1992. (4) Nitidiscala arcana (DuShane, 1979), 8.3 x 3.1 mm, dredged in 50-60 m off Isla Danzante, 1992. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Figures 2, 3 (1, r). Episcynia bolivari Pilsbry & Olsson, 1946, (2) profile view (3) basal view of specimen 1.5 x 2.1 mm. Dredged off Isla Danzante, 1993. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Vol.XXVIII(6): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 64 Table 1. New Molluscan Distributional and Bathymetric Records [• = depth; * = range] Keen Number Species Depth Remarks BIVALVIA • 271 Here excavata (Carpenter, 1857) 135 m 9 valves, 1991. In depths to 110 m (Keen, 1971). •340 Pythinella sublaevis (Carpenter, 1857) 135 m 1 valve, 1993. In depths to 35 m (Poorman & Poorman, 1988). • 369 Trigoniocardia granifera (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) 50-60 m 5 specimens, 1991. Intertidally to 25 m (Keen, 1971). *552 Tellina zacae Hertlein & Strong, 1949 120-135 m 16 valves, 1992-1993. First record off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution: SW pan of Gulf of California in 64-165 m (Keen, 1971). •581 Tellidora burned (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) 35-50 m 2 specimens, 1992. In depths to 29 m (Keen, 1971). *699 Panopea globosa Dali, 1898 135 m Only 1 valve collected (147.0 mm L), 1992. First record off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution: head of the Gulf of California to Isla San Marcos (Keen, 1971). GASTROPODA • 122 Parviturbo concepcionensis (Lowe, 1935) 50-60 m 1 specimen, 1992. In 15 to 35 m (Keen, 1971). • 124 Parviturbo stearnsii (Dali, 1918) 50-60 m 7 specimens, 1993. In 3 to 30 m (Keen, 1971). *157 Astraea unguis (Wood, 1828) (Figure 1) 45-55 m 4 juvenile specimens, off W side of Isla Danzante, in sand and rubble, 1992. Previous known distribution: Guaymas, Sonora to Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico & Santa Elena, Ecuador (Keen, 1971). • 169 Plesiothyreus malonei (Vanatta, 1912) 50-65 m 1 specimen, 1992. *■ Cochliolepis cornis Hertz, Myers & Gemmell, 1992 50-60 m 3 specimens, 1992. Previous known distribution: San Felipe, S to Puertecitos, Baja California (Hertz, Myers & Gemmell, 1992); Estero Morua, Sonora and Playa Novillero, Nayarit; off Requeson, Bahia Concepcion, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Skoglund & Koch, 1995). *350 Alleorus deprellus (Strong, 1938) 50-60 m 1 specimen, 1993. First report off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution: Isla San Jose, (S of Isla Danzante) (Strong, 1938); Estero Morua, Sonora, Mexico to Costa Rica (Draper, 1974a); Phiertecitos, Baja California, Mexico (Hertz, Myers & Gemmell, 1992). • 351 Episcynia bolivari Pilsbry & Olsson, 1946 (Figures 2, 3). 50-60 m 7 specimens, dredged off Isla Danzante, 1993. •385 Solariorbis liriope (Bartsch, 1911) 50-60 m 5 specimens, 1993. •419 Anticlimax occidens Pilsbry & Olsson, 1952 50-60 m 2 specimens, 1993. In 37 m (Draper, 1974b). • 555 Metaxia convexa (Carpenter, 1857) 35-50 m 7 specimens, 1992. Page 65 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(6): 1996 • 624 Asperiscala macleani (DuShane, 1970) 50-60 m 1 specimen, 1992. In 27 to 45 m (DuShane, 1974). • 636 Hirtoscala reflexa (Carpenter, 1856) 50-60 m 7 specimens, 1993. In 11 m (DuShane, 1974). • 637 Hirtoscala replicata (Sowerby, 1844) 135 m 1 specimen collected live and 12+ dead, by dredging off Isla Danzante, 1993. In 5 to 25 m (DuShane, 1974). *640 Nitidiscala arcana (DuShane, 1979) (Figure 4) 50-60 m 1 specimen, 1992. First record off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution, as; Epitonium barbarinum Dali, 1919, southern California and northern Gulf of California (Keen, 1971); San Felipe to Puertecitos on W side of Gulf; from Puerto Penasco S to Cabo Tepoca, Sonora, Mexico, intertidally to 18 m (DuShane, 1979). *707 Eulima townsendi (Bartsch, 1917) 50-60 m 12 specimens, 1992-1993. First record off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution: La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Keen, 1971); Manabi Province, Ecuador (Shasky, 1984). Macromphalina carinata (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945) (Figures 5, 6) 50-60 m 2 specimens, 1993. First record off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution: Punta Callo, Ecuador (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945); across Gulf from Estero Morua, Sonora, Mexico (Skoglund & Koch, 1995), *798 Vanikoro galapagana Hertlein & Strong, 1959 (Figure 7) 45-55 m 2 specimens, 1992. First report off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution; Galapagos (Keen, 1971). *•864 Natica idiopoma Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 90-135 m 1 live specimen, 1992. First report off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution; Galapagos & San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua (Keen, 1971); southern Gulf of California to Colombia & Islas Galapagos in depths of 4 to 61 m (Marincovich, 1977); Isla Gorgona, Colombia (Cosel, 1984); Isla del Coco, Costa Rica (Shasky, 1989); Islas Revillagigedo (Emerson, 1995). • 867 Natica sigillata McLean, 1970 (Figures 8,9) 100-120 m 1 specimen (record size, 27.0 x 18.0 mm), 1992. Dredged, NE side of Isla Danzante. In depths to 91 m (Marincovich, 1977). • 988 Murexiella humilis (Broderip, 1833) 50-60 m 2 specimens, 1993. Intertidally and offshore in 15-33 m (Keen, 1971). *•1006 Muricopsis pauxillus (A. Adams, 1854) 50-60 m 3 specimens, 1993. First record off Isla Danzante. Previous known range: southern Gulf of California near Mazatlan, Sinaloa (Keen, 1971). Intertidal to 13 m (Radwin & D'Attilio, 1976). • Aspella pollux Radwin & D'Attilio, 1976 (Figure 10) 100-120 m 7 specimens (one live collected), 1992, off NE point of Isla Danzante. Previously recorded from S end of Gulf of California to Costa Rica (Radwin & D'Attilio, 1976); Isla del Coco, Costa Rica (Montoya, 1983); Manabi, Ecuador (Shasky, 1984); off Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico in 1(X) m (Poorman & Poorman, 1988); Islas Galapagos, Ecuador (Shasky, 1989). • 1020 Bizetiella carmen (Lowe, 1935) 50-60 m 5 specimens, 1992. In 15-40 m (Keen, 1971). • 1051 Typhisopsis coronatus (Broderip, 1833) 50-60 m 3 specimens, 1992. Offshore in depths to 33 m (Keen, 1971). Vol.XXVIII(6): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 66 • 1063 Babelomurex costata (Blainville, 1832) 50-60 m 1 specimen, 1992. Intertidally and offshore (Keen, 1971). • 1065 Coralliophila orcuttiana Dali, 1919 135 m 1 specimen, 1991. In depths to 95 m (Keen, 1971). • 1066 Coralliophila parva (E.A. Smith, 1877) 50-60 m 2 specimens. Usually an intertidal species. *1093 Trachypollia lugubris (C.B. Adams, 1852) (Figure 11) 45-55 m 1 specimen, 1990. First report off Isla Danzante. Previously reported from San Diego, California to Panama (Keen, 1971); Manabi Province, Ecuador (Shasky, 1984). • 1124 Engina solida (Dali, 1917) 50-60 m 1 specimen, 1992. • 1125 Engina jugosa (C.B. Adams, 1852) 50-60 m 2 specimens, 1992. Previously reported to 37 m (Keen, 1971). *1131 Macron aethiops (Reeve, 1847) (Figure 12) 15-21 m 1 specimen, December 1978, taken by SCUBA by D.K. Mulliner. Like form kellettii A. Adams, 1854. First record off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution: Playa San Ramon, Pacific coast of Baja California to 10 miles N of Cabo San Lucas, B.C.S., Mexico (DuShane, 1989). • 1133 Metula amosi Vanatta, 1913 100-135 m 1 specimen, 1993. In depths to 18 m (Keen, 1971). • 1421 Mitra swainsoni Broderip, 1836 175 m 1 specimen, live collected, off Isla Danzante, 1993. Previous known distribution: Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico to Ecuador in 5 to 73 m (Keen, 1971); Tumbes, Peru (Pena G., 1970). *1476 Sveltia centrota (Dali, 1896) (Figure 13) 175 m 1 specimen live, 1 dead, 1991. First record off NE side of Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution: Gorda Banks, Baja California Sur, Mexico to Isla del Coco, Costa Rica (Keen, 1971); Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico (Poorman & Poorman, 1988). •972 Tritonoharpa siphonata (Reeve, 1844) 50-60 m 1 specimen, 1992. In depths to 55 m (Beu & Maxwell, 1987). • 1506 Conus emarginatus Reeve, 1844 175 m 4 live collected specimens, off Isla Danzante, 1993. Previous known distribution: [as C. recurvus] Bahia Magdalena and the Gulf of California to Colombia, in 35 to 145 m (Keen, 1971). *• Conus xanihicus Dali, 1910 (Figure 14) 162 m 3 specimens collected live, NE Isla Danzante, October 1993. First Baja California record. Previous known distribution: Morro Colorado, Sonora, Mexico to Colombia; Islas Revillagigedo, Mexico, Islas Galapagos, Ecuador, 50 to 140 m (McLean & Nybakken, 1979). • 1516 Conus tornatus Sowerby, 1833 50-60 m 2 specimens, 1990. Offshore in less than 37 m (Keen, 1971); intertidal at Panama (Shasky, 1975). *1521a Terebra argosy ia Olsson, 1971 (Figure 15) 50 m 2 specimens, 1990. First record off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution: Isla La Plata, Ecuador (Keen, 1971); Islas Cebaco & Gubemadora, Panama (Bratcher, 1991); Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico to Ecuador (Koch, 1992). • 1576a Tiariturris spectabilis Berry, 1958 135-150 m 1 specimen, collected live off Isla Danzante, 1993. In 35 to 90 m (Keen, 1971). Page 67 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(6): 1996 • 1577 Gallic lava aegina (Dali, 1919) 50 m 4 specimens, 1990. In 15 to 30 m (Keen, 1971). *1590 Elaeocyma ricaudae Berry, 1969 (Figure 16) 100-120 m 1 specimen, 1992. First report off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution: Outer coast of Baja California, Pta. Abreojos to Boca Soledad (Keen, 1971); Bahia Pulmo, Baja California Sur to Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, Mexico (Anon, 1970). • 1615 Drillia acapulcam (Lowe, 1935) 135 m 2 specimens, 1992. In 20 to 60 m (Keen, 1971). • 1656 Knefastia dalli Bartsch, 1944 50-60 m 1 specimen, live collected, 1993. At low tide and just offshore (Keen, 1971). • 1663 Pyrgospira obeliscus (Reeve, 1843) 50 m 1 specimen, 1990. In 40 m (Keen, 1971). • 1685 Crassispira discors (Sowerby, 1834) 50 m 2 specimens, 1990. From low tide to 25 m (Keen, 1971). • 1723 Carinodrillia dichroa Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 50 m 1 specimen, 1990. In 10 to 40 m (Keen, 1971). *1797 Tenaturris concinna (C.B. Adams, 1852) 50-60 m 6 dredged specimens, 1993. First report off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution: Islas Tres Marias, Mexico to Bahia Santa Elena, Ecuador (Keen, 1971). • 1798 Tenaturris merita (Hinds, 1843) 50-60 m 1 specimen, 1992. Intertidally to 10 m (Keen, 1971). • 1837 Daphnella bartschi Dali, 1919 50-60 m 1 specimen, 1993. In depths to 20 m (Keen, 1971). *•1889 Pyramidella linearum Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 (Figure 17) 50-60 m 2 specimens, 1993. First report on Baja side of Gulf of California, off Isla Danzante. Previous known distribution: Puerto Penasco, Sonora to Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, in depths to 37 m (Keen, 1971). • 2021 Peristichia pedroana (Dali & Bartsch, 1909) 50-60 m 2 specimens, 1992. Original description: 2-12 fm (4-22 m). Figures 5, 6 (1, r). Macromphalina carinata (Pilsbry & Olsson, 1945), (7) spire view (8) basal view of specimens 2.1 mm max. diam. Dredged in 50-60 m off Isla Danzante, 1992. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Vol.XXVIII(6): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 68 Figure 7, 10 (1, r). (7) Vanikoro galapagana Hertlein & Strong, 1959, 3.1 x 4.1 mm specimen dredged off Isla Danzante in 45-55 m, 1992. (10) Aspella polka Radwin & D'Attilio, 1976, apertural view of 15.7 mm specimen and dorsal view of 25 mm specimen. Dredged in 1(X)-120 m off Isla Danzante, 1992. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Figures 8, 9 (1, r). Natica sigillata McLean, 1970, (8) spire view (9) basal view of record size specimen 27.0 x 18.0 mm, dredged off Isla Danzante, 1992. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Page 69 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(6): 1996 Figures 11, 12 (1, r). (11) Trachypollia lugubris (C. B. Adams, 1852), apertural view of 17.7 mm specimen. Dredged in 50-60 m off Isla Danzante. (12) Macron aethiops (Reeve, 1847), apertural view of 45.8 mm specimen. Taken by SCUBA by D. K. Mulliner, in 15-21 m off Isla Danzante, 1978. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Figure 13. Sveltia centrota (Dali, 1896), dorsal view of 24.1 mm live collected specimen and apertural view of 25.0 mm dead collected specimen. Dredged in 175 m off Isla Danzante, 1991. Photo; D. K. Mulliner. Vol.XXVIII(6): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 70 Figure 14, 15 (1, r). (14) Conus xanihicus Dali, 1910, apertural view of 42.5 mm live collected specimen and dorsal view of 40.7 mm live collected specimen. Dredged off Isla Danzante in 162 m, 1993. (15) Terebra argosyia Olsson, 1971. apeitural view of 27.9 mm specimen. Dredged in 50 m off Isla Danzante, 1990. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Figures 16, 17 (1, r). (16) Elaeocyma ricaudae Berry, 1969, apertural view of 43.0 mm specimen. Dredged in 100-120 m off Isla Danzante, 1992. (17) Pyrarrddella linearum Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932, apertural view of 13.5 mm specimen. Dredged in 50-60 m off Isla Danzante, 1993. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. Page 71 THE FESTIVUS Vol.XXVIII(6): 1996 BOOK NEWS Monographs on Galapagos Mollusca, Marine Molluscs of the Galapagos, Gastropods, No. 1 and No. 2 By Yves Finet No. 1. A monograph and revision of the families HALIOTDDAE, SCISSURELLIDAE, FISSURELLIDAE and LOTTHDAE 1994, 110 pages, 25 color plates, 1 black and white plate, 10 text figures. Price: [from U.S. distributor] $49.95 (plus $4.50 postage in the USA) No. 2. A monograph and revision of the families TROCHIDAE, SKENEEDAE, TURBLXIDAE and NERITIDAE 1995, 139 pages, 27 color plates, 10 black and white plates, 10 text figures. Publisher of both volumes: L'Informatore Piceno, Ancona, Italy Price: [from U.S. distributor] $79.95 (plus $4.50 postage in the USA) These volumes are major additions to the systematic literamre on mollusks of the Galapagos Islands and on tropical eastern Pacific mollusks in general. The format is large, 8.5 x 12 inches. The volumes are hard bound with glossy paper finish and color photos on the front covers. Each of the treated species is lavishly illustrated with numerous views of several specimens; in most cases a single species is illustrated on each plate. Plates are positioned to follow the text on each family. Finet 's color photography is superb, as is the printing quality. For the second volume, some of the species of small size are illustrated with SEM views in addition to the color photos. SEM views of the radula of Fissurella obscura are provided in the first volume and for Calliostoma leanum and Nerita scabricosta in the second volume. The text for each species includes a full synonymy with references, and headings for: Type material and type locality. Original description (giving copies of original descriptions for both the nominate form and synonyms), and Distribution and material examined (giving catalog numbers and detailed localities from museum labels), and Remarks (which are not given for all species). Keys to the families, genera, and species are provided. Finef s work is based on examination of specimens in most of the major U.S. museums. Color illustrations and synonymies are also provided for species that have erroneously been recorded from the Galapagos Islands, which makes this work valuable for studies outside of the region. Each volmne repeats the same brief text and figures that show the ocean currents that affect the distribution of mollusks at the Galapagos Islands. Six half-page color photos showing shoreline habitats are included in the introduction to each volume; four of the same photos are used in each volume. The Table of Contents shows the classification to the generic level and indicates the inclusive number of plates devoted to each family. It does not give the species, which can only be determined by perusing the text. However, the total numbers of species treated are mentioned in the Foreward section to each volume. For the first volume 32 species are discussed, of which 18 occur at the Galapagos Islands; a total of 144 specimens are figured. For the second volume 31 species are discussed, of which 20 occur at the Galapagos Islands; a total of 108 specimens are figured. The classification is current and follows that outlined in Finet 's latest checklist of Galapagos mollusks: Marine Mollusks of the Galapagos Islands, a documented faunal list, 1994, 180 pp., published by the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Geneve, at which instimtion Dr. Finet is the Curator of Mollusks. The price of these volumes is comparable to that of other recent books on mollusks produced by the same publisher. The cost of publication was met with partial subsidies from sources that were acknowledged in each volume. James H. McLean ISSN 0738-9388 Q.L- ilol fcfr? HiOLL^ Volume: XXVIII THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club* July 11, 1996 Number; 7 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Bill Romer Terry Arnold Kim Hutsell Silvana Vollero Margaret Mulliner Kay Klaus CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Business Manager Photographer Linda L. Hutsell Margaret Mulliner Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz David K. Mulliner MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $15.00; Overseas (surface mail); $18.00, (air mail): $30.00; Mexico/ Canada (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $20.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.(X) plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences Anthony D'Attilio c/o Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr. Laguna Beach, CA 92651 Douglas J. Eernisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson American Museum of Natural History Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Barry Roth Research Associate Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Paul Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Emily H. Vokes Tulane University Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park PROGRAM Denizens of the Shallows; Different Perspectives on Mollusks Inhabiting Coral Reefs of the Indo-Pacific Terrence Gosliner, of the California Academy of Sciences, will present an illustrated talk on the diversity of species inhabiting the world's largest biogeographic realm. His talk will explore some aspects of the diversity and biology of the well known coral reef mollusks as well as many which are less known, but equally intriguing in their adaptations to their environment. Meeting date: 18 July 1996 Shells of the month: Coral reef shells CONTENTS Club news - 73 The shell game: mollusks shell deterioration in collections and its prevention Sally Y. Shelton 74 Book news: Vita Marina reviewed 80 A great find off Pt. Loma, San Diego Larry Catarius 81 Additional records of Polinices simiae (Gastropoda: Naticidae) in the eastern Pacific Henry W. Chaney 82 Page 73 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(7): 1996 CLUB NEWS From the Minutes of the Meeting of the San Diego Shell Club, 20 June 1996 President Bill Romer called the meeting to order at 7:45 p.m. The minutes of the May meeting were accepted as published in The Festivus. Bill reminded everyone of upcoming events and apologized for forgetting to announce George Hanselman's flyers at the last meeting regarding his sale of plastic boxes. The flyers, with a detailed price list according to box size, were displayed at the June meeting. Anyone who is interested in purchasing the boxes can call George directly. Treasurer Margaret Mulliner reported that the Club made a $500 donation to the WSM smdent grant fund. On behalf of the WSM, president Hugh Bradner thanked the Club. The WSM meeting will open on Sunday with a wine and cheese welcome party hosted by the Club from 7-9:00 p.m. in the hospitality room at the Handlery Hotel in Hotel Circle. There will be an auction on Tuesday evening and a banquet on Wednesday. All proceeds from the auction will go to support the the student grant fund. John Jackson introduced a new book by Terry Gosliner on coral reef invertebrates of the Indo-Pacific. It will be available in August but early orders by Club members will be at a reduced price. The Festivus will receive a review copy of this book. Bill introduced the speaker of the evening, Megan Lilly. Megan is a marine biologist for the City of San Diego. Her lab conducts environmental assessments of sewage outfall among other related matters. The audience was most interested in her work and Megan spoke briefly about some of the environmental concerns handled by her office. Megan is especially interested in Octopus and the subject of her talk was "Octopus veligero: a vacationing tourist or a permanent resident. " She showed slides of this tiny animal and of the various other octopus species that are found in this region, the largest being Octopus califomicus and Octopus rubescens, an uncommon species in the area which displays a variety of color patterns. The life span for the octopus is from one to two years. If those present were not interested in these fascinating creamres prior to this presentation, they certainly were afterwards. The wirmer of the door prize was Margaret Mulliner. Refreshments contributed by Kay Klaus and Margaret Mulliner were enjoyed by all when the meeting adjourned for the social time. Silvana Vollero Volumes and Back Issues of The Veliger Available A number of complete volumes of The Vehger, some out of print, as well as individual issues are available for sale. Complete volumes can be purchased for $40 each and individual issues at $10 each. Postage is included. (For overseas addresses, the issues will be sent surface mail). Complete volumes: 9-14 and 23-28 Individual issues: 2(4); 8(4); 9(4); 13(1); 14(2) 28(1); 36(1); 37(1,2); 38(1,2,4) and 39(1). For further information, call Carole Hertz (619) 277-6259 or Margaret Mulliner (619) 488-2701. The Bizarre Bazaar at the Bradner 's The Bizarre Bazaar will be held on August 4th from 1:00 to 5:00 P.M. on the deck of the Bradner 's home at 1867 Caminito Marzella, La Jolla. For those who plan to attend, make sure to bring a table or stand to display your shells. It's always a casual, fun get-together with friends buying, trading, admiring and just plain visiting. Try to make it! The September Party The September Party will be held on Saturday evening September 21st at the home of Marty and Terry Arnold. The theme this year is "Come as Your Favorite Character" real or fictional. Attendees are asked to bring their favorite dishes (each to serve 12). This is an early notice so that members can plan to come in attire suitable to their "favorite character." It's great fun to "dress up." Try it!! A map to the Arnold residence will appear in the September issue. Vol.XXVIII(7): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 74 THE SHELL GAME: MOLLUSKS SHELL DETERIORATION IN COLLECTIONS AND ITS PREVENTION SALLY Y. SHELTON' Director, Collections Care and Conservation San Diego Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, California, USA Many of us think of collections storage as an essentially inert environment. We don't detect anything going on, so we assume that nothing is. This is, of course, not true. Collections storage can be a very hostile environment indeed. After the silverfish have made lace out of all your labels, acidic storage has crumbled them, humidity changes have split the thin shells and light has faded everything, you start to put some time and thought into the storage environment. I define storage as everything that is not active handling. A collections case is storage. So is an exhibits case. So are the various envelopes, cigar boxes, film reel cans and other containers we all have worked with. A specimen will spend 95 to 100% of its time in collections storage, yet the selection and design of storage systems tend to be very casual, even haphazard. Thomas Browne of Scotland was apparently the first to describe the deterioration of mollusk shell collections in 1839 in A Conchologist's Text-Book. He described the white, spotted or streaky surface marring of shells in collections cabinets but did not offer a solution to the problem. Since then, there have been a number of publications on the problems and possible solutions, the latter ranging from the sane to the utterly ridiculous. Browne's book was promptly plagiarized for publication in the United States and published as The Conchologist's First Book under no less a name than Edgar Allen Poe. (This was apparently set up by colleagues of Poe hoping to take advantage of very different copyright laws and to use Poe's name as an attraction. Poe was evidently paid for the use of his name and was solely responsible for the introduction and preface. The illustrations were copied from Browne; the whole thing is noticeably inferior to the original. Such a practice was not exactly illegal at the time; whether it is unethical is another discussion.) The first serious publication on this form of shell degradation was done in 1896 by Agnes Kenyon who described the characteristic problem: "While on a visit to Tasmania, 1 had the opportunity of visiting a collection on which the near vicinity of the sea had the effect of partially destroying the enamel of the dorsal surface, by streaks or clouds of a whitish or lime-like substance, the saline particles in the atmosphere evidently exerting a corrosive effect." Mrs. Kenyon was closer than she knew, and closer than anyone else would get for thirty years, to the true cause of the problem. An alternative view was aired in 1899 by Lofms St. George Byne, M. Sc., in a presentation to the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Mr. Byne, an amateur conchologist who had previously published on marine mollusc faunas, was asked to investigate the deterioration of shells in collections by J. Cosmo Melvill of the Society, who had noticed the deterioration of a Mitra shell. Melvill' s preface to Byne's paper is the first time that this condition is described as a "disease" (Byne, 1899a: 172). "...I have seen too frequently in the almost hermetically- sealed drawers of the British Museum, a dulness first pervading the exterior of certain smooth species more markedly e.g. Conus, Cypraea, and especially Naticidae. Then grey acid efflorescence, both tasting and smelling strongly of vinegar covers the whole surface like a powder, rising doubtless from the interior, and the specimens are soon almost irretrievably ruined." Byne took this challenge seriously and set out his conclusions in his very first page: "The most remarkable facts are:- 1 . Only marine species are attacked. 1 Adapted from a presentation to the San Diego Shell Club, March 1996, with permission of the author. Page 75 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(7): 1996 2. Highly-polished shells, such as those of Cypraea, are the ms likely to be affected. 3. It does not extend to every specimen in a drawer, and of several mounted on the same tablet, perhaps only one is attacked. 4. Loose shells are also destroyed, but there are comparatively few of these compared with the number of those mounted on cards. 5 . The shells affected are from twenty to fifty years old, but the corrosion does not appear until after the lapse of about ten years. The process is thus an extremely slow one. 6. It occurs principally amongst the shells kept in drawers in the dark, where the air is confined and seldom changed. 7. If the tongue be placed against one of the shells, an astringent alum-like taste will be observed. P- 173). Other than providing two examples of the Victorian scientist’s tendency to use all senses in exploring problems, these conclusions are mostly notable for two things: Most are largely either wrong or misleading and they persist in the literature today in spite of published work modifying or disproving them. Byne eliminated high humidity as a cause of the problem because he was assured that the Natural History Museum was "excessively dry," and excluded damp as a cause without further comment. He did recommend the use of turpentine to kill fungal attacks. He considered the effect of sulfuric compounds in the atmosphere, but rejected that when he could not find calcium sulphate. (He did not test the air, but relied on figures from a paper published five years earlier.) He considered the effect of salt remaining in marine shells that had not been soaked in fresh water, but did not find any after unspecified "chemical tests," and further dismissed the idea of salts in suspension in the atmosphere because the shells in consideration were not near the sea. Byne decided that the cause of the efflorescence was butyric acid. He apparently determined this by the vinegary smell (which would indicate acetic acid), by chemical tests showing the presence of calcium butyrate, and by his assumption that the butyric acid was liberated by the breakdown of organic matter. In other words, parts of the animal left in the shell would rot and release butyric acid, which would then attack the shell. He further stated, "The fact that the shells exposed to daily public inspection in the top cases are less attacked is explained on the hypothesis that the light acts as a deterrent." {Ibid, p. 176). Byne suggested that specimens adhered to cards with gum arabic were attacked more than specimens adhered with Canada balsam. He noted that the specimens adhered with Canada balsam were attached to glass instead of to card stock, but made no connection between the material and the deterioration. Byne's "prevention" was definitely worse than the problem; "In the case of those shells which are badly affected, nothing can be done, and their instant removal is absolutely essential, for if left they only increase the mischief with those just beginning to show signs of corrosion. I recommend that they be soaked for twenty-four hours in a solution of corrosive sublimate ( 1 part in 1000 water) and then thoroughly dried. As an experiment all shells should be subjected to such a treatment, in the hope that it may prove effectual." {Ibid, p. 177). For those of you who, like me, tried to sleep through chemistry, corrosive sublimate is mercuric chloride. Between its use and the tasting of the shells, it is possible that there was a high turnover in Victorian conchologists. Byne's first presentation was read before the Society in February 1899; his second in June of the same year. Here he amplified his original conclusions: "At the time of writing my former paper I did not possess any knowledge of bacteriology, but I had come to the conclusion some months before that the corrosion was due originally to the action of bacteria." (Byne, 1899b). Byne's reasoning ran thus: 1 . Butyric acid compounds are present. 2. Butyric acid does not exist in the atmosphere; it must have an external origin. 3. It must come from fermentative breakdown of the animal. 4. Both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria "can cause various carbohydrates to ferment, producing butyric and acetic acids" {Ibid). 5 . Often a portion of the liver is left attached to the interior apex of the shell. 6. This and the adhesive could both undergo anaerobic fermentation in a hermetically sealed case. 7. Butyric acid has been found. 8. The shells in the top cases exposed to light are unaffected, and light is "deadly" to bacteria. 9. Therefore, the process of deterioration is caused by bacteria. A breathtaking example of circular logic with no testing or proof, and no real understanding of microbiology at all, this contention has stayed in the literature on the subject for nearly 100 years. Byne rejected suggestions from peers to treat the shells by boiling them in oil or rubbing them with turpentine (a reversal from his first paper), oil of cloves, or formalin, for which we should be moderately thankful. Without ever doing a culture from the shells or any other work to determine the culprit, Byne stated that he was more than ever convinced that the problem was bacterial and that the corrosive sublimate treatment was the only one. After a seven-year break, Byne (1906) published in the Journal of Conchoiogy, a brief note with a decidedly hostile tone that his opinions on corrosion of shells had not changed and that he was still of Vol.XXVIII(7): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 76 the opinion "that the mischief is the result of the action of Bacilli." He wrote that "extensive chemical experiments" showed butyric acid on the calcium carbonate of the shell resulting from the bacillus of butyric fermentation. He added that he "never isolated any definite bacillus, as I have neither the knowledge or means of doing so..." and "I have not seriously considered the problem of damp, because it has not come into any case I have looked into... Nor does the suggestion of Mrs. Kenyon that 'saline particles' are responsible recommend itself to me." He went on to recommend the following prevention methods: "The shells must first be thoroughly soaked in water, rubbed with soap, and then perfectly dried. They are then to be rubbed over with a small quantity of linseed oil, any excess being removed with a rag. I am quite sure that this treatment will act efficaciously. I formerly recommended soaking the shells in a solution of corrosive sublimate, but this is cumbersome. 1 find it a good plan to take the drawers out of my cabinet and leave them in the air for a day. This does away with chance of mustiness and damp. I have a great objection to the smell of oil of cloves, and should never use it. I shall be pleased to receive criticisms or suggestions." (Byne, 1906). One has to wonder why, if dampness is dismissed as a source, the airing of the cabinet drawers to minimize exposure to damp is necessary. A few pages later in the same edition, the following note was published by B.R. Lucas: "Sometime back, after reading Mr. Byne's paper in this Journal... I thought it advisable to sterilize my shells, and started, unfortunately, on some of my best, viz., Cypraea pallida (Gray); these shells of the dark type had a brilliant polish and free from any markings or spots other than the natural ones on the shells. I soaked them for two days in warm water at about 37°C, then put them in a solution of mercuric chloride, 1 gramme in 500 cc. of water. They remained in this for twenty-four hours at 37°C, were then taken out and allowed to dry without polishing. I made sure that the ...solution was not acid, yet when 1 started to polish up the shells with a clean duster I found that the lustre was considerably impaired, and that the shells were marked nearly all over with bright yellow metallic looking spots that seem to have got underneath the enamel of the shell, and through microscopic cracks in the enamel..." (Lucas, 1906). Byne responded to Mr. Lucas in the next edition in which he stated that he had "withdrawn this treatment in favour of the rubbing over of the surface of a shell with linseed oil" (Byne, 1907). Although Byne's science is certainly suspect, the term "Byne's disease" had become entrenched. In 1907, Agnes Kenyon read her second paper on the subject of corrosion of shells at the Society's September meeting but the text was not reprinted. In 1908, Byne resigned from the Society with no further publication on the subject. In 1909, Mrs. Kenyon published "On the Deterioration of Shells in Cabinets." She reopened the discussion of the effects of humidity or dampness, noting that severe fading and a whitish film had occurred in instances of shells being in damp storage areas (the latter in a room where plants were growing in an ornamental rockery full of water). She noted: "I have also seen a general collection, which was kept shut up in a locked cabinet, with numbers of shells clouded over or streaked with a sort of efflorescence— I do not think there was any corrosion, but simply a blotching of the surface. This I attribute to the fact that the owner resided for several years close to the sea. When a high wind drives the breakers to shore, the air is laden with saline moisture which is carried a considerable distance inland.... viz. corrosion of shells, whether due to bacteria or some other cause, I have had no experience, nor have 1 ever noticed the vinegary aromatic odour.... "My collection has always been admired for the beautiful polish of the specimens-those, of course, which do not naturally possess an epidermis-and I am usually credited, by non-collectors, with the use of chemicals to achieve this effect. 1 immerse my shells in very hot water, sometimes with a little soap in it, for a longer or shorter period according to the solidity or delicacy of the specimens, and then, after draining the shell thoroughly, I dry with a soft rag and polish with another one. The use of oil is only permissible for faded or dead shells in order to bring out the colour and improve the worn parts. Soap, if used, should be dissolved in the water and not rubbed on the shell, and if the shell is very thin and delicate it is better to use tepid water. Shells with an epidermis should never be put into fresh water or the epidermis will crack and peel off. I should be inclined to suggest to the South Kensington Museum authorides to try very hot water as a cure for the corrosion from which their shells are said to suffer. I am unable to make the experiment, as I have never had an instance of such corrosion in my own cabinets" (Kenyon, 1909). This is noteworthy because Mrs. Kenyon recorded two of the major factors in the development of "Byne's disease:" high humidity and confinement in a cabinet. History does not record what her cabinets were made of, but the cabinets at the Natural History Museum were always made of oak, and oak was a popular wood for this purpose. She, and Byne in his original paper, were very close to the true cause but did not quite pinpoint it. Lucas, (1916) in a note on land snails, described a "fungal treatment" of linseed oil, benzol, and thymol, inside and out, to treat what was probably not a fungus but rather an efflorescence. In 1934, British government chemist John Ralph Nicholls cited Dr. Alexander Scott at the British Museum (Scott, 1921) as saying that lead medallions in oak museum cases became badly corroded even when not in contact with the wood. It was certainly never generally recognized by shell collectors before this date, at least not in print. Nicholls (1934) pointed out that oak and some other hard woods Page 77 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(7): 1996 such as teak continually evolve traces of acetic acid even when seasoned. He studied shells affected with the white efflorescence at the Natural History Museum and deduced that there was no evidence to support a bacterial attack. Nicholls studied a range of shells in various stages of deterioration. He noted that the efflorescence could be scraped off, but not simply brushed off. He found that it was soluble in water and consisted almost wholly of calcium acetate and some traces of other salts. All the affected shells had been stored in oak cabinets, not treated in any way other than washing, not lacquered or varnished, and were exclusively marine. Vaseline-coated shells were not affected, and the museum atmosphere "is normally dry." "The mechanism of the deterioration therefore appears to be as follows: The oak wood of the drawers continually emits traces of acetic acid and these vapours can only escape with difficulty from the closely-fitting drawers. Marine shells retain sea-water which, on evaporation, leaves a small residue of salts; according to the amount of sea-water and to the porosity of the shells, this residue may be spread over the shell or be located at the place to which the sea-water drains. This residue, being hygroscopic, is in a condition to absorb the acetic acid vapours, which would react with the calcium carbonate of the shell forming the incrustation. Where dirty shells had been washed the salt would be removed and the normal surface of the shell, not being itself hygroscopic, would not absorb the acetic acid and would not be attacked. "The prevention of such deterioration would appear to be simple. Either oak cabinets should not be used or all shells before being mounted should be washed and dried. Added precautions when oak cabinets are used would be the periodical aeration of the drawers by opening them, and the smearing of the shells with Vaseline if this does not affect their appearance." (Ibid). There, 62 years ago, in a brief and well-reasoned paper with thorough analytical testing to back up its results, was the real answer, or most of it. Minus, of course the Vaseline (I’ll discuss surface treatments later). If anyone should be recognized today, it should be Nicholls and not Byne. Calclacite, or calcium chloride acetate, was identified as a specific efflorescence "found on fossils and limestones in wooden museum cases" in 1958. This specific form includes a chloride ion and is most likely found where there is a source of chloride (Van Tassel, 1958). Calclacite is sometimes used as a synonym for Byne’s-type efflorescence, but that is inaccurate, as will be seen shortly. In 1961, S.G. Clarke and E.E. Longhurst studied the effects of acetic acid vapors from wood on metals and found that such corrosion was very dependent on the concentration, the metal, and the relative humidity (RH). Corrosion-time curves increased dramatically with higher RH levels. When acetic acid vapors in a 1 % solution were added to the atmosphere, the corrosion was even more widespread and damaging. Kiln-dried woods in confined atmospheres with zinc samples liberated acetic acid vapors that aggressively attacked the metal (Clarke & Longhurst, 1961). This closed-system testing method was later refined by W.A. Oddy (1973) of the British Museum and is standard practice today for testing materials that will be in close contact with each other. Products made from wood-cardboard, paper, and the like-also tend to be acidic unless specifically treated to remove the acids. Acid-free or alkaline- buffered products are normally marketed as "archival." Museum conservators have followed this problem with very useful results. E.W. FitzHugh and R.J. Gettens (1971) described calclacite and other salts found on objects in wooden cases. They found that calcareous materials reacted with acidic vapours to form calclacite (calcium chloride acetate) and that lead, zinc and vitreous enamel yielded formate salts. FitzHugh and Gettens suggested that hygroscopic salts already present in the materials would deliquesce at high RH to produce a liquid site for reactions. This paper was reinforced in 1982 by a paper titled "Trouble in Store" by Tim Padfield and his colleagues. In researching the problems associated with poor storage design and materials, the authors noted the following: "In this laboratory we have identified calcium acetate and calcium formate as a 1 mm-thick corrosion crust on a cowrie [sic] shell which was originally aragonite... It had been stored for five years in a box of Douglas fir with a glass lid. We have also found a hydrated calcium acetate nitrate growing on a carved coral brooch. The corrosion had penetrated so deeply that when the salts were washed out the coral was quite porous." Padfield and his colleagues classified this and many related problems as being symptomatic of "internal pollution"— the result of acetic, formic, and other acid vapors liberated by the various woods, cloths and papers making up storage and display case environments. Synthetic materials also deteriorate and release volatile compounds. The better the case is sealed and the less often it is opened, the more such vapors can damage materials stored for long periods of time. In effect, sensitive and hygroscopic materials act as absorbers of internal pollutants, with distressing results. Padfield and his colleagues found that museum cases were typically 100 times less well ventilated than the room around them. In effect, the "hermetically sealed" cases Byne mentioned were doing more harm Vol.XXVIII(7): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 78 than good. Though they were doubtless not truly hermetically sealed, the closed internal circulation and very low leak rate compounded the problem caused by the case materials. Padfield concluded with recommendations for increasing the amount of air exchange in cases. In 1985, Norman Tennent and Thomas Baird published the definitive paper on the chemical identification of mollusk shell efflorescence. Noting that the problem remained serious and poorly understood in malacological collections, Tennent and Baird re-examined the work of Byne and Nicholls. They found that the only conclusion of Byne's that was sound was that not all shells are affected, and that Nicholls had oversimphfied the problem by identifying the efflorescence solely as calcium acetate. Using infrared spectroscopy, Tennent and Baird determined that, in spite of Byne's claims, calcium butyrate and other butyric acid products were never found even in shells that were exposed to a butyric acid atmosphere for 18 months. Exposure to acetic and formic acid, however, resulted in efflorescence formation within hours. Tennent and Baird found that gastropods and bivalves were both susceptible, as were land shells and marine shells. Efflorescence on marine shells is much more widespread, however. The periostracum was not quite as protective as Mrs. Kenyon thought: Tennent and Baird observed efflorescence popping through the periostracum. Nevertheless, the most vulnerable spots on a shell are those that are most worn and least protected. Protection was also afforded somewhat by surface coatings, including Byne's linseed oil. It was difficult to identify all factors when specific preparation techniques were seldom documented, but the practice of boiling shells in salt water may have contributed to later deterioration. The efflorescences Tennent and Baird identified tended to be calcium acetate or a calcium acetate- formate double salt. The common feature of all the shells examined was their long-term storage in oak cabinets. They authors also determined that some shells showed, not an efflorescence, but a layer of aragonite converted from calcite. They leave open the question of whether this is a prelude to breakdown. Calcium stearate and salts of fatty acids have been observed in unique instances where the parent compounds were found in the storage media. "The removal of efflorescence is not problematic; since the salts are water soluble, cleaning in water is an effective treatment. Nonetheless, because efflorescence occurs as a result of reaction of calcium carbonate with acid vapours, the shell surface is often irreversibly disfigured. Thorough water-washing probably carries the advantage of aiding in the prevention of deterioration. There is considerable circumstantial evidence that collections treated by soaking or boiling in water are less susceptible to Byne's disease... "Since oak and certain other woods are the principal source of deleterious acid vapours, storage cabinets should be made of safer materials. It is fallacious to assume that old oak cabinets will no longer liberate acetic acid; an oak core from a lead statue dating from the eighth century BC has been shown to liberate sufficient acid to corrode lead, even after almost three millennia. The possibility of coating wood in a bid to seal in harmful vapours... is a topic of current research. Despite the prevailing view that varnish provides little protection against acid vapours, long-term protection has been afforded by the coating applied to certain shells at the end of the last century." (Tennent & Baird, 1985). Mollusk shells are clearly not alone in their vulnerability to acidic storage environments; the same problems have been noted in collections on birds' egg shells in museum collections (Agnew, 1981). This should be the end of the story, but is not. The information has been slow in reaching the shell collectors' community. In 1980, Alan Solem published his standards for malacological collections, adopted by the Council of Systematic Malacologists and later reprinted in Curator. In this report, he states that light- free and dust-proof cases are sufficient to protect collections, without ever considering what materials to recommend in the construction of those cases. Many popular publications recommend a variety of storage methods and preparation techniques which are damaging in the long run. Most surface coatings fall into that category, especially coatings based on shellac, cellulose nitrate, polyvinyl alcohol and the like. They tend to shrink and yellow over the years, marring the surface of the shell (or even destroying it in cases of severe shrinkage). They also tend to act as dust and pollutant traps as they soften in high temperatures, further darkening and obscuring the surface. Shells which might be useful for biochemical work should never be prepared with caustic compounds, heated or microwaved, or coated with anything. Unforgivably, Abbott and Dance (1982) referred to Byne's disease as a "bacterial blight" as late as 1982. "In some countries where cool, humid conditions prevail, a bacterial blight (sometimes known as 'Byne's disease') may attack glossy shells. The surface becomes chalky white and has a faint odor of vinegar. Badly damaged shells should be thrown away. Lightly affected shells should be soaked for a day in strong alcohol, then dried. Keep your shells in as light and airy a place as possible." (Abbott & Dance, 1982). The most minimal of research would have kept this misinformation out of the popular literature. (The alcohol does nothing, needless to say, except to Page 79 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(7): 1996 introduce a new contaminant.) Even worse is the following recommendation from the 1985 Cowries of the World. "If you live in a humid climate, mould may sometimes appear on the shells. This can be prevented or arrested by a small light bulb in the bottom of a 'well' made through the drawers of the cabinets. Bore a three-inch hole in the back of each drawer to promote the circulation of the warmed air which dries out the cabinet and effectively checks mould growth... Mould can be discouraged further by dipping the shell in 1:500 bichloride of mercury to which detergent has been added so the solution will spread smoothly over the surface. This chemical is deadly poison, and the shell should be handled carefully until dry." (Burgess, 1985). Unfortunately, it can be hard to convince people that the fact that something has appeared in print does not make it true, or right, or valid for all time. A little work would have shown that the problem is not mould, and that the use of a deadly antiseptic would do no good. Shell Club newsletters provide a wealth of "tips," some good and some awful. The problem with most club newsletters is that the articles are unreviewed, so anything that the editor allows in gets printed. These should be read with heathy skepticism. Really good articles tend to hatch further articles in bigger journals; be wary of those that sound good but are never picked up by a reviewed journal. For example, an article in the American Conchologist (Davies, 1987) starts off strongly, but veers off into speculation that the true culprit is carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. There is no experimental evidence provided and no suggestions for further work: the author sets out his speculations as fact. The mechanism is based on the assumption that carbon dioxide will "leach" out of the air when humid air cools and condensation forms. Such a system would have to be ultra-closed and-intemally— ultra humid, far more so than even most unprotected storage. It is an example of bad science-Byne science, if you will— in print. What is the answer? Very simply: many shells cannot last long in acidic storage environments. It is not a complicated problem and does not require complicated solutions. It ideal solution is to store shells in steel cabinets with powder-paint finishes, in archival boxes and trays. Cotton, cork, and plastics should also be avoided. Labels and tags should be generated on acid-free paper. Older labels should be encapsulated in Mylar (never laminated!) and archived separately. Cases should have a low but steady air exchange at the rate of one change per day. Specialized cases for storage and display can be constructed to hold the specimens within at a constant RH and temperature, with filters to absorb outside pollutants. That is the ideal, and not an inexpensive one. A more practical approach would include the following preventive conservation steps: 1 . Write down everything you do to a shell and keep a permanent record of all chemicals and methods used in its preparation. Problems may not show up in your lifetime, but may plague your heirs or beneficiaries, who will need to know how a shell has been treated in the past in order to save it. 2. Invest in archival storage supplies, even if it is only a few boxes at a time. 3. If you have the option, replace wooden cases with steel ones. If you don't have that option, definitely avoid the use of plywood and particle board at all times, which evolve acidic vapors from their glues as well as from the wood itself. New wood is more acidic than old wood, and hardwoods are more acidic than softwoods. Cork is very acidic. 4. Use freezing instead of pesticides or fumigants. 5. Plastics vary tremendously. Never use PVC plastics: they are a source of chloride radicals as they break down^ Stable and inert plastic materials such as Mylar, Ethafoam, and the like are acceptable. 6. Spend the most money on the materials that will be in direct contact with the specimen, such as labels and trays. This is an important investment. 7. Look into wood coatings. Museums use a variety of paint-type coatings to minimize the release of organic acid vapors from wood. It's better in the long run to coat the wood rather than the shell. 8. Use anoxic barrier films to create enclosures for shells if storage in wooden cases is unavoidable. Above all, remember never to rely on outdated literature. Be wary of claims in unreviewed journals, or those that are more than 15 years old. Find out if new research has come along that sheds more light on the subject. Don't look for a magic chemical in place of common-sense approaches. Don't accept untested A simple test to determine if a given plastic is a PVC plastic or not is known as the Beilstein test. Form the end of a clean copper wire into a small loop, and hold the loop in a bunsen burner flame to get rid of residual impurities. Touch the hot loop to a non-essential sample of the plastic, to melt a bit of the plastic onto the loop, and return the loop to the bunsen flame. A brilliant green flame indicates the presence of PVC. Plastics that "smell like plastic" are losing their plasticizers and deteriorating, and should be avoided. Vol.XXVIII(7): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 80 hypotheses as recommendations. Byne's" disease" is not a disease, and our understanding of it owes very little, ultimately, to Byne and his work. But, like the Holy Roman Empire or the Irish elk, it is a misnomer that has become so entrenched that there are no useful synonyms yet. LITERATURE CITED AGNEW, N. 1981. The corrosion of egg shells by acetic acid vapour. ICCM VII(4):3-9. BROWNE, THOMAS 1839. A Conchologist's Text-Book. BURGESS, C. M. 1985 Cowries of the World. Gordon Verhoef Seacomber Publications, p. 16. BYNE, LOFTUS St. GEORGE 1899a. The corrosion of shells in cabinets. Journal of Conchology 9(6): 172-176. 1899b. The corrosion of shells in cabinets, supplement. Journal of Conchology 9(8):254. 1906. The prevention of corrosion in shells. Journal of Conchology 11(12):360-361. 1907. The prevention of corrosion. Journal of Conchology 12(1):32. CLARKE, S. G. & E. E. LONGHURST 1961. The corrosion of metals by acid vapours from wood. Journal of Applied Chemistry 11:435^3. DAVIES, F.R.E. 1987. What's eating my shells? American Conchologist 15(2):9- 10. KENYON, AGNES 1897. Notes on the effects of the atmosphere on the shells of Mollusca. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 68:88. 1909. On the deterioration of shells in cabinets. Journal of Conchology 12(10): 266-269. LUCAS, B. R. 1906. On the danger of using mercuric chloride in the sterilization of highly-polished shells. Journal of Conchology 11(12):365. 1916. Preservation of land shells. Journal of Conchology 15(4): 128. NICHOLLS, JOHN R. 1934. Deterioration of shells when stored in oak cabinets. Chemistry and Industry: 1077-1078. ODDY, W. A. 1973. An unsuspected danger in display. Museums Journal 73(l):27-28. PADFIELD, T., D. ERHARDT & W. HOPWOOD 1982. Trouble in store. In Science and Technology in the Service of Conservation. IIC Washington Congress, p. 24. POE, EDGAR ALLEN The Conchologist's First Book. SCOTT, ALEXANDER 1921. The cleaning and restoration of museum exhibits. SOLEM, ALAN 1980. Standards for malacological collections. TENNENT, NORMAN & THOMAS BAIRD 1985. The deterioration of Mollusca collections: identification of shell efflorescence. Studies in Conservation 30(2):73- 85. VAN TASSEL, R. 1958. On the crystallography of calclacite, Ca(CH3COO)C1.5H,0. Acta Crystal 11:745-746. BOOK NEWS VITA MARINA INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE ON SEA AND SHELLS Subscription rate; US $52. (surface); $58. (air). 4 issues per year and newsletter Spirula. This bilingual magazine on marine zoology, with excellent Enghsh translations, has been published since 1991 as a continuation of a previous Dutch periodical. The first volume of the. new series is no. 41. Each issue, of about 25 to 30 pages, treats the Mollusca worldwide and is profusely illustrated with fine quality photographs both in color and black and white. The current issue, volume 43(3-4), has two large articles; one of 16 pages with 3 plates by Mulder & Voskuil on the mollusks of the lagoons of the French Mediterranean coast and another 26-page paper with 4 color plates (some showing the animal as well as the shell) by Goud & Neefs on the marginellids of the southeastern North Atlantic Ocean collected during the CANCAP and MAURITANIA expeditions, in addition to three smaller illustrated papers. Previous issues have had major papers by Finet (Galapagan mollusks), Kronenberg (Personidae with description of a new species) and Wagner (European Pectinidae). The issues of the newsletter Spirula, also quarterly, each have articles (one on a trip to Baja California Sur, Mexico) in addition to book reviews, meeting notices, announcements, personal subscriber ads and paid advertising. For a subscription, mail to: VITA MARINA, Postbus 64628, NL-2506 CA DEN HAG, the Netherlands. Page 81 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVI1I(7): 1996 A GREAT FIND OFF PT. FOMA, SAN DIEGO LARRY CATARIUS 4173 Galt St., San Diego, CA 92117, USA On 1 July 1995, Bob Pike, Chuck Reitz and I were diving off Pt. Loma, San Diego. On the first dive we anchored in 70 to 75 feet (21-23 m) of water with the object of finding Chlamys hastata (Sowerby, 1842). We all found at least one specimen of the pecten plus the muricid Pteropurpura macroptera (Deshayes, 1839). For our next dive we decided to move to the end of Pt. Lx»ma and anchored in 75-80 feet (23-24 m). On approaching the sea floor we dropped off the cliff to bottom at 100 feet (30 m). The substrate then gently sloped down and was flat and silty with round rocks of various sizes. In between two rocks, I saw a white object. On picking it up I found that it was a Pteropurpura macroptera, the banded form called tremperi (Figures 1 and 2). Also on this dive we found a number of Chlamys hastata and two dead specimens of Cancellaria cooperi Gabb, 1865. Figures 1 and 2. Pteropurpura macroptera, white banded form known as tremperi, 62 mm L (1) apertural view (2) dorsal view. Photos: D. W. Mulliner. Vol.XXVIII(7): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 82 ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF POLINICES SIMIAE (GASTROPODA: NATICIDAE) IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC HENRY W. CHANEY Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA As a result of Michael Hollmann’s recent report (March, 1996) on the occurrence of the Indo-Pacific naticid Polinices (Mammilla) simiae (Deshayes, in Deshayes and Edwards, 1838) from Isla del Coco, I have recently examined the material collected during expeditions to western Panama in 1993 and Clipperton Island in 1994 (see Small, 1994a,b). One specimen of Polinices simiae was found in each of these collections, thereby extending its known range east to the continental shelf of west America and north to another oceanic island of the eastern Pacific. During my survey an additional specimen was also discovered in the Shasky Collection from Isla del Coco (SBMNH 55245); this one measures 21 mm and was dredged dead from 100 m off Bahia Chatham in April 1986. While both specimens from Panama and Clipperton are immature, the diagnostic features which distinguish Polinices simiae, as illustrated by Hollmarm, can be discerned easily, particularly the color of the protoconch and the dark line which borders the suture of the body whorl. The provenance data for these new records, figured below, are as follows: Figure la-b. One dead specimen collected from the north side of Clipperton Island, 10°18.166N 109“ 11. 542 W in 15 m, 22 April 1994 by Kirstie Kaiser. 11 mm. In the Kaiser Collection. Figure 2a-b. One dead specimen collected from a submerged reef, Isla Ladrones, Golfo de Chiriqui, Panama, 7°53.30N 82°28.30W, in 10 m, 13 April 1993 by Henry Chaney. 8 mm. SMBNH 55246. LITERATURE CITED HOLLMANN, MICHAEL 1996. Polinices (Mammilla) simiae on Isla del Coco, Costa Rica: Another Indo-Pacific invader into the Panamic Province. The Festivus 27(3):24-29, figs 1-5. SMALL, MICHAEL 1994a. Clipperton ‘94: an initial report. The Festivus 26(7):78- 83, figs. 1-3. 1994b. Marine gastropod habitats of western Panama. The Festivus 26(10):107-122, figs 1-13. Figure la. Clipperton Island. Figure 2a. Panama. Figure lb. Clipperton Island. Figure 2b. Panama. ISSN 0738-9388 Q_ I— ‘io I THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club Volume: XXVIII August 8, 1996 Number: 8 CLUB OFFICERS SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD President Bill Romer Rudiger Bieler Vice President Terry Arnold Field Museum of Natural History Secretary (Corres.) Kim Hutsell Henry W. Chaney Secretary (Record.) Silvana Vollero Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Treasurer Margaret Mulliner Eugene V. Coan Past President Kay Klaus Research Associate California Academy of Sciences CLUB STAFF Anthony D'Attilio Historian Linda L. Hutsell c/o Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr. Librarian Margaret Mulliner Laguna Beach, CA 92651 FESTIVUS STAFF Douglas J. Eernisse Editor Carole M. Hertz California State University, Fullerton Business Manager Jules Hertz William K. Emerson Photographer David K. Mulliner American Museum of Natural History Terrence M. Gosliner MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION California Academy of Sciences Annual dues are payable to San Diego James H. McLean Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Domestic $15.00; Overseas (surface mail): Barry Roth $18.00, (air mail): $30.00; Mexico/ Canada Research Associate (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $20.00. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Address all correspondence to the Paul Scott San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 Emily H. Vokes The Festivus is published monthly except December. Tulane University The publication date appears on the masthead above. Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park PROGRAM Chitons from Head to Tail Douglas J. Eernisse of Fullerton, and a specialist California State University, illustrated talk on the biology of chitons including their on the chitons, will present an anatomy and DNA results. Meeting date: 15 August 1996 Shells of the month: Chitons CONTENTS Club news Additional distributional records of interesting and rarely collected marine gastropods (Epitoniidae) from the tropical eastern Pacific Donald R. Shasky Annual meeting of the WSM Jules Hertz Discus rotundalus (Muller): another land snail sighted in San Diego Carole M. Hertz A useful tool for computer spell checkers Paul Skoglund Map for detaching . . 6 1996 84 85 87 89 90 Page 84 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(8): 1996 CLUB NEWS From the Minutes of the Meeting of the San Diego Shell Club, 18 July 1996 President Bill Romer called the meeting to order at 7:45 p.m. The minutes of the June meeting were accepted as published in The Festivus. An upcoming August Club event is the Bizarre Bazaar (see below). A sign-up sheet will be passed around at the next meting for the September Party. Carole Hertz introduced Gerard Reimer, the winner of this year's Science Fair who will present an overview of his winning project at the August meeting. Carole presented Gerard with his award, Morris, Abbott & Haderlie's (1980) Intertidal Invertebrates of California and Bill presented him with his winner's certificate. Terry Arnold introduced Terry Gosliner, the evening's speaker, after John Jackson announced Terry's new book [with Behrens & Williams], Coral Reef Animals of the Indo-Pacific. He said there is a Club special for advance purchases of the book since many Club members were involved in it and Terry mentioned that San Diego is the birthplace of the book. Terry's presentation was a fascinating look at the sea life of coral reefs. He described three reef areas: the fringe, the barrier, and the coral atolls. The reefs are rich in life. According to Terry, there are many undescribed species, many of which are commonly found. Some of the most interesting observations made were the associations among various animals. For example, a boxer crab will use small sea anemones on its claws for defense and some hermit crabs will move anemones to larger shells with them. The slides of the colorful mollusks, flatworms, etc. were quite impressive. The winner of the door prize was Bill Romer. The meeting was adjourned and everyone enjoyed refreshments, the Club library and socializing with one another. Silvana Vollero You Can Now Reach the Club by FAX The Club has joined the Twentieth Century with its purchase of a FAX machine. It will be of considerable help to those who try to reach either the Club or The Festivus. Manuscripts for The Festivus can now be submitted by FAX as well as by mail. The FAX machine is located at the publication's office and the FAX number is (619) 277-6259. The Bizarre Bazaar at the Bradner's The Bizarre Bazaar will be held on August 4th from 1:00 to 5:00 p.m. on the deck of the Bradner's home at the La Jolla Summit, 1867 Caminito Marzella, La Jolla. [Take Valverde off Nautilus. Wind up the hill and make a left onto Caminito Marzella.] For those who plan to attend, make sure to bring a table or stand to display your shells. For others, just come and enjoy the displays, it's always a casual, fun get-together with friends buying, trading, admiring and just plain visiting. Try to make it! The September Party The September Party will be held on Saturday evening September 21st beginning at 6:00 p.m. at the home of Marty and Terry Arnold. The theme this year is "Come as Your Favorite Character," real or fictional. Attendees are asked to bring their favorite dishes (each to serve 12). A signup sheet will be passed around at the August meeting. Plan to come in attire suitable to your "favorite character." It'll be great fun to see how many "characters" we have in the Club. For further information, contact either Marge Bradner (619-459- 7681) or Carole Hertz ( 619-277-6259). A map to the Arnold residence appears on the last page of this issue. Summer Sale of Club T-shirts The Club's brightly printed t-shirts will be on sale at the August meeting at the very low price of $10.00 apiece. It's a good opportunity to get these shirts at a bargain price and enjoy them for the summer. The remaining Club mugs will also be available. Vol.XXVIII(8): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 85 ADDITIONAL DISTRIBUTIONAL RECORDS OF INTERESTING AND RARELY COLLECTED MARINE GASTROPODS (EPITONIIDAE) FROM THE TROPICAL EASTERN PACIFIC DONALD R. SHASKY 4990 Nighthawk Way, Oceanside, California 92056, USA This is a continuation of my report on distributional records which commenced in the April 1996 issue of The Festivus. This paper deals only with the Epitoniidae. I cite extensively Helen Dushane's 1974 paper on the Panamic-Galapagan Epitoniidae and again I use the numbers from Keen (1971), where possible, for easy reference. Some of the records on the mollusks of Manabi Province, Ecuador (Shasky, 1984), were overlooked by Skoglund (1992) in her monumental paper updating the literature on the gastropods of the Panamic Province between 1971 and 1992. The nine species are listed here as follows: Asperiscala acapulcana Dali, 1917; A. canna (Dali, 1919); A. eutaenia (Dali, 1917); Nitidiscala polita (Sowerby, 1844); Nitidiscala suprastriata (Carpenter, 1857); Amaea deroyae DuShane, 1970; Hirtoscala repUcata (Sowerby, 1844); Opalia crenatoides (Carpenter, 1864); O. crystallina (Carpenter, 1864); O. spongiosa Carpenter, 1864. I also correct an erroneous citation that 1 made for Opalia paulula DuShane, 1974, in my Manabi Province paper. 611 Asperiscala acapulcana T>di\\, \9\1 . I previously reported this species from five localities in Manabi Province, Ecuador. I have also collected six lots from six dive sites at Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, in depths of 9-38 m, with a total of 11 specimens (April 1983, March 1984, April 1987 and March 1985). I also collected one specimen from a dredge haul in 91-127 m off the NE point of Isla Manuelita, May 1986 and four specimens dredged off Bahia Chatham in 30-91 m, both at Isla del Coco. 616 Asperiscala emydonesa (Dali, 1917). Known from the Golfo de California south to the Islas Galapagos (DuShane, 1974), this is a new southern mainland record for this species. Ten intertidal. crabbed specimens were collected on the west side of Punta Ancon, Guayas, Ecuador, 6 March 1970. 617 Asperiscala eutaenia (Dali, 1917). Dali simply gave a range for this species as "Gulf of California." Reported from Manabi Province, Ecuador, but without collecting data (Shasky, 1984), my specimens were dredged in 30-37 m in Bahia Drake, Isla La Plata. 631 Asperiscala walkerianum Hertlein & Strong, 1951. DuShane reported this species from the northern Golfo de California to Nicaragua. I have 14 specimens that were dredged at Punta Chame, Code, Panama. 653 Asperiscala obtusa (Sowerby, 1844). Reported by DuShane (1974) to be distributed from the Golfo de California south to Colombia and to Punta Santa Elena, Guayas, Ecuador (type locality). I collected five crabbed specimens intertidally at El Rubio, Peru, 19 April 1972. 632 Asperiscala zeteki (Dali, 1917). Described and reported only from Panama, I have collected this species at the following locations: one specimen in sand and three specimens under rocks in 1.5 m, El Pulmo Reef, Baja California Sur, Mexico, 23-25 April 1965 and 3 February 1966; one specimen trawled in 53 m. Station D-2 (15°57'N, 95°32'W), San Juan Expedition, Golfo de Tehuantepec, Mexico, 15 July 1963; three intertidal specimens, crabbed, Salinas, Guayas, Ecuador, 5 March 1970; one intertidal specimen under a rock, Playas, Guayas, Ecuador, 8 March 1970; and four intertidal crabbed specimens, El Rubio, Tumbes, Peru, 16 April 1972. Nitidiscala suprastriata (Carpenter, \857). Prior to my report on finding this species in Manabi Province, Ecuador, it had been reported no farther Page 86 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(8): 1996 south than Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, the type locality. 1 have found five specimens intertidally at La Cruz de Huanacoxtle, Nayarit, Mexico, October 1973 and October 1977. In Panama I found one intertidal specimen at Palo Seco, Zona del Canal, April 1973, two specimens at Kobbe Beach, Zona del Canal, intertidally on anemones, June 1977, one intertidal specimen under a rock at Isla Boyarena, Archipelago de las Perlas, 27 February to 2 March 1979, and one intertidal specimen at El Rubio, Tumbes, Peru. 669 Alora gouldii (A. Adams, 1857). Known from Manzanillo, Colima, Mexico to off Panama taken intertidally and to a depth of 30 m (DuShane, 1974) and Guay as, Guay as, Ecuador (Skoglund, 1990). 1 collected one live specimen from 54 m. Station D-2 (15°57'N, 95°32'W) on the San Juan Expedition, Golfo de Tehuantepec, Chiapas, Mexico, 15 July 1963. This is a new depth record. 631 Armea dewyae DnShdint, 1970. This species is known throughout the Golfo de California to the Islas Tres Marias, Mexico and the Islas Galapagos, Ecuador. I reported this species from Manabi Province, Ecuador, and now report nine specimens from dredgings in 91-94 m about 6 km NE of Isla Manuelita, Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, March 1984 and May 1986. 678 Opalia crenatoides (Carpenter, 1864). Known from Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico throughout the Golfo de California to the Islas Galapagos (DuShane, 1974) and Panama (DuShane, 1985). Besides the Manabi Province locality (Shasky, 1984), I have also taken one specimen intertidally on the west side of Punta Ancon, Guayas, Ecuador, 5 March 1970. 681 Opalia infrequens (C.B. Adams, 1852). Described from Panama and reported from Santa Cruz Island, Channel Islands, California south along the southern California coast to Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico and Panama (DuShane, 1974), 1 have three lots from Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, dredged in 66-126 m from three dredge sites for a total of four specimens, March 1984 and May 1986. 684 Opalia mexicana Dali, 1908. Reported from Mexico at Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, (Poorman & Poorman, 1988), Mazatlan, Sinaloa (Hertz & Hertz, 1983), the coasts of Jalisco to Guerrero (DuShane, 1974), to Panama (DuShane, 1985). I collected three crabbed specimens intertidally at El Rubio, Tumbes, Peru, 6 April 1972. 685 Opalia paulula DuShane, 1974. This species was described from Bahia Cuastecomate, Jalisco, Mexico. I erroneously reported it from Manabi Province, Ecuador (Shasky, 1984). However, 1 have collected three lots for a total of four specimens from three dive sites at Isla del Coco, Costa Rica (April 1983, March 1984, and March 1986). LITERATURE CITED DUSHANE, HELEN 1974. The Panamic-Galapagan Epitoniidae. The Veliger 16, Supplement 1-84, 15 pis., 5 text figs. 1985. The family Epitoniidae of Panama Bay. The Festivus 17(7);68-75, figs. 1-5. HERTZ, JULES & CAROLE M. HERTZ 1983. Collecting in Mazatlan. The Festivus 15(2): 19-26, figs. 1-9. KEEN, A. MYRA 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America: Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru, Second Edition. Stanford University Press, i-xiv-l-1064 pp., ca. 4000 figs. POORMAN, FORREST & LEROY H. POORMAN 1988. A report of the molluscan species in the San Carlos Rectangle, Sonora, Mexico, collected by Forrest L. and Leroy H. Poorman from December 1953 to December 1983. The Festivus 20(6):47-63, 1 map. SHASKY, DONALD R. 1984. A preliminary checklist of marine mollusks from Manabi Province, Ecuador. Annual Report of the Western Society of Malacologists [for 1983] 16:25-32. SKOGLUND, CAROL 1990. Molluscan range extensions to Playas de Villamil, Guayas, Ecuador. The Festivus 22(11): 119- 121. 1992. Additions to the Panamic Province gastropod (Mollusca) literature 1971 to 1992. The Festivus 24 (Supplement) 169 PP Vol.XXVIII(8): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 87 ANNUAL MEETING OF THE WSM JULES HERTZ' Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA The 29th annual meeting of the Western Society of Malacologists (WSM) was held 23-26 June 1996 at the Handlery Hotel & Resort, San Diego, California. There were 65 people in attendance for the three days of papers and social events. It was a very interesting meeting in a very centralized location, ideal for getting to the Mexican border, San Diego’s many fine restaurants, beaches and tourist attractions. The 23rd was a relaxing, get-reacquainted day. Following afternoon registration, there was the Opening Reception, a Wine and Cheese Party, hosted by the San Diego Shell Club (Figure 1). This was well-attended by both conference attendees and San Diego Shell Club members and provided a good beginning for the meeting. Figure 1. Nora Foster and Carole Hickman at the reception The technical portion of the meeting started on the 24th, with contributed papers in the morning and a symposium in the afternoon entitled "Invertebrate DNA: Prospects and Problems." Of extreme interest to shell collectors was a paper by Sally Y. Shelton called "The Shell Game: The History of Byne's 'Disease'" (see the June 1996 issue of The Festivus). She reviewed the characteristic breakdown of malacological specimens in collections storage, the contributory causes, and sound recommendations for dealing with the problem. One of the fine afternoon papers of interest to the attendees was entitled "Evolutionary History and Origins of Feeding Specializations in the Marine Gastropod Genus Conus." Thomas F. Duda, the author, from the University of Hawaii, Kewalo Marine Laboratory, was awarded the Best Student Paper Award for this paper. This was a very significant achievement in that there were nine papers vying for the award. A slide show provided entertainment in the evening. Members showed slides of specimen shells, shelling trips, beautiful opisthobranchs, and collecting of freshwater mollusks in Alaska. The 25th started with a Paleontology session. Of particular interest to San Diego Shell Club members were talks concerning the San Diego area. These included Thomas A Demere’s "Overview of Pleistocene Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Coastal San Diego County," Wes Farmer's "Field Observations of Eocene Bivalves and Gastropods at Torrey Pines State Beach and Sea Cliffs, San Diego and Del Mar, California," and George L. Kennedy’s "The Late Pleistocene Invertebrate Record of San Diego Bay, Southern California." In the afternoon, the symposium on "Biology and Evolution of Cypraeoidea" was held. Two papers that I found very interesting were "Schilder Mailing address: 3883 Mt Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA 1 Page 88 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(8): 1996 Revisited" and "Molecular Phylogeny of Living Cypraea," both presented By Christopher P. Meyer. The social event of the evening was the sale of reprints followed by the annual auction of shells, books, and art objects (Figures 2 & 3). It was a rip-roaring success Figure 2. At the WSM reprint sale. Left to right: Jim McLean. Carole Hertz, Doug Eernisse, Dan Geiger and Don Shasky. Figure 3. The auction preview. Left to right: George Metz, Ron Velarde. Roland Anderson and Kent Trego. led by auctioneer Henry Chaney. His humor and cajoling and the outstanding donations available for bidding led to a record-breaking total. The highlight of the evening was a heated contest for a single specimen shell, which was finally obtained by the winning bidder for $750. The symposium on "Functional Morphology and Natural History of Molluscan Feeding" was held on the 26th. The highlights for me were Carole S. Hickman's "Evolution of Gastropod Feeding: Multiple Phylogenetic Pathways Through a Strucmral and Functional Design Space" and Sandra Millen and Edmund Graziani's paper "Evolutionary Implications of de novo Biosynthesis of Defence Compounds in Opisthobranchs." Following the symposium was the annual WSM business meeting and that evening the Banquet. This year's guest speaker was Betty Jean Piech, who gave a very humorous talk entitled "Helpful Hints for Shell Collectors." The food was excellent and the camaraderie outstanding. During the entire meeting, there were displays of shells and photographs for the attendees to view and enjoy. Additionally some of the attendees brought in small groups of Recent and fossil specimens for viewing (Figure 4). The meeting was very successful. Figure 4. Examining fossil cowries. Left to right: Terry Arnold, Lindsey Groves and Walter Schroeder. and we are all looking forward to next June when a combined meeting of the WSM/AMU will be held in Santa Barbara. Vol.XXVIII(8): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 89 DISCUS ROTUNDATUS (MULLER): ANOTHER LAND SNAIL SIGHTED IN SAN DIEGO CAROLE M. HERTZ' Associate, Santa Barbara Museum of Namral History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA Once again, Richard Cerutti, of the Paleontology Department of the San Diego Natural History Museum, has brought an unusual terrestrial snail to my attention. Neither of us had seen this snail previously. A lot of 25 specimens from 3.6 to 5.0 mm maximum diameter was found by Marie Richard in San Diego in shrubs behind a condo complex on Gaines Street just east of Goshen Street (the north side of Mission Valley) and given to Richard by Marie's friend Jim Colclough on 28 February 1996. According to Jim Colclough, there were many more individuals there. When I was unable to identify the species, I sent the specimens with a copy of the camera lucida drawings, shown here in Figures 1 and 2, to Dr. Barry Roth in San Francisco. He kindly identified the specimens as Discus rotundatus (Muller, 1774) and sent me a copy of his 1982 paper in Malacological Review which reported on occurrences of this European and North African snail in greenhouses and lath houses in four counties of California: Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles and San Diego and noted its extensive distribution worldwide; from the southern part of Scandinavia to Algeria, from Spain and Ireland to the Ukraine and on the east coast of North America in Newfoundland, Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York. The San Diego County specimen, in the collection of the United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM), was "a somewhat worn shell Figures 1 & 2. Camera lucida drawings of Discus rotundatus (Muller, 1774) (SBMNH 143255) from a lot of specimens found by Mane Richard, (1) spiral view of a 5.0 mm specimen (2) basal view of a 4.7 mm specimen. ^ Mailing address: 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA. t ■I !j»’* < ■# : / / f i. Page 90 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(8): 1996 collected at Oceanside, San Diego Co., on fern, July 14, 1950, by H.H. Keifer (California Department of Food and Agriculture)" (Roth, 1982). Discus rotundatus, a beautiful species which appears to prefer moist areas under ground litter, has a flattened disk-like shell with a protoconch of V/i smooth brown whorls, a teleoconch of AVi whorls colored from cream to dark brown and strongly obliquely ribbed and a large, deep umbilicus. This appears to be the first account of the species within the city of San Diego. The specimens have been deposited in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History (SBMNH 143255). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thanks to Barry Roth for again identifying our terrestrial finds, to Joyce Gemmell for the camera lucida drawings of the species and to Richard Cerutti for continually finding new malacological mysteries. LITERATURE CITED MULLER, O. F. 1774. Vermium terrestrium, 2 vols., pt. 2, p. 29 (Helix). ROTH, BARRY 1982. Discus rotundatus (Muller) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in California. Malacological Review 15:139-140, 1 fig. A USEFUL TOOL FOR COMPUTER SPELL CHECKERS PAUL SKOGLUND 3846 E. Highland Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85018, USA Spell checkers found in most word processors contain thousands of words but are very sparse in words aimed at a particular specialty. This tool was developed in response to the need of my wife, Carol, for a way to check certain molluscan words not normally found in most spell checkers. First I compiled a list of scientific names of Panamic Province Mollusca. This list contains all those names used in Keen (1971) and Skoglund (1989, 1991a, b, 1992) plus others since those papers were published. To this list was added authors’ names and many Panamic Province geographical place names. The list was checked for spelling accuracy and, where applicable, for proper diacritical marks. We first used this molluscan list as a supplemental spelling list to our word-processor's main dictionary. It picked up spelling errors and typos but, as a supplemental list, did not display the correct spelling. Our WordPerfect 5.0 word processor package included a separate program that allowed additions and deletions to the main spell checker dictionary. I merged the molluscan word list into the main dictionary and now the spell checker not only finds the misspelled word but offers the correct spelling as a replacement option. Once merged with the main dictionary, the list has several useful applications besides the primary one of catching typographical errors. For instance, if you use the word "Galapagos" often in your text but don't want to stop to add the proper accent each time you type it, you can run your finished text through the spell checker. It will find each "Galapagos" and suggest "Galapagos" with the proper accent. This same application can be used for authors' names with diacritical marks of various kinds. Thanks to Terry Arnold the list is being made available to interested parties on the World Wide Web. hptp:// WWW. users. cts.com/crash/t/tarnold/skoglund.html LITERATURE CITED KEEN, A. MYRA 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America: Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif, i-xiv 4-1064 pp.; ca. 4000 figs.; 22 color pis. SKOGLUND, CAROL 1989. Additions to the Panamic Province Chiton (Polyplacophora) literature - 1971 through 1988. The Festivus 21(9):78-91 (Sept. 7). 1991a. Additions to the Panamic Province Opisthobranchia (Mollusca) literature 1971 to 1990. The Festivus (Supplement 1) 22:27 pp. (Feb. 14). 1991b. Additions to the Panamic Province bivalve (Mollusca) literature - 1971 to 1990. Festivus 22 (Supplement 2) 79 pp. (May). 1992. Additions to the Panamic Province gastropod (Mollusca) literature 1971 to 1992. The Festivus 24 (Supplement) 177 pp. (Nov.). B^lT M0» ^^OLL Volume: XXVIII THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club September 12, 1996 ISSN 0738-9388 Number: 9 The Genus Spondylus (Bivalvia: Spondylidae)of the Panamic Province 'cJ Carol Skoglund and David K. Mulliner SEP. j 0 1996 ^/eRARl£§^ '4 ISSN 0738-9388 Volume: XXVIII THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club September 12, 1996 Number: 9 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Bill Romer Terry Arnold Kim Hutsell Silvana Vollero Margaret Mulliner Kay Klaus CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Business Manager Photographer Linda L. Hutsell Margaret Mulliner Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz David K. Mulliner MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic S15.00; Overseas (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $30.00; Mexico/ Canada (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $20.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $10.00 plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences Anthony D'Attilio c/o Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr. Laguna Beach, CA 92651 Douglas J. Eernisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson American Museum of Natural History Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Barry Roth Research Associate Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Paul Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Emily H. Vokes Tulane University Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park THE SEPTEMBER PARTY (See page 92, this issue.) There will be no regular meeting this month. CONTENTS Club news 92 In memoriam [Clifton Martin] 92 The genus Spondylus (Bivalvia: Spondylidae) of the Panamic Province Carol Skoglund and David K. Mulliner 93 Page 92 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIIK9): 1996 CLUB NEWS From the Minutes of the Meeting of the San Diego Shell Club, 15 August 1996 President Bill Romer called the meeting to order at 7:45 p.m. The minutes were approved as published in The Festivus. Bill reminded everyone that George Hanselman has plastic boxes for sale (price lists were available). Also, the 1997 Shell Desk Diary is now available. Two visitors were welcomed. One was Don Klaus, Kay's son, who recently relocated from Guam. Betty Westfall was the other visitor. Bill passed around the sign-up sheet for food contributions for the September Party [see column 2] . The Bizarre Bazaar was very nice and we thank the Bradners for hosting this event. Marge Bradner announced that Billee Brown has a shell cabinet for sale. The cabinet is 66 inches high by 64 inches wide and has 46 drawers. The price will be best offer. Call Billee at (619) 454-5788 if interested. Terry introduced two guest speakers for the evening. The first was Gerard Reimer, the Club Science Fair winner. Gerard gave an overview of his winning project, " Stronglyocentroms purpuratus: chemotactic response to Macrocystis pyrifora extracts," explaining the four years of work that went into his final project. Everyone was impressed by his work, especially the filter system he built for the project. Gerard had received his prize at the July meeting. Doug Eernisse was then introduced. Doug is an Assistant Professor at Cal. State Fullerton whose research has been on chitons. In his talk, "Chitons from Head to Tail" he discussed the anatomy of chitons noting that unlike other mollusks, chitons have living shells. He also explained that their sensory organs can be a source of much information. A great part of Doug's work on chitons has involved testing the different ways of classifying them. He has also been working on a computer catalogue of over 840 species of chitons. The presentation explained many interesting details about chitons. After Doug's formal talk, those interested were shown, on Doug's laptop, how the chiton catalogue can be a valuable tool in the study of this group. The winner of the drawing was Bob Petroski. We thank Marge Lindahl for providing the refreshments and Carole and Jules Hertz for their display of chitons. Everyone left the meeting looking forward to our next gathering - the September Party! See you then. Silvana Vollero The September Party The September Party will be held on Saturday evening September 21st beginning at 6:00 p.m. at the home of Marty and Terry Arnold. The theme this year is "Come as Your Favorite Character," real or fictional. Attendees are asked to bring their favorite dishes (each to serve 12). A signup sheet will be passed around at the August meeting. Plan to come in attire suitable to your "favorite character." It'll be great fun to see how many "characters" we have in the Club. For further information, contact either Marty Arnold (619-235- 8181) or Carole Hertz ( 619-277-6259). A map to the Arnold residence appeared on the last page of the August issue. IN MEMORIAM CLIFTON MARTIN We recently received word of the passing of Clifton Martin earlier this year at the age of 86 years. He was a member of the San Diego Shell Club for over twenty-two years. He was Club president in 1972 and also served as vice-president and secretary. He wrote over twenty articles for The Festivus between 1970 and 1979. The Club members have missed seeing Clifton in the last few years, and are saddened by his death. Vol.XXVIII(9): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 93 THE GENUS SPONDYLUS (BIVALVIA: SPONDYLIDAE) OF THE PANAMIC PROVINCE CAROL SKOGLUND' and DAVID K. MULLINER^ Associates, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California, 93105, USA Abstract: Of the thirteen names used for Spondylus Linnaeus, 1758, occurring on the mainland of the Panamic Province, only Spondylus princeps Broderip, 1833, S. leucacanthus Broderip, 1833, and S. calcifer Carpenter, 1857, are here considered to be valid species. A petition has been filed with the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclarnre to suppress the homonym Spondylus princeps Schreibers, 1793, in favor of S. princeps Broderip, 1833. Spondylus ursipes Berry, 1959, and S. victoriae, auctt., non G. B. Sowerby II, 1859, are synonyms of S. leucacanthus. Spondylus princeps unicolor, auctt., non G. B. Sowerby II, 1847, S. crassisquama Lamarck, auctt., non Lamarck, 1819, and S. pictorum Chemnitz, auctt. non Schrbter, 1786, ex Chemnitz MS, are synonyms of S. princeps. A lectotype is selected for Spondylus calcifer. Spondylus limbatus, auctt., non G. B. Sowerby II, 1847, S. radula Reeve, 1856, non Lamarck, 1806, and S. smithi Fulton, 1915, are synonyms of S. calcifer. S. dubius Broderip, 1833, and S. basilicas Reeve, 1856, previously considered synonyms of S. princeps by some authors are figured, but not considered as part of the Panamic fauna. The shell figured by Olsson (1961) as S. calcifer is figured and identified as S. cuneus Reeve, 1856, which is not considered part of the Panamic Province fauna. Information on habitat and distribution is included. Three Indo-Pacific species reported from the Panamic oceanic islands are not included. They are S. linguafelis Sowerby, 1847, and S. tenebrosus Reeve, 1856, from L'ile Clipperton and S. nicobaricus Schreibers, 1793, from Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. INTRODUCTION This study started as a result of seeing the Spondylus brought in by divers who work out of Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico, and grew to include information from the other areas in the Panamic Province. The Loreto divers take huge piles of the longer spined Spondylus to sell for both meat and shells. These divers work off several islands in the Golfo de California near Loreto, including the Islas Coronados, Carmen, Danzante, and Monserrate, at depths of 18 to 30 m. Based on several hundred Spondylus examined, which were sorted into two kinds by the divers, two distinct species with different epifauna were differentiated. Early taxonomic workers on Spondylus include Linnaeus (1758), Chemnitz (1784), Schreibers (1793), Lamarck (1819), Chenu (1845), Kiister (1858), Fulton (1915) and Lamy (1909, 1938). Hertlein and Strong (1946) summarized much of this work. More recent works include those of Zavarei (1973) and Lamprell (1987). Yonge (1973) described the functional morphology of the Spondylus hinge, ligament and soft parts. Waller (1978) redefined higher taxa relationships based on the ligament, mantle edge, periostracal groove and other anatomical features. Abbreviations used: AMNH American Museum of Namral History, New York, New York ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania BJP* Piech Collection, Hockessin, Delaware BMNH The Natural History Museum, London, England ' 3846 E. Highland Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona 85018, USA ^ 5283 Vickie Drive, San Diego, California 92109, USA Page 94 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(8): 1996 BN* Nicosia Collection, Phoenix, Arizona C&JH* Hertz Collection, San Diego, California CS* Skoglund Collection, Phoenix, Arizona CASIZ California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California DM* Mulliner Collection, San Diego, California KK* Kaiser Collection, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico LACM Los Angeles Museum of Natural History, California LB* Buck Collection, Del Mar, California R&FP Poorman Collection, now housed at SBMNH SBMNH Santa Barbara Museum of Namral History, California SDNHM San Diego Museum of Natural History, California USNM United States National Museum (Smithsonian), Washington, D.C. VU* Upton Collection, Sierra Vista, Arizona * indicates a private collection METHODS The Panamic Province is the area between latitudes SUN at the head of the Golfo de California and 25 °N on the west coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico, to 6°S along the Pacific coast of North and South America, and includes several oceanic islands. Indo- Pacific Spondylus species found on these islands are not within the scope of this paper. They are: Spondylus linguafelis Sowerby, 1847, and S. tenebrosus Reeve, 1856, from L'ile Clipperton and S. nicobaricus Schreibers, 1793, from Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Our primary study areas were off Isla Danzante, Golfo de Cahfomia, and in Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico. Inspection by scuba diving, snorkeling and dredging were used to define the habitat of the Spondylus. Other divers provided additional habitat information from the Loreto area and other places within the Province. Visits to major museum collections provided information, but material from many localities was lacking. We found that Spondylus are extremely variable in shape, number and placement of spines and, to some extent, shell color. Exceptions can be found to most statements made about Spondylus, nevertheless, there are major differences between species in both shell morphology and habitat (Table I). We found hinge- tooth color, muscle-scar depth and callus, spine length and shape, shell color, and habitat to be the best characteristics for separating species. Features in common to all Panamic Province Spondylus species include a white porcellaneous interior cavity, occasional yellow umbones on the right (bottom) valve and serrate minor spines visible at SOX. Once species were established based on the above criteria, measurements of 25 specimens from each group were made for ratios of shell height to length, hinge length to shell length, and length to width of the triangular ligament area. This proved only that we were working with variable species and provided no statistically significant information. Measurements listed herein are length x height which includes the beaks but does not include the spines. Some published geological records were unfigured and these are noted as such. SYSTEMATIC TREATMENT Family SPONDYLIDAE Gray, 1826 Medium-sized to large shells, strongly sculptured with spinose radial ribs; auricles small; without byssal notch; shells attached to substrate near the umbo of the right valve, which is convex (Keen, 1971). Cemented Pectinacea lacking simple, prismatic calcite; crossed- lamellar aragonite prominent, extending well outside palhal line nearly to distal margins and covering hinge plate, which bears prominent dysodont teeth. Byssal notch generally present in early growth stages and lacking a ctenolium. Mantle curtains without guard tentacles (Waller, 1978). PLATE I. Figures 1-10. Spondylus leucacaruhus Broderip, 1833. (1-2) Holotype (BMNH 1950.8.28.5), La Plata, Ecuador, pair 51x54 nun; (3) immature specimens, off Isla Danzante, Golfo de California, left valves, top 22x54 mm, bottom 26x24 mm (CS); (4) Loreto divers, Golfo de California, left valve 92x85 mm (CS); (5) Guanacaste, Costa Rica, left valve 96x105 mm (CS); (6) same as (4), hinge detail; (7) Interior view, Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, pair 120x141 mm (LACM 151615); (8) same as (4), muscle scar detail; (9) specimen figured by Sowerby, 1847, pi. 87, fig. 36 (BMNH); (10) after Reeve, 1856, species 6. Photographs 1, 2, 9 with permisson of the British Museum (NH). Photograph 7 by D. K. Mulliner. Vol. XXXVn(9): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Vol.XXVIII(9): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 96 Genus Spondylus Linnaeus, 1758 Type species (subsequent designation: Schmidt, 1818): Spondylus gaederopus Linnaeus, 1758, Recent, Mediterranean. Muscle scar large, posterior to the center of shell: cardinal area of hinge larger in the right valve, ligament deeply sunken in a triangular pit. Adult with two crural ridges adjacent to the ligament (Keen, 1971). Spondylus leucacanthus Broderip, 1833 Figures 1-13 Spondylus leucacantha Broderip, 1833. Broderip, 1833:5; Sowerby, 1847b:423, pi. 87, figs. 35, 36; Reeve, 1856: pi. 2, fig. 6; Norrid, 1994:57, fig. 1. Spondylus pictorum Chemnitz, auctt., non Schrbter, 1786, ex Chemnitz MS. Abbott, 1954:370, pi. 36, fig. a, top left, bottom right. Spondylus princeps Broderip, auctt., non Broderip, 1833. Abbott, 1974:451, pi. 21, fig. 5223; Eisenberg, 1981:163, pi. 145, fig. 14; Lamprell, 1987:60, pi. 22, fig. 1; Moore, 1989:8, pi. 3, figs. 1, 10, pi. 4, figs. 3, 6. Spondylus princeps leucacanthus Broderip, 1833. Olsson, 1961:152, pi. 86, fig. 4, pi. 22, fig. 5. Spondylus princeps form leucacantha Broderip, 1833. Lamprell, 1987:60, pi. 22, fig. 2. Spondylus victoriae Sowerby, auctt., non Sowerby, 1859. Durham, 1950:68, pi. 15, fig. 3. Spondylus ursipes Berry, 1959. Berry, 1959:107; Keen, 1971:98, fig. 213; Hertz, 1984:18, fig. 34; Lamprell, 1987:56, pi. 20, figs. 2a,b; J. Smith, 1989:32, fig. 4. Type material and locality: S. leucacantha - Holotype (BMNH 1950.8.28.50) pair, length 54 mm; height 51 mm. (Isla) La Plata, Ecuador. S. ursipes - Holotype CASIZ 043984, pair, length 98 mm; height 126 mm. Off Isla Angel de la Guarda, Golfo de California, Mexico. Paratypes: SBMNH 34011, pair, length 90 mm; height 125 mm; SBMNH 34012, pair, length 100 mm; height 120 mm. Puerto Refugio, Isla Angel de la Guarda, Golfo de California, Mexico. Description: Spondylus leucacanthus Broderip, 1833 (figs. 1,2). The original description is translated from the Latin as follows: Spondylus, romnd shell, 6 ribbed, spiny, sort of golden or yellow colored, with sub- tongue, sub-reflexed longer white spines; interstitial striae; 3 (more or less) interstitial spined ribs, shorter spined; interior white, narrow margin pale yellowish; length 2 1/8, height 2 1/8, width 1 1/8 inches (spines not included. Waller (pers. comm. May 1996) notes that the species name is based on the masculine Latin noun canthus, and therefore the correct name should be leucacanthus rather than leucacantha. Additional description: Left valve with six primary rows of long, straight, narrow spines; spines on very young, small specimens (fig. 3) can be spatulate, rarely found on mature shells. Young shells with single row of small, sharp interstitial spines. Other rows of spines usually added after each resting stage. Interstitial spines on mature shell can vary from one to five rows; usually not seated on raised ribs as in Spondylus princeps. Color white through orange to coral red, rarely red-brown or peach. Right valve differing from left by foliaceous concentric ribs around small attachment area. Discs of small, young specimens frequently orange. New growth most often white. Mature shell may have only the umbonal area orange (fig. 4), or major part of disc orange with white near margin. Occasionally shells all orange with all white spines or completely white. Completely orange or coral red (fig. 5) large shells relatively rare. Never dusty rose, or purple with orange spines. We have seen two shells with the major part of the disc yellow. Hinge teeth (fig. 6) white, diagonal to hinge line, except in gerontic specimens in which teeth become heavier and more perpendicular to the hinge line (fig. 7). Adductor muscle scar (figs. 7, 8) deep with pronounced callus on ventral edge. Interior most often white. Interior shell margin color band usually near hinge when present, matches the exterior shell color. An occasional shell with a narrow color band around entire margin. Length to 156 mm. Habitat: In the Isla Danzante area, S. leucacanthus is primarily a free-living species with occasional attachment of a small area to rocks or dead shells. Divers and dredgers report depths from 25 to 90 m, with a rare shell as shallow as 15 m. Colonies of 10,000 or more were seen on a sand bottom at 43 m. In previous years, large numbers were also seen on a sand bottom in the channel between the island and Baja Page 97 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(8): 1996 California Sur at 32 m. The fact that only the deeper living shells remain today may be a function of the depth that can be reached by the Mexican hookah divers in their search for food. The epifauna on S. leucacanthus is distinctive. Many of the smaller shells are almost clean when brought up in the dredge or by divers. If there is growth on the shells, it tends to be bryozoans and sponges, rather than the coralline algae usually found on 5. princeps. Discussion: Spondylus leucacanthus Broderip, 1833, was described from Isla La Plata, Ecuador, without being figured. Both Sowerby (1847b) (fig. 9) and Reeve (1856) (fig. 10) figured the shell. Olsson (1961) figured the holotype and made it a subspecies of S. princeps Broderip, 1833, which was described from the same type locality. Olsson repeated that its distribution was confined to the coast of Ecuador. Keen (1971) made 5. leucacanthus one of three synonyms of Spondylus princeps Broderip, 1833. Shasky (1980) reported taking S. princeps from Isla La Plata at a depth of 33 to 40 m. Of the five shells collected by him now at the SBMNH, four are actually 5. leucacanthus. Spondylus victoriae Sowerby, 1859, was originally described from the Golfo de California. Durham (1950) used the name without having seen Sowerby 's original figure. However, it is an Australian species (E.A. Smith, 1884; Lamprell, 1987). The figure of Durham's hypotype (15418) appears to be Spondylus leucacanthus. Bernard (1983) reported S. victoriae to be widespread in the Golfo de California and well represented in the Allan Hancock Foundation material at the LACM. None of the LACM material had any notations by Bernard to confirm which shells he considered to be S. victoriae, and all appeared to be either S. leucacanthus, S. princeps or S. calcifer. Spondylus ursipes was described by Berry in 1959 (fig. 11). The holotype (CASIZ 043984) does not have the interior encircling orange-brown band noted in the original description of the species, but does have traces of color near the hinge Une. The hinge teeth, not mentioned in the original description, are white, massive and perpendicular to the hinge line (figs. 12, 13). The adductor muscle scar is deep and has the pronounced callus characteristic of S. leucacanthus. The elongate appearance of the holotype (Keen, 1971, fig. 213; Hertz, 1984, fig. 34) and two paratypes (SBMNH 34011, 34012) is due to the gro\\^ of the ligamental area, and not the shape of the disc (fig. 12). One paratype has the interior color band noted by Berry. The other has traces of interior color near the hinge. Shells taken from the more northern part of the range at Bahia de los Angeles and off Isla Angel de la Guarda in the Golfo de California, including the holotype and paratypes, are heavier than usual, with dirty white color and broken spines covered with heavy incrustation. Of the many hundreds of shells seen, only the heavy, ponderous ones have the teeth large and perpendicular to the hinge line. No small or lighter- weight shells of the same size were seen with this kind of tooth arrangement. All of the lighter- weight shells of the same size have much more delicate teeth set diagonally to the hinge line. Our assumption is that the heavy shells are gerontic S. leucacanthus, which by continually depositing material over the inner surface of the shell, have also required the migration of the massive teeth to a more upright position. J. Smith (1989) figured S. ursipes (SBMNH 27380) from Bahia Adair, Sonora, Mexico, which would be the northern-most record in the Golfo de California. Since the single valve was found intertidally at Cholla Cove (Bahia la Cholla), which is often used by shrimp boats to clean their decks and because the surrounding water is relatively shallow, we hesitate to include the record in the distribution of the species. The same can be said for a single specimen taken intertidally at Puertecitos, Baja California (SBMNH 21975). DuShane & Poorman (1967) reported a specimen of S. ursipes from the Berry collection as occurring off Bahia San Carlos, Mexico. A search of the Berry collection, now housed at the SBMNH, failed to locate the shell. Lamprell (1987; figs. 2a, b) thought 5. ursipes was similar in texture to S. calcifer Carpenter, 1857, and might be a form of that species. He had not seen the Plate II Figures 11-13. Spondylus leucacanthus Broderip, 1833. (11) S. ursipes Berry, 1959, Paratype (SBMNH 34011), right valve 91x124 mm ; (12) pair, interior view of (11); (13) same as (11) hinge detail. Figures 14-20. Spondylus princeps Broderip, 1833. (14-15) Holotype (BMNH 1952.5.10.7), Isla La Plata, Ecuador, pair 133x133 mm ; (16-17) palmate spines, Isla San Pedro Martir, Golfo de California, left valve 79x80 mm (KK); (18) after Reeve, 1856, pi. 2, fig. 9; (19) specimen figured by Reeve, 1856, La Plata, Ecuador, left valve 73x83 mm (BMNH 1996060); (20) after Sowerby, 1847, pi. 88 fig. 45 (as S. pictorum Chemnitz). Photographs 14, 15, 19 with permission of the British Museum (NH). Photographs 11, 12, 13 by D. K. Mulliner. THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXXVn(9): 1996 tff' '! ', !y/ .■;■, ? VoI.XXVIII(9): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 99 type material, and his figures appear to be typical S. leucacanthus. Spondylus pictomm Schreibers was the name used by Abbott (1954) for four figured specimens. Distribution was given as the Golfo de California to Panama. Two of the four are easily recognizable as S. leucacanthus. Material studied: Mexico: Isla Cedros (AMNH) and Punta de San Pablo (CS, ex Jackson Collection) on the Pacific side of Baja California; Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California (LACM 151615; SBMNH 38367; CS; DM), Isla Angel de la Guarda (LACM 36-68 [1 of 2 in lot]; CASIZ 043984 [S. ursipes holotype]; SBMNH 23740, [S. ursipes paratypes 34011, 34012]); Loreto divers (CS); Isla Danzante (CS, DM); Isla Espirim Santo (LACM 37-44, 40-85); La Paz, Baja California Sur (ANSP 298014) on the Gulf side of Baja California; Isla Tiburon (AMNH 7513160, 77006); off Guaymas, Sonora (AMNH 167699; SBMNH 22495); Mazatlan, Sinaloa (ANSP 120078), on or near the mainland. Costa Rica: Guanacaste (CS; VU). Panama: Canal de Adentro, Golfo de Chiriqui (BJP). Ecuador: Isla La Plata (ANSP 298014, 55981; SBMNH 142626, 142627, 142628; BMNH holotype). Distribution: Isla Cedros, on the Pacific side of Baja California and from Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California, Mexico, to Isla La Plata, Ecuador. Depth: 15 to 90 m. Geologic range: (as "S. victoriae") lower Pliocene, Pleistocene (Durham, 1950); (as "S. princeps”) Pleistocene, Isla Coronado, Golfo de California; (as "S. ursipes") late Miocene or early Pliocene, west side of Sierra San Felipe, Baja California (J. Smith, 1989); Miocene, Isla Tiburon, Golfo de Cahfomia, Mexico (J. Smith, 1995, pers. comm.). Spondylus princeps Broderip, 1833 Figures 14-27 Spondylus princeps Broderip, 1833. Broderip, 1833:4; Reeve, 1856: pi. 2, fig. 9; Chenu, 1862:7, pi. 30, fig. 4; Olsson, 1961:152, pi. 86, figs. 1-la, pi. 22, fig. 8; Keen, 1971:96, pi. 2, fig. 211; Eisenberg, 1981:163, pi. 11; Moore, 1987:8, pi. 3, fig. 9, pi. 5, fig. 6; Alamo V. & Valdivieso M, 1987:121, fig. 260; J. Smith, 1991:638, fig. 9d. Spondylus princeps unicolor Sowerby, auctt., non Sowerby, 1847a. Olsson, 1961:152, pi. 22, fig. 6; Keen, 1971:98, fig. 212; Lamprell, 1987:60, pi. 22, fig.3. Spondylus pictorum Chemnitz, auctt., non Schroter, 1786, ex Chemnitz MS. Sowerby, 1847b: 422, (pars) pi. 85, fig. 17, pi. 88, fig. 45; Abbott, 1954:370, pi. 36, fig. a, top right, bottom left. Spondylus crassisquama Lamarck, auctt., non Lamarck, 1819. M. Smith, 1944:51; Durham, 1950:68, pi. 15, fig. 1. Type material and locality: Spondylus princeps - Holotype (BMNH 1952.5.10.7) pair, length, 133 mm; height 133 mm. Isla La Plata, Colombia [sic] Ecuador. Description: Spondylus princeps (figs. 14, 15) described by Broderip is translated from the Latin as follows: Spondylus, rotund shell, 6 ribbed, red, spiny, with tongue-like wide spines; with 5 spiny interstitial ribs, bearing shorter spines; interior white, side border deeply plicate, red; length 5 1/8, height 5, width 3 inches (spines emphatically not included in these measurements). Found attached to coral rocks at the depth of seventeen fathoms. In old specimens the interior is of a brownish hue, especially at the hinge. - W.J.B. Additional description: Left valve with raised radial ribs; six primary rows of medium length, spatulate spines. One to six rows of short, pointed, or occasionally palmate interstitial spines. A single shell in the Kaiser collection from Isla San Pedro Nolasco is distinct from all others seen in that the end of each spine is palmate (figs. 16, 17). Right valve differs in attachment area being supported by foliaceous concentric ribs. Exterior color variying from shades of orange and light to dark red and purple. Two major varieties: dusty rose (figs. 18-21) and purple with orange spines (figs. 22, 23). Some color variation in each of major types, with color fading fastest in those with purple discs. Exterior shell and spine color never white, with exception of a small population at Islas Coronados, just north of Loreto, Baja California Sur, which has white spine tips (fig. 24). Hinge teeth in left valve are brown (fig. 25). Adductor muscle scars not sunken as in S. leucacanthus, callus hardly apparent. Interior margin with broad color band matching exterior color. An anomalous specimen (fig. 26) with white teeth was figured by Olsson (1961) and later by Keen (1971). Length to 145 mm. Habitat: At Isla Danzante, Spondylus princeps lives with the right valve attached to rocks and occasionally to other shells. Depth: 3 to 28 m. At the lowest Page 100 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(8): 1996 depths it can be found in a transition zone with S. leucacanthus . No Spondylus princeps were found below 31m except for a single shell taken at Isla la Plata, Ecuador at 32 m (SBMNH 142628) (Shasky, 1980). Spondylus princeps are frequently encrusted with coralline algae (fig. 27). Discussion: Schreibers (1793) was the first to use the name Spondylus princeps. Cox (1928) concluded that the Schreibers’ name should not be considered available. Lamprell (1987) found that the Schreibers' name, if valid, would apply to a form of S. squamosus Schreibers, 1793, from the Philippines. Application has been made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to suppress the Schreibers' name and to conserve S. princeps Broderip, 1833. Spondylus unicolor Sowerby, 1847a, was described without locality and compared to S. pictorum, which it most resembles. It is figured here (fig. 44) for comparison, but is not considered to be part of the Panamic fauna. Spondylus pictorum Chemnitz, auctt., non Schroter, 1786, ex Chemnitz MS was figured by Sowerby (1847b). Of the three shells figured, two (pi. 85, fig. 17; pi. 88, fig. 45) are typical Spondylus princeps. Sowerby gave the distribution as Isla La Plata, West Colombia [5zc] Ecuador and the Gulf of Tehuan [.s/c] Tehuantepec. S. pictorum was considered to be the earliest name for the Recent west American form by some early authors, but the type locality is the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas (Hertlein & Strong, 1946). Lamprell (1987) gives the distribution of S. pictorum as the Mediterranean and Red Sea area. Spondylus crassisquama Lamarck, 1819, from the "mers de I'lnde" and as a fossil from Carthagene was figured by Chenu (1862). Favre (1918), stated that Lamarck's Recent species should be referred to S. pictorum Chemnitz, but that the name crassisquama should apparently be restricted to the fossil forms from Colombia (Hertlein & Strong, 1946). Fulton (1915) considered S. princeps, S. leucacanthus, S. dubius, S. pictorum, and S. basilicus to be synonyms of S. crassisquamatus [5ic] and gave the habitat as Island of Plata, West Colombia [5/c] Isla La Plata, Ecuador. Lamprell (1987) considers S. crassisquama a synonym of S. pictorum with a distribution of the Mediterranean and Red Sea areas. The shells figured by both M. Smith (1944) and Durham (1950) as S. crassisquama are S. princeps. Material studied: Mexico: Isla Cedros (SBMNH 38821), Isla San Benitos (LB) and Bahia Magdalena (USNM 264500) on the Pacific side of Baja California; Bahia de los Angeles (SBMNH 25269; CS; DM), Isla Angel de la Guarda (AMNH 77112; LACM 36-68 [1 of 2 in lot]); Isla Ildefonso, Golfo de California (BN); Islas Coronados (off Loreto) (CS; KK; VU), Isla Danzante (DM; CS; C&JH) and La Paz (ANSP 55992; 55986), on the Golfo side of Baja California; Isla San Pedro Martir (CS; KK), off Bahia San Carlos, Sonora (F&RP), Mazatlan, Sinaloa (ANSP 228006), and Isla Marla Magdalena, Islas Tres Marlas off Nayarit (AMNH 74613), on or near the mainland of Mexico. Panama: Isla Coiba (USNM 513595) and Canal de Adentro (BJP), Golfo de ChiriquI. Ecuador: Isla La Plata (ANSP 55994; SBMNH 142628; BMNH holotype). Distribution: From Isla Cedros, on the Pacific side of Baja California, and Bahia de los Angeles, Baja California and Isla Angel de la Guarda on the Baja California side of the Golfo de California, and Isla San Pedro Nolasco on the mainland side of the Golfo de California, and south to Isla La Plata, Ecuador. Shell illustrated by Alamo V. & Valdivieso M (1987) but not seen by us extends the distribution south to Chiclayo, Peru (6° 43' S). Geologic range: (as "S. crassisquama") Pliocene, Islas Coronados, Isla Carmen, Isla San Jose, all Golfo de California (Hanna & Hertlein, 1927, unfigured); (as "S. crassisquama") Pleistocene, Isla Carmen, Golfo de California (Durham, 1950); Pliocene, Isla Cerralvo, Golfo de California (Hertlein, 1957, unfigured; Emerson, 1960, unfigured); Pleistocene, Isla Maria Cleofas, Islas Tres Marias (Hertlein & Emerson, 1959, unfigured); Pleistocene, Isla Carmen, Golfo de California; Pliocene, Baja California (Moore, 1987); PLATE III Figures 21-27. Spondylus princeps Broderip, 1833. (21) La Paz, Baja California Sur, left valve 89 mm (ANSP 55992); (22) after Sowerby, 1847, pi. 88 fig. 17 (as S. pictorum Chemnitz); (23) Loreto divers, Golfo de California, left valve 97x90 mm (CS); (24) Islas Coronados, Golfo de California, left valve 102x92 mm (CS); (25) same as (23), hinge detail; (26) La Plata, Ecuador, left valve 90x85 mm (ANSP 55994); (27) encrustation detail, Isla Danzante, Golfo de California, left valve 146x145 mm (DM). Figures 28-32. Spondylus calcifer. Carpenter, 1857. (28) Lectotype (USNM 715914), Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, exterior view, pair 154x209 mm ; (29) same as (28), interior view; (30) young specimen, Isla Danzante, Golfo de California, left valve 100x100 mm (CS); (31) same as (30), interior view; (32) same as (31), hinge detail, Puerto Lobos, Sonora, Mexico, pair 98x102 mm (CS). Photographs 27, 31 by D. K. Mulliner. THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXXVn(9): 1996 Vol.XXVIII(9): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 102 early Pliocene, north of Loreto, Baja California Sur (J. Smith, 1991). Spondylus calcifer Carpenter, 1857 Figures 28-37 Spondylus calcifer Carpenter, 1857. Carpenter, 1857:152; Keen, 1971:98, fig. 210; Lamprell 1987:56, pi. 20, fig. 1; Moore, 1987: 8, pi. 4, figs. 1,2, 4, 5. Spondylus limbatus Sowerby, auctt., non Sowerby, 1847a. Reeve, 1856: pi. 9, fig. 34. Spondylus radula Lamarck, auctt., non Lamarck, 1806. Reeve, 1856: pi. 14, fig. 52. Spondylus smithi Fulton, 1915. Fulton, 1915:357, new name pro S. radula Reeve, 1856, non Lamarck, 1806. Type material and locality: S. calcifer - Lectotype herein (USNM 715914) pair, length 154 mm, height 209 mm. Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico. Description: Spondylus calcifer (figs. 28, 29) described by Carpenter is translated from the Latin as follows: ST. greatest, ponderous, solid, and for the most part circular; reddish-purple; upper valve covered with the least pointed and numerous ribs, hither and thither with irregular scaled ribs; with short scales, basally arched, above foliated; lower valve completely leafy; large area of ligament, but hgament emphatically not covered; subnacreous inside, side limb completely purple, or sometimes yellow-red; outer edges numerously and minutely crenulated; with stout teeth; well of ligament with 2-6 parallel channels, intersecting; muscle impression suborbicular, large. Additional description: Left valve with radial ribs reduced to coarse threads on some specimens. Young specimens with numerous rows of short, spatulate spines in major and minor rows on some specimens but most often indistinguishable. Very young specimens growing in protected places with short sharp spines. As shell grows, spines tend to wear off; spines on new growth short, broad (fig. 30). Right valve usually completely attached, valve taking shape of rocks on which it lives, and like other species apt to have rows of foliation. When unattached, a portion of this valve can also have sharp spines, more elongate spines, or more rarely, rows of foliation. Little trace of spines remain on adult specimens, which can weigh several pounds. Color red-purple or yellow-orange and red-purple with broad interior band around shell margin of adult specimens matching the exterior colors, band less pronounced in young specimens (fig. 31). A population from Kobbe Beach, Canal Zone, Panama, is completely orange. Shell exterior never white. Hinge teeth large and heavy (fig. 32), those in left valve brown, in right valve white and slightly grooved in young specimens. Adductor muscle scar in right valve variable from flat to deep with callus on ventral side. Shell margin crenulations more pronounced than in S. leucacanthus or S. princeps, and extend further into shell. S. calcifer has the most variable shape and greatest size of any Panamic Province Spondylus. Length to 249 mm. Discussion: Only fragments of S. calcifer syntypes remain in the BMNH (Keen, 1968) because Carpenter (1857) broke the specimens up to extract boring, nestling and cemented mollusks. The last remaining complete syntype of S. calcifer, specimen number 208 from tablet 692-699 of the Carpenter Catalog (USNM 715914) (pers. comm. Alan Kabat), consisting of two large valves is here chosen as lectotype (figs. 28-29). Spondylus limbatus Sowerby, 1847a, was described from the Persian Gulf. Without type material, which we were unable to locate, it is impossible to say if this very similar appearing species is the same as S. calcifer. The shell figured later by Reeve as S. limbatus (figs. 33, 34) (syntype, BMNH 1996059) is S. calcifer. Habitat is given by Reeve as Mazatlan and Panama. Spondylus radula Reeve, 1856, non Lamarck, 1806, (BMNH 1950.8.28.9) is also S. calcifer (figs. 35-37). Habitat: At Puerto Lobos in the upper Golfo de California, Mexico, S. calcifer can be found attached by almost the entire right valve to exposed boulders or under ledges at low tide level and below (Skoglund, 1974). In 1963, 5. calcifer were so abundant in the intertidal zone near Santispac, Bahia Concepcion, Baja California Sur, that they grew attached both to rocks and to each other (Skoglund observation). Divers report seeing them to 18 m. Distribution: The head of the Golfo de California to Peru. Material studied: Mexico: Puertecitos (AMNH 257362), Bahia Concepcion (CS); Puerto Escondido (DM), on the Baja side of the Gulf; Bahia la Cholla (CS) and Puerto Lobos (CS) on the mainland side of the Gulf. Panama: Kobbe Beach, Canal Zone (CS ex Marti collection). Peru: Caleto Mero (ANSP 188318; CASIZ 036661). Geologic range: Pleistocene, Bahia Magdalena, Baja Page 103 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(8): 1996 California Sur, Mexico (Jordan, 1936); Pleistocene, Isla Maria Cleofas, Islas Tres Marias (Hertlein & Emerson, 1959, unfigured); Pleistocene, Isla Cerralvo, Golfo de California (Emerson, 1960, unfigured); Southern California to Baja California Sur, Miocene or Pliocene through Recent (Moore, 1987). OTHER REPORTED SPECIES Spondylus dubius Broderip, 1833 Figures 38-39 Spondylus dubius Broderip, 1833:4; unfigured. Type material and locality: S. dubius - Holotype (BMNH 1950.8.28.1), pair, length 111 mm; height 105 mm. Gulf of Tehuantepec, America Centrali (Broderip, 1833). No locality on label. This name was listed as a synonym of S. princeps by some authors, including Olsson (1961) and Keen (1971), and of S. pictorum by others. The white hinge teeth and short spines of the previously unfigured holotype make it distinct from all others seen by us. The holotype label has no locality information. Because it was reported from the Golfo de Tehuantepec [Mexico] by Broderip, it is figured, but not placed as part of the Panamic Province fauna at this time. Material studied: BMNH holotype. Spondylus basilicus Reeve, 1856. Figures 40-41 Spondylus basilicus Reeve, 1856: pi. 11, fig. 41. Type material and locality: S. basilicus - Holotype (BMNH 1996058), pair, length 89 mm; height 78 mm. No locality given. The taxon has been listed as a synonym of S. crassisquama by some authors and as a synonym of 5. princeps by Lamprell (1987). Exterior similar to 5. princeps, but teeth are white, while those of S. princeps are brown. Holotype label without habitat information. Figured here for reference, but until conspecific material from the Panamic Province is found it not considered to be part of that fauna. Material studied: BMNH holotype. Spondylus cuneus Reeve, 1856 Figures 42-43 Spondylus cuneus Reeve, 1856: pi. 15, fig. 56. Lamprell, 1986:30, pi. 1, fig. 1. Spondylus calcifer Carpenter, Olsson, 1961, non Carpenter, 1857. Olsson, 1961:153, pi. 22, figs. 2, 2a. Three shells at ANSP, said to be from La Plata, Ecuador, are this species, which is currently known from the Philippines, northwestern Australia, the Solomon Islands and the West Indies (Lamprell, 1986). One of the three (ANSP 55994) was figured by Olsson (1961) as Spondylus calcifer. Since there are no other examples in museums or private collections visited, the Ecuador locality is considered erroneous. The Olsson shell (fig. 19) is included here as a matter of reference. Material studied: ANSP 55994, 55981 (2 shells in lot). CONCLUSIONS Spondylus leucacanthus is a valid species differing from S. princeps in having white hinge teeth, a deep adductor muscle scar with pronounced callus, a lack of raised radial ribs and long, narrow, frequently white spines, a deeper water habitat and epifauna of bryozoans rather than coralline algae. Spondylus Plate rv Figures 33-37. Spondylus calcifer Carpenter, 1857. (33) Spondylus Umbatus Reeve, 1856, non Sowerby, 1847, after Reeve, 1856, pi. 9 fig. 34; (34) specimen figured as Spondylus Umbatus Sowerby, 1847, by Reeve, 1856, pi. 9, spec. 34, left valve 108x95 mm (syntype, BMNH 1996059); (35) Spondylus radula Reeve, 1856, after Reeve, 1856, species 52; (36) S. radula Reeve, 1856, holotype (BMNH 1950.8.28.9), Tehuantepec, [Mexico] left valve 105x73 mm; (37) same as (36), interior view, pair. Figures 38-39. Spondylus dubius Broderip, 1833. (38) Spondylus dubius Broderip, 1833, holotype (BMNH 1950.8.28.1), left valve 111x105 mm; (39) same as (38), interior view, hinge. Figures 40-41. Spondylus basiUcus Reeve, 1856. (40) after Reeve, 1856, species 41; (41) holotype (BMNH 1996058), specimen figured by Reeve, left valve 78x89 mm. Figures 42-43. Spondylus cuneus Reeve, 1856. (42) specimen figured by Olsson, 1961, as S. calcifer. La Plata, Ecuador, left valve 62x65 mm (ANSP 55994); (43) interior view hinge. La Plata, Ecuador, pair 73x92 mm (ANSP 55981). Figure 44. Spondylus unicolor Sowerby, 1847. Specimen figured by Reeve, 1856, pi. 10 fig. 37, left valve 86x86 (BMNH 1952.6.6.36). Photographs 34, 36-39, 41, 44 with permission of the British Museum (NH). ■'■■'I I Vol.XXVIII(9): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 105 TABLE I. Characteristics most often seen in adult Panamic Province Spondylus Spondylus leucacanthus princeps calcifer Exterior features Color white to orange, coral dusty rose, purple with purple/orange. red orange spines orange/yellow, all orange, all purple Spines long, straight, narrow medium length, spamlate short, spamlate to absent on adults Radial ribs hardly apparent pronounced coarse threads Attachment area right free living, occasionally attached to rock by small most of bottom valve valve attached by small area to dead shell or rock area attached to rock Interior features Hinge teeth left valve delicate, narrow, white, heavy in gerontic specimens delicate, wide, brown large, brown Hinge teeth delicate, wide, white delicate, narrow, white large, white right valve Adductor deep, with callus flat flat to deep with callus muscle scar right valve Color narrow, usually present broad, around entire broad, around entire band near hinge, occasionally around entire margin margin margin Margin more pronounced, less finer, more evenly strongest, extending crenulations regular than in S. princeps spaced than in S. leucacanthus further into shell Habitat sand, 18 to 90 m rock, 3 to 28 m rock, intertidal to 18 m ursipes, a synonym of S. leucacanthus, differs only by having gerontic feamres, such as heavier shell, larger, more upright teeth, and longer hgamental area in some specimens. Spondylus princeps differs from S. leucacanthus in having brown hinge teeth in the left valve, a flat adductor muscle scar without callus on its ventral side, a wide interior color band, shorter more spatulate spines (not normally white), and exterior colors more often dusty rose to purple than those of 5. leucacanthus which tend to be from white to orange. Spondylus princeps occurs at a shallower depth and the epifauna tends to be coralline algae. Because the name had been used earlier by Schreibers, and because none of the names previously used as synonyms are available, a petition has been filed with the ICZN to retain Page 106 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(8): 1996 the Broderip name. Spondylus princeps Schreibers, 1793, a name long out of use, is a form of S. squamosus Schreibers, 1793, from the Philippines (Lamprell, 1987). Spondylus calcifer, by far the largest Panamic species, is an intertidal to subtidal species having brown hinge teeth, a flat adductor muscle scar, and a wide interior color band. The exterior color is most commonly purple, orange-yellow, or combinations of the two. It is usually attached by a major portion of the right valve. Young specimens may have short spamlate spines. These are usually missing on adult specimens that can weigh several pounds. A lectotype is designated herein. Acknowledgments: Conversations with Eugene V. Coan, Paul H. Scott and Judith Terry Smith provided much information and encouragement. We are grateful to Paul H. Scott (SBMNH), Dr. James H. McLean and Lindsey T. Groves (LACM), Dr. Terrence M. Gosliner (CASIZ), Dr. Alan R. Kabat and Raye Germon (USNM), Dr. William K. Emerson (AMNH), Dr. Gary Rosenberg (ANSP) and Kathie Way (BMNH) for use of material in their respective instimtions. Ann C. Payne, librarian, (SDNHM) provided some references. Dr. Hans Bertsch provided translation of the Latin descriptions. Suzanne Parlett designed the color plates and the cover. Rosemary Adams, Kirstie Kaiser, Larry Buck, Ann Marti, Betty Jean Piech, Forrest Poorman and Virginia Upton allowed use of Spondylus in their collections. A special thanks to the divers who provided additional habitat information; Rick Barilo tti, George Barton, Barton Biller, Larry Buck, Carole Hertz, John Hornbek, Kim Hutsell, John Jackson, Kirstie Kaiser, Ken and Marge Lindahl, Bobbie Nicosia, Donald Shasky and Charles Waters. One color plate was made possible by the donations of Bob and Wendy Koch, David and Margaret Mulliner, Hal and Charlotte Norrid, Paul and Carol Skoglund, and Gladys Weber. Eugene V. Coan, Paul H. Scott and Thomas R. Waller critically reviewed the manuscript. Their suggestions are greatly appreciated. The encouragement and help of Carole & Jules Hertz is especially appreciated. Photographs are by Paul Skoglund except where noted. Without his photography and constant encouragement this paper would not have been possible. LITERATURE CITED ABBOTT, R. TUCKER 1954. American Seashells; the Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 541 pp., 40 pis., 100 figs. 1974. American Seashells; the Marine Mollusca of the Atlantic and Pacific Coasts of North America. 2nd ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 663 pp., 24 pis., numerous text figs. ADAMS, CHARLES BAKER 1852. Catalogue of shells collected at Panama, with notes on synonymy, station, and habitat. . . Annals of the Lyceum of Namral History of New York 5:229-296 (Jun.); 297-549 (Jul.). ALAMO V., VICTOR & VIOLET A VALDTVIESO M. 1987. Lista sistematica de moluscos marinos del Peru. Instituto del Mar del Peru Boletin. Volumen extraordinario, 205 pp, 284 figs. BERNARD, FRANK R. 1983. Catalogue of the living Bivalvia of the eastern Pacific Ocean: Bering Strait to Cape Horn. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61:1-102. BERRY, S. STILLMAN 1959. Notices of new eastern Pacific Mollusca - III. Leaflets in Malacology 1(18), 107-114 (Jul. 29). BRODERIP, WILLIAM J. 1833. Characters of new species of Mollusca and Conchifera, collected by Mr. Cuming. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London {Spondylus) pp. 4-8 (May 17). BUCK, LARRY 1990. A dive trip to San Benitos Island. The Fesdvus 22(2);21- 22, 1 fig. (Feb. 8). CARPENTER, PHILIP P. 1857. Catalogue of the Collection of Mazatlan Shells in the British Museum: collected by Frederick Reigen .... London (British Museum) 552 pp. CHENU, J. C. 1845. Illustrations Conchy liologiques, ou description et Figures de toutes les Coquilles Connues, Vivantes et Fossiles, classes suivant le System de Lamarck. G. Spondylus. Spondyle Linne:l-9, pis. 1-32. 1862. Manuel de Conchyliologie et de Paleontologie Conchyliologique 2 (Spondylus):\90-192, figs. 962-973. COX, L. R. 1928. The varietal names for Spondylus in K. Schreibers' Versuch Finer Vollstandigen Conchylienkermtniss. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 18: 251-254. DURHAM, J. WYATT 1950. 1940 E. W. Scripps cruise to the Gulf of California Pan II. Megascopic paleontology and marine stratigraphy. The Geological Society of America Memoir 43 (2) i-v -t- 215 pp., 48 pis. (Aug. 10). DUSHANE, HELEN & ROY POORMAN 1967. A checklist of mollusks for Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. The Veliger 9(4):413-441 (Apr.l). EISENBERG, JEROME M. 1981. A Collector's Guide to Seashells of the World. McGraw- Hill, N.Y. 240 pp., 158 pis., many line drawings. EMERSON, WILLIAM K. 1960. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedition to western Mexico. 11. Pleistocene invertebrates from Cerralvo Island. Novitates 1995:1-6, 1 fig. (Mar. 29). FULTON, HUGH C. 1915. A list of the Recent species of Spondylus Linne, with some notes and descriptions of six new forms. Journal of Vol.XXVIII(9): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 107 Conchology 14(11)331-338; 14(12)353-362. HANNA, G. DALLAS & LEO GEORGE HERTLEIN 1927. Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Gulf of California in 1921. Geology and Paleontology. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 16(6): 137-157 (Apr. 22). HERTLEIN, LEO GEORGE 1957. Pliocene and Pleistocene fossils from the southern portion of the Gulf of California. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 56(2):57-75, figs. 1-14 (Aug. 31). HERTLEIN, LEO GEORGE & WILLIAM K. EMERSON 1959. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedition to western Mexico 5. Pliocene and Pleistocene megafossils from the Tres Marias Islands. Novitates 1940:1-15, fig. 1-5 (Jun. 5). HERTLEIN, LEO GEORGE & A. M. STRONG 1946. 5. Eastern Pacific expeditions of the New York Zoological Society 34. Mollusks from the west coast of Mexico and Central America. Part HI. Zoologica 31(2):53-76, pi. 1 (Aug. 20). HERTZ, CAROLE M. 1984. Illustration of the types named by S. Stillman Berry in his "Leaflets in Malacology." The Festivus 15, Supplement, 41 pp., 92 figs. (Jan. 10). JORDAN, ERIC KNIGHT 1936. The Pleistocene fauna of Magdalena Bay, Lower California. Contributions from Stanford Geology Department 1(4): 107-163, pis. 17-19. KEEN, A. MYRA 1968. West American mollusk types at the British Museum (Natural History). IV. (Carpenter's Mazatlan Collection. The Veliger l(X4):389-439, pis. 55-59, text figs. 1-171 (Apr. 1). 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America: Marine Mollusks from Baja California to Peru. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Calif. i-xiv-)-1064 pp., ca. 4000 figs., 22 color pis. KlISTER, C. H. 1858. Die Gattungen Spondylus und Pecten [section on Spondylus only]. In Martini und Chemnitz Systematisches Conchylien-Cabinet 7(7): 1-32, pis. 8-10, 19-30. LAMPRELL, KEVIN 1987. Spondylus Spiny Oyster Shells of the World. E. J. Brill, 84 pp., 30 pis. LAMY, EDOUARD 1909. Pelecypodes recuiellis par M. L. Diguet dans le Golfe de Califomie (1894-1905). Journal de Conchyliologie 57:207-254. 1938. Revision des Spondylus vivants de Museum National D'Histoire de Paris. Journal de Conchyliologie 82(3): 177-214; 82(4):265-306. MOORE, ELLEN JAMES 1987. Tertiary marine pelecypods of California and Baja California: Plicatulidae to Ostreidae. United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1228C, 53 pp., pis. 1-34. NORRID, HAL & CHARLOTTE 1994. The secret is out: a new mousetrap has been invented! The Festivus 26(5):57, fig. 1 (May 12). OLSSON, AXEL A. 1961. Mollusks of the tropical eastern Pacific particularly from the southern half of the Panamic-Pacific faunal province (Panama to Peru). Panamic - Pacific Pelecypoda. Paleontological Research Institution 574 pp., pis. 1-86 (Mar. 10). REEVE, LOVELL AUGUSTUS 1856. Monograph of the genus Spondylus. Conchologica Iconica: or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals 9, pis. 1-18. SCHREIBERS, KARL 1793. Versuch einer vollstandigen Conchylienkenntniss nach Linnaeus System, Vienna vol. 2:i-vi-i- 1-416. SHASKY, DONALD R. 1980. Spondylus princeps in Ecuadorian antiquity. The Festivus 12(1):9-11 (Jan.). SKOGLUND, CAROL 1974. Intertidal Marine Mollusca of Cape Tepoca, Sonora, Mexico. M. Sc. Thesis. Arizona State University: 69 pp. SMITH, EDGARD A. 1884. Report on the Zoological Collections made in the Indo- Pacific Ocean during the Voyage of H.M.S. "Alert" 1881- 2. British Museum of Natural History, London, i-xxv-H- 684; pis. 1-54. SMITH, JUDITH TERRY 1989. Conttasting megafaunal and sedimentary records from opposite ends of the Gulf of California; implication for interpreting its Tertiary history. In Patrick L. Abbott, ed.. Geologic Studies in Baja California: Pacific Section, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Book 63:27-36, 4 pis. (Oct.). 1991. Cenozoic marine mollusks and paleogeography of the Gulf of California. In J. Paul Dauphin & B. R. T. Simoneit, eds.. The Gulf and Peninsular Province of the Califomias, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 47, Chapter 31:637-666. SMITH, MAXWELL 1944. Panamic Marine Shells. Synonymy, Nomenclature, Range and Illustrations. Tropical Photographic Laboratory, Winter Park, Florida 127 pp., 912 figs. SOWERBY, GEORGE B. II 1847a. Descriptions of several new species of Spondylus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1847: 86-88. 1847b. Monographs of the genera Spondylus, Plicatula, Pedum. Thesaurus Conchyliorum; or, monographs of genera of shells 1(8):417-I33, pis. 84-91. 1859. Descriptions of new shells in the collection of H. Cuming. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London for 1859: (27):428-29 (Oct 1859-Feb. 1860). WALLER, THOMAS R. 1978. Morphology, morphoclines and a new classification of the Pteriomorphia (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B. 284:345-365, figs. 1-2. YONGE, Charles. M. 1973. Functional morphology with particular reference to hinge and ligament in Spondylus and Plicatula and a discussion on relations within the superfamily Pectinacea (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B 267(883): 173-208, figs. 1-26 (Dec. 13). ZAVAREI, AHMAD 1973. Monographic des Spondylidae (Lamellibranches) actuels et fossiles. Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches de Paleontologie Biosnatigraphique. Notes et Contributions 4: 233 pp., 43 figs., 16 pis. (Jun 15). ISSN 0738-9388 <3ti- Ao{ Volume: XXVIII THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club October 10, 1996 Number: 10 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Bill Romer Terry Arnold Kim Hutsell Silvana Vollero Margaret Mulliner Kay Klaus CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian FESTTVUS STAFF Editor Business Manager Photographer Linda L. Hutsell Margaret Mulliner Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz David K. Mulliner MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $15.00; Overseas (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $30.00; Mexico/ Canada (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $20.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., do 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences Anthony D'Attilio c/o Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr. Laguna Beach, CA 92651 Douglas J. Eernisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson Americcm Museum of Natural History Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences James H. McLean lx)S Angeles County Museum of Natural History Barry Roth Research Associate Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Paul Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Emily H. Vokes Tulane University Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park PROGRAM Mechanisms for Protecting San Diego Bay and its Marine Habitat Craig Sherman, a San Diego attorney with a law will be the speaker for the evening. This is an issue practice emphasizing environmental and land use issues vital to all of us. Club news 109 On the identification of Coralliophila nux (Reeve, 1846) George E. Metz 110 A new record for Cypraecassis tenuis (Gastropoda; Cassidae) off the Pacific coast of Baja California del Sur, Mexico Henry W. Chaney 112 Murexiella venustula from the Galapagos with an illustration of its protoconch Carole M. Hertz 114 Two meetings announced 115 Page 109 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(IO): 1996 CLUB NEWS Membership Announcement As usual, subscriptions for membership received after October 1 are automatically considered to be for for the upcoming year -- in this case 1997. To receive a complete volume for 1996 after October 1, the cost will be $20 for domestic subscribers. For overseas members, add $5 to the current subscription rate. Membership for 1997 is the same as for 1996 (see masthead). Included with the November issue will be the "pink shp" for 1997 dues. Those interested should add their FAX and E-mail numbers on the "pink slip" if they want them included on the roster for 1997. The September Party It was a lovely party - some members even came in costume! The Arnold's deck was filled with attendees enjoying the evening air and each other's company as well as the opportunity to view Terry's collection. After a period of wine sipping and partaking of the contents of a beautiful antipasto tray prepared by Marty Arnold, guests dug in to the assorted dinner goodies. If you didn't make it to the party, you missed a very good time. Our thanks to Marty and Terry Arnold for again hosting this event. The Christmas Party The Annual Christmas diimer party will be held on Saturday evening, December 14th in the Montfield Room of the Four Points Sheraton Inn. Mark your calendar and plan to attend. Details concerning menu, price and time will be announced at the October meeting. Received for the Club Library The 1996-97 edition of Tom Rice's A Sheiler's Directory of Clubs, Books, Periodicals and Dealers was sent to the Club library. This 114 page comb- bound publication was sent to those clubs that completed the information form for this 20th edition. A form will be available at the October meeting for those members who wish to order personal copies. Also available will be the entry forms for those who wish to be included in the 1997 edition of Tom Rice's Directory of Conchologists. Listings are free. A Motion Sickness Remedy A "Readers' tips" note in a recent issue of The San Diego Union-Tribune included a letter from Yvonne Wiltens of Chula Vista whose husband studied herbs. She wrote that ginger is a remedy for motion sickness. She said that regular ground ginger or crystallized ginger in the dried fruit section of the market works, as well as putting the dried ginger in gelatin capsules. She says the capsules work best and suggests taking two capsules before leaving on a boat, car, plane etc. Fall Sale at the October Meeting With cooler weather arriving, it isn't too soon to stock up on sweatshirts. They'll be available at the October meeting for $15.00, essentially at cost. Also on sale will be the t-shirts, still at $10.00, and the remaining Club mugs. The 2nd National Shell Show at Whangarei, New Zealand The Whangarei Shell Club announces that it will be hosting the 2nd National Shell Show in Whangarei on 19-22 June 1997. The show will be run in conjunction with the Whangarei Rock and Gemstone Club in a large conference venue in central Whangarei. It will be a judged show catering to most classes of mo Husks, including fossils. Judges will comprise several internationally known collectors and malacologists. There will be SCUBA diving and sightseeing trips, possibly visits to collections and space available for dealers to sell their material at the show. Inquiries received after 30 November 1996 cannot be guaranteed inclusion in the show. For further information contact: The Shell Show Secretary, Mrs. E.A. Crosby, 29 Bush Road, Kamo, Whangarei, New Zealand. Phone/FAX (09) 4352555. Vol. XXVIII(IO): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 110 ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF CORALLIOPHILA NUX (REEVE, 1846) GEORGE E. METZ 121 Wild Horse Valley Dr., Novato, CA 94947, USA The colonial zoanthid anemone identified and pictured by Kerstitch (1989) as Palythoa ignota is a common inhabitant of the intertidal area of the Golfo de California. Keen (1971) reported the association of the architectonicid species Heliacus bicanaliculatus (Valenciennes, 1832) with this zoanthid which presumably uses the zoanthid as prey. A coralliophilid has also been observed associated with this same species of zoanthid and also appears to be feeding on the zoanthid. The preliminary identification of the involved moUusk was Coralliophila nwc (Reeve, 1846). Other observers felt that the species was Coralliophila parva (E.A. Smith, 1877). This prompted me to make a more thorough investigation concerning the correct identity of the involved species. In Keen (1971), figure 1064 pictures two syntypes of C. nux (Reeve, 1846) from the British Museum of Natural History (on left) and a specimen from Stanford University (on right), and in figure 1066, two syntypes from the British Museum of C. parva (E. A. Smith, 1877) (on left) and a specimen from Stanford University (on right). Shells of both species appear similar, are close in size, and the major difference appears to be the more heavily corded spiral ribs on C. parva. Further illustrations of type specimens were presented by Kosuge and Suzuki (1985). The types of C. nux were illustrated in pi. 42, figs. 12, 13 (BMNH no. 1985040) and the type of C. parva was illustrated in pi. 47, fig. 8 (BMNH no. 1876.6.28.9). The reader is referred to this reference for illustrations. The photograph of C. parva in Kosuge and Suzuki appears to be the same specimen portrayed in Keen (1971, upper figure) and in the original description by Smith (Figure 1). The descriptions in Kosuge and Suzuki describe C. nux as having "closely set, scabrous, spiral cords" and C. parva as having "broad, scabrous spiral ribs which alternate in size." C. parva, in their 1 2 Figures 1, 2. (1) Coralliophila parva (E.A. Smitih, 1877), after Smith, 1877, pi. 11, fig. 6 (2) Coralliophila nux (Reeve, 1846), after Reeve, 1846, fig. 181. photographs, appears to be a more elongate shell. Reeve (1846) pictured and described Murex nux in Conchologia Iconica, Vol. Ill, species 181 (Figure 2) with the following diagnostic features. "The Nut Murex. Shell abbreviately ovate, rather thick, transversely obsoletely striated, umbilicated at the base, spire short, acuminated; seven- varicose, varices thick, solid, slightly nodose at the upper part, canal rather short, white within and without." E. A. Smith (1877:70) reported Rhizochilus (Coralliophila) parvus as "a short fusiformly-ovate shape, entirely white; the whorls are spirally lirated; two of the lirations on the upper whorls being stouter than the others; and those on the last are regularly alternately large and small, the stout ones being twice as thick as the latter. The aperture is bluish white, pyriform, and prolonged into the basal channel, which is somewhat recurved; the columella is straightish, thinly callous, smooth and shining; the labrum is strongly crenulated on the margin and armed within with about ten lirations, which do not extend far within the apeiture." A review of C. nux and C. parva in the collections of the California Academy of Sciences, revealed that the two species have been intermingled under each Page 111 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(IO): 1996 name by a few collectors and that both species have about the same distribution, including the Galapagos. Superficially both species appear very similar with few characteristics that distinguish them. After examination of the lots at the California Academy of Sciences and comparisons made with the published descriptions and photographs of the references, the following diagnostic differences can be made. First, the spiral ribs of C. nux tend to be variable, ranging from almost smooth to scabrous and may range in height from flat to raised in various combinations, while the spiral ribs of C. parva are scabrous and consistently alternate in size. The junction of the outer lip with the body whorl in C. parva is almost 90° making a higher spired shell. This difference in junction also appears to be a distinguishing feature between the two species and raises the question as to the identity of the two syntypes illustrated by Keen (1971). The upper left shell (figure 1064) does not resemble the others in the photograph and fits the criterion for C. parva. The original illustration of C. nux by Reeve more closely resembles the lower left specimen of Keen's figure 1064. This same distinction can be seen in the Kosuge and Suzuki figures of the British Museum syntypes of C. nux in which their figure 13 appears to be Reeve's figured syntype. Examination of the syntypes will verify the identities of these two types. The species of coralliophilid associated with Palythoa ignota appears to this observer to be Coralliophila nux (Reeve, 1846). As another discussant said, "What's the problem, nux is the short fat one and parva is longer?" This seems to be the best criterion. The real point is that if you would like to find this species, look for the zoanthid and feel between the anemones, C. nux will be found feeding on the common base of the zoanthid. LITERATURE CITED KEEN, A. MYRA 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America, Second edition. Stanford Univ. Press. Stanford, CA, 1064+pp., illus. KERSTITCH, ALEX 1989. Sea of Cortez Marine Invertebrates. A Guide for the Pacific coast. Mexico to Ecuador. Sea Challengers. Monterey, CA, 113 pp., illus. KOSUGE, SADAO & MASAJI SUZUKI 1985. Illustrated catalogue of Latiaxis and its related groups; family Coralliophilidae. Institute of Malacology of Tokyo. Special publication No. 1. 85 pp, illus. REEVE, LOVELL. 1845-1846. Conchologia Iconica, vol. 3, Murex, 36 pis. (pis. 1- 34, issued Apr. to Oct. 1845; pis. 35, 36 issued Apr. 1846). SMITH, E. A. 1877. Account of the zoological collection made during the visit of H.M.S. ’Peterer[s/c] to the Galapagos Islands. IV Mollusca. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, for 1877, pp. 69-73, pl. 11, fig. 6. Vol. XXVIII(IO): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 112 A NEW RECORD FOR CYPRAECASSIS TENUIS (GASTROPODA: CASSIDAE) OFF THE PACIFIC COAST OF BAJA CALIFORNIA DEL SUR, MEXICO HENRY W. CHANEY Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA Although Cypraecassis tenuis (Wood, 1828) is well known as the largest of the living cassids from the Panamic Province, its relative rarity has meant that the extent of its distribution within this region is continuing to be defined. From Baja California, Abbott (1968) listed specimens taken from Isla Carmen and Cabo San Lucas. He also cited records from Islas Tres Marias, Clipperton Island and the Galapagos. Shasky (1989) has also reported on this species from Isla del Coco (where I collected dead and broken specimens in 1991 and 1992). Emerson (1995) listed the species as also occurring at Isla Clarion and Islas Revillagigedo. While Keen (1971) stated that C. tenuis occurs from La Paz to Ecuador, the southern limits of its distribution along the mainland have not been detailed because generalized reference to “Ecuador” may often just apply to the Galapagos. For these islands, Finet (1994) has summarized records of occurrence. To these reports can be added the very large, 168 mm specimen collected by Wayne Harland in February 1988 from Isla Rabida [Jervis I.] (Harland, 1988). In recent years a large number of specimens have been collected from the central part of the Golfo de California, in the vicinity of Mulege, and in July 1993 we collected several specimens from Isla San Pedro Martir (29°25’N). There have been no published reports which have extended the range of C. tenuis past this point into the northern Gulf. Records of C. tenuis along the Pacific coast of Baja California have previously been unreported. Because many taxa from the Panamic Province are found as far north as Isla Cedros, it would be expected that beach shells of C. tenuis have probably been collected historically throughout this region as conspicuous souvenirs. In fact the only record I found in local collections was a beach worn fragment at the Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History (LACM 67-72.12) taken by James McLean in December 1967 from northeast of Punta Belcher, Bahia Magdalena (24°36'N). This note reports the collection of living specimens from a shoal approximately 100 miles northwest of Bahia Magdalena. On 2 November 1995, John Kirkpatrick of the vessel “Megalodon” collected four adult specimens of Cypraecassis tenuis from 30 m at the “13 Fathom Spot” (25°43.076N, 113°07.858W). All four shells were exposed in sand pockets. The largest specimen taken (SBMNH 55247) measured 143 mm and is shown here in Figures 1 and 2. The other three specimens are held in the collections of John Jackson and Larry Buck. Readers are encouraged to report any additional records which may extend the known range of this species, either up the Pacific coast of Baja California, into the northern regions of the Gulf, or south to the mainland of South America. ACKNOWLEDGMENT My thanks to Larry Buck for the donation of the specimen of Cypraecassis tenuis to the SBMNH collections. LITERATURE CITED ABBOTT, R. TUCKER 1968. The helmet shells of the world (Cassidae). Pt. 1. Indo-Pacific Mollusca 2(9):7-201, 1-187 figs., 13 color pis. EMERSON, WILLIAM K. 1995. A zoogeographic summary of the marine mollusks of the Revillagigedo Islands (tropical eastern Pacific Ocean). The Festivus 27(1):3-18, 1 map. Page 113 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(IO): 1996 FINET, YVES 1994. The marine mollusks of the Galapagos Islands: a documented faunal list. Editions du Museum d’Histoire naturelle de Geneve. 1-180 pp. HARLAND, WAYNE 1988. Shell collecting and the Galapagos Islands, Part 2. American Conchologist 16(3):3-5, 3 figs. KEEN, A. MYRA 1971. Sea Shells of Tropical West America. 2nd edition, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, i-xiv + 1064 pp. SHASKY, DONALD R. 1989. My last seven years - at Cocos Island. The Festivus 21(8):72-75, figs. 1-4. Figures 1, 2. Cypraecassis tenuis (Wood, 1828), 143 mm L, SBMNH 55247 (1) apertural view (2) dorsal view. Vol. XXVIII(IO): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 114 MUREXIELLA VENUSTULA FROM THE GALAPAGOS WITH AN ILLUSTRATION OF ITS PROTOCONCH CAROLE M. HERTZ' Associate, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA After identifying some small muricids from the Kirstie L. Kaiser Collection from the Islas Galapagos, Dr. Emily Yokes had suggested figuring the beautiful protoconch on a tiny (2.0 mm) juvenile specimen of Murexiella vemstula Poorman, 1983 (Figures 1,2). The species was described as containing five whorls with a three-whorled turbinate protoconch, the protoconch of the mature specimen illustrated by a camera lucida drawing (Poorman, 1983, fig. 5). Details of the protoconch of this 2 mm specimen shown in camera lucida drawings (Figures 3, 4), highlight the highly foliose spines at the onset of the teleoconch seen in Figures 1 and 2. These spines are most likely more worn on mature specimens such as the holotype.. Emily H. Yokes identified the small muricids in the Kirstie L. Kaiser collection, David K. Mulliner photographed the specimens, and Joyce Gemmell made the camera lucida drawings. I greatly appreciate their help. LITERATURE CITED POORMAN, LEROY H. 1983. New molluscan species (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda) from the tropical eastern Pacific. The Veliger 26(l):5-9, figs. 1-7. Figures 1 & 2. Murexiella venustula Poorman, 1983. 12 mm L, Isla James, Islas Galapagos, Ecuador, intertidal, tumable lava rock. Leg. K. L. Kaiser, February 19, 1988, K. L. Kaiser collection, (1) dorsal view (2) apertural view. Photos: D. K. Mulliner. ^ Mailing address: 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111, USA Page 115 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(IO): 1996 Figures 3 & 4. Murexiella venustula, camera lucida drawings of protoconch of specimen shown in Figures 1,2. (3) dorsal view (4) apertural view. TWO MEETINGS ANNOUNCED Federal and International Scientific Permits: a workshop for natural history museums and collectors. January 29-31, 1997 are the dates for this meeting presented by the San Diego Natural History Museum (SDNHM) and the Association of Systematics Collections (ASC). The meetings will be held at the SDNHM in the official languages of English and Spanish with simultaneous translation facilities provided. Registration (before November 15) @ $250; after November 15 @ $300. Guest ticket (evening only) @ $20. For further information concerning program and special events, contact: Permits Workshop Registration, Director, Collections Care and Conservation, San Diego Natural History Museum, P.O. Box 1390, San Diego, CA 92112, USA. Phone (619) 232-3821, x226 or FAX (619) 232-0248 or e-mail LIBSDHNM@CLASS.ORG Southern California Malacologists Meeting. An informal meeting of short talks or presentations on topics in malacology or current research projects in the format of the Bay Area Malacologists will be held on Saturday, January 11, 1997 at the Department of Geological Sciences at San Diego State University. There is no fee for this meeting. Anyone interested in attending or giving a presentation should contact either: Kent Trego, 441 Ravina St., #3, La Jolla CA 92037 phone (619) 456- 7655 or George Kennedy, Dept, of Geological Sciences, SDSU, San Diego CA 92182-1020 FAX (619) 594-4372. ISSN 0738-9388 &. L 40 { !AC>i i- Volume: XXVIII THE FESTIVUS A publication of the San Diego Shell Club November 14, 1996 Number: 11 CLUB OFFICERS President Vice President Secretary (Corres.) Secretary (Record.) Treasurer Past President Bill Romer Terry Arnold Kim Hutsell Silvana Vollero Margaret Mulliner Kay Klaus CLUB STAFF Historian Librarian FESTIVUS STAFF Editor Business Manager Photographer Linda L. Hutsell Margaret Mulliner Carole M. Hertz Jules Hertz David K. Mulliner MEMBERSHIP AND SUBSCRIPTION Annual dues are payable to San Diego Shell Club. Membership (includes family). Domestic $15.00; Overseas (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $30.00; Mexico/ Canada (surface mail): $18.00, (air mail): $20.00. Address all correspondence to the San Diego Shell Club, Inc., c/o 3883 Mt. Blackburn Ave., San Diego, CA 92111 The Festivus is published monthly except December. The publication date appears on the masthead above. Single copies of this issue: $5.00 plus postage. SCIENTIFIC REVIEW BOARD Rudiger Bieler Field Museum of Natural History Henry W. Chaney Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Eugene V. Coan Research Associate California Academy of Sciences Anthony D'Attilio c/o Booth, 2315 Hillview Dr. Laguna Beach, CA 92651 Douglas J. Eernisse California State University, Fullerton William K. Emerson American Museum of Natural History Terrence M. Gosliner California Academy of Sciences James H. McLean Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Barry Roth Research Associate Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Paul Scott Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Emily H. Vokes Tulane University Meeting date: third Thursday, 7:30 PM Room 104, Casa Del Prado, Balboa Park PROGRAM New Contributions to the Paleontological Record in San Diego County Dr. Thomas A. Demere, Curator of Paleontology at the San Diego Natural History Museum, will give an illustrated talk on paleontological field work in coastal San Diego County over the last 16 years with resultant discoveries of many new fossil-producing localities with fossils from the Cretaceous through the Pleistocene. Recent species of the genus Petricola in the eastern Pacific (Bivalvia: Veneroidea) Recent species of the genus Petricola in the eastern Pacific (Bivalvia: Veneroidea) Eugene V. Coan 118 The Festivus announces a supplement to Volume XXVIII 124 Finding Epitoniums at Santa Crtiz Island, California Bob Pike 125 Book news: Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel, Volume 9. The Mollusca Part 2 — The Gastropoda by McLean & Gosliner, reviewed Rudiger Bieler, reviewer 126 Coral Reef Animals of the Indo Pacific by Gosliner, Behrens & Williams, reviewed Ron H. McPeak, reviewer 127 A selected index to Volume XXVIII (1996) 128 Page 117 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVlII(ll): 1996 CLUB NEWS From the Minutes of the Meeting of the San Diego Shell Club, 17 October 1996 Bill called the meeting to order at 7:50 p.m. The minutes of the August meeting were accepted as published in The Festivus. Bill thanked the Arnolds again for hosting a terrific party. Bill told everyone to mark their calendars for the Christmas Party on Samrday, December 14 at the Four Points Sheraton Hotel. The cost and menu are the same as last year: $23. per person for the choice of Chicken Marsala, Roast Pork with apple cinnamon smffing, or a Vegetarian Plate. The Club will provide dinner wine and there will be a no-host bar. Kay Klaus explained that there will be a shell exchange. Participants are asked to bring a gift-wrapped shell and put only the general location on the box. The Christmas Party is also the time for the installation of officers for the new year. On behalf of the Board, Bill presented the following names for the 1997 officers: Terry Arnold for President, Wes Farmer for Vice-President, Margaret Mulliner for Treasurer, Kim Hutsell for Corresponding Secretary, and Silvana Vollero for Recording Secretary. The election of officers will take place at the November meeting. Bill also mentioned that there were several flyers at the front table regarding publications and information on the Shell Desk Diary. If there are enough members interested in purchasing the calendar, the Club can order them with a discount. Wes Farmer asked about a Botanical Garden Foundation Rep. The Club still does not have one. No one at the meeting volunteered for the position. The next date of the informal get-together at Kay’s house is on Samrday, November 16. Call Kay for details. Terry Arnold introduced the evening's speaker, Craig Sherman. Craig is a private practice attorney who is working with a group called Environmental Advocates on a lawsuit to clean up San Diego Bay. His talk focused on what is being done, what are the current conditions, and what are the goals for the fumre. The San Diego Bay is the first major project of Environmental Advocates. Though there are a lot of jurisdictions involved, the Port District is the primary oversight body whose purpose is to promote fisheries. commerce, navigation, and recreation in the Bay. Some of the current conditions include sediment impairment, toxic hot spots, pollutants, fish population decline, and human health implications. Craig mentioned that some of the problems are being created by decisions of the District itself, development projects in environmentally sensitive areas, lack of enforcement, storm drain run-off, hot water drained into the Bay by the power plant, and boat activity. Craig suggested some actions which can be taken which do not cost an unreasonable amount of money. These were: applying allocated moneys to areas of concern, approaching the scientific community for their ideas, and partially treating storm water. Some options also include fish and shellfish farms and replanting eel grass. For more information on the work of Environmental Advocates, contact John Hartley, President, at 619-299-9970. Craig’s talk led to many interesting questions and comments from Club members since we all share a concern for the environment of the Bay. The winner of the door prize was Jean Danko. The meeting was adjourned for refreshments and conversation at 8:50 p.m. Silvana Vollero The Club Christmas Dinner Party As noted in the Minutes, the Club Christmas Party will be held on Saturday evening December 14th at the Four Points Hotel at 8110 Aero Drive in San Diego - cocktails at 6 p.m., dinner at 7 p.m. The dinner menu choices and prices ($23 per person including tax and gramity) are the same as last year. When you make your reservation, please note on the check which entree you prefer - the Chicken Marsala, Roast Pork or a Vegetarian Plate. Dinner reservations must be received by Friday December 6th. And do participate in the shell gift exchange. It’s great fun! Ask the Four Points Hotel for the special holiday rate of $53 -I- occupancy tax if you wish to spend the night at the hotel. Call them at 619-277-8888. Dues are Due Dues for 1997, the same as in 1996, are due. Please remit with "pink slip" included with this issue. Vol. XXVIII(ll): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 118 RECENT SPECIES OF THE GENUS PETRICOLA IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC [BIVALVIA: VENEROIDEA] EUGENE V. CO AN Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Rd., Santa Barbara, California 93105, USA In the course of preparing a volume on the bivalves of the northeastern Pacific, my attention was drawn to some nomenclatural problems involving the bivalve genus Petricola. The eventual result was an effort to stabilize their species-level taxonomy. The taxonomic units at the generic level in the PetricoUdae and, indeed, at the family level within the Veneroidea, are much in need of modem treatment. While I did not endeavor to prepare a cladistic analysis of the family or superfamily, I attempted to lay a stable foundation for such studies by reviewing previous work on the morphology and biology of species in the Petricola complex and providing a brief analysis of the nomenclature of relevant genera. There are more petricolas in the eastern Pacific than anywhere else in the world, and they proved difficult to understand. Table 1 is a listing of the eastern Pacific and western Atlantic petricolid species. Unlike Petricola carditoides, one of the most common marine bivalves on the West Coast, many other taxa are rare, making it difficult to understand the hmits of their variability. There is also a high proportion of missing type material, compounded by early, cryptic, unillustrated descriptions. However, I was able to locate type material for most of the species-level taxa, and 15 lectotype designations will be made in my formal paper. There is a considerable literature on the anatomy, functional morphology, and behavior of some members of the Petricolidae, beginning with observations by Deshayes and Philippi in the 1830s and 40s on the Mediterranean Petricola lithophaga and Gould on the American Petricolaria pholadiformis . Fischer added anatomical information about the eastern Pacific Petricola denticulata and the Caribbean and Pacific Choristodon robustum in the late 1850s. A thin scattering of additional information appeared over the next 100 years, until Purchon’s major study on Petricolaria pholadiformis and Yonge’s discussion of the eastern Pacific Petricola carditoides. Narchi described the functional morphology of Choristodon robustum and of his new Petricolaria stellae, and Morton reviewed the functional morphology of Claudiconcha japonica, a nestler in which the margin of the right valve curls around and partly encloses the left. Nielsen discussed Petricola lapicida, type species of the genus Petricola, and provided evidence that burrowing might be aided by chemical action. Morton discussed the anatomy of the eastern Pacific Cooperella subdiaphana and synonymized the Cooperellidae with the Petricolidae. (The two species of Cooperella are listed below but not further discussed.) The basic family-level characters of the Petricolidae are three cardinal teeth in the left valve and two in the right, as opposed to the Veneridae, which has three teeth in each and sometimes laterals as well. However, it is possible that the loss of a cardinal tooth in the right valve has occurred independently at least twice in taxa that have been allocated to the Petricolidae, making it an artificial group. I am fairly certain that the species I am treating, which additionally have radial sculpture and a nestling or boring habitat, probably belong within the same clade. Within our taxa, many species have a characteristic shape. For example, species of Petricolaria, which penetrate soft substrata are always elongate, whereas Choristodon robustum, which nestles in cavities in hard calcareous substrata, is always ovate. However, other species, can vary enormously in shape. External sculpture is very useful and often diagnostic. Radial sculpture predominates, but commarginal elements may also be present. The shape of the pallial sinus is an important character in petricolids, particularly its depth, the extent to which it is horizontal or is dorsally directed, and whether it is rounded or pointed anteriorly. The pallial line may be coincident or entirely separate from the pallial sinus and may be bowed dorsally anterior to the sinus. Nearly all the species treated have two cardinal Page 119 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(ll): 1996 teeth in the right valve and three in the left, but the left anterior cardinal may be absent in the adult, or in one species it may be lacking entirely at all sizes. The hinge and teeth differ in their size and robustness, and in such details as which are bifid. The extent to which the external ligament is sunken below the hinge margin is also important. Although most species are drab, being white or tinged with brown, color pattern can provide important clues, and one species is bright red internally. At present, I see no clear basis for separating the genus Petricola from the subsequently named genus Pseudoirus, which was established for a Japanese species, chiefly on the basis that it does not occur in coral. Members of Petricola, s.s. have fine, divaricate, sometimes zig-zag sculpture, an ovate shape, and a well-sunken ligament. Eastern Pacific species include the very rare Petricola botula Olsson, 1961, known from only five lots, which occurs from Mazatlan, Sinaloa, Mexico, to Panama, boring into rock or clay. Petricola carditoides (Conrad, 1837) (Figures 1, 2) is the most common Californian species, and it has eight synonyms because of its variable shape [calif omica Conrad, legumen, arcuata, cylindracea and mirabilis Deshay es, gibba Middendorff and abrupta and pedroana Conrad]. A difficult nomenclatural problem concerns mirabilis Deshayes, which, although described from California, was attributed to Japan by Lischke, and subsequent workers did not question this. However, its holotype is a specimen of P. carditoides. In the meanwhile, the distinct Japanese species being called mirabilis was made the type species of the genus Pseudoirus. The common Californian species [516 lots] occurs from southeast Alaska to southern Baja California, nestling in rocky areas. It is known from deposits as old as the Pliocene, but Miocene records are probably in error. Figure 1. Petricola (Petricola) carditoides (Conrad, 1837). Holotype ofF. mirabilis Deshayes, 1853. Monterey, California. Length: 35.9 mm. Figure 2. Petricola (Petricola) carditoides. CAS 102524. Monterey, California. Left valve. Length: 32.7 mm. Petricola (Petricola) linguafelis Carpenter, 1857, (Figure 3) with two synonyms [scobina Conrad and noemi de Folin], never exceeds about 7 mm. It occurs from Baja California Sur and Sinaloa, Mexico, to Ecuador. It is known from 23 lots. It has a very distinctive beaded sculpmre that sets it apart from the young of related taxa. Its affinities seem to be with Petricola, s.s., of which it may be a pedogenic derivative. I have examined a valve from the Bahamas that is similar and may be an undescribed homologue. Figure 3. Petricola (Petricola) linguafelis Carpenter, 1857. LACM 70-9. Salinas, Guayas Province, Ecuador. Left valve. Length: 4.2 mm. Petricola (Petricola) lucasana Hertlein & Strong, 1948, (Figure 4) occurs from Puerto Penasco, at the head of the Golfo de California to Ecuador. The unique type of the synonymous Petricola charapota Olsson, 1961, from Ecuador has its beaks very close to the anterior end, whereas in the Golfo de California, lucasana tends to assume an oval outline, sometimes becoming higher than long. However, there is a scattering of material that bridges this morphological gap. I’ve examined 73 lots. Several species are tentatively placed in the subgenus Petricolirus, based on the Japanese Petricola aequistriata G. B. Sowerby II, 1874. Members of this subgenus have an elongate shape and radial sculpture Vol. XXVIII(ll): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 120 that is generally more conspicuous than that in Petricola, s.s. and that is neither divaricate nor zig-zag, and the ligament is not sunken. Figure 4. Petricola (Petricola) lucasana Hertlein & Strong, 1948. CAS 102518. Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico. Left valve. Length: 22.3 mm. Petricola (Petricolirus) califomiensis Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932, (Figures 5, 6) occurs from Santa Barbara County, California, to Baja California Sur, and is recognized for the first time from the Golfo de Cahfomia to Oaxaca, nesthng in a variety of substrata, including teredinid burrows in driftwood, where it becomes extremely elongate. Petricola pectarosa (Conrad, 1834) from the Pliocene and Pleistocene of eastern North America may be its ancestor. I have seen 251 lots. Petricola (Petricolirus) concinna G. B. Sowerby I, 1834, (Figures 7, 8) is a rare Ecuadorian species, occurring from Esmeraldas to La Libertad and in the Galapagos. I have found only 8 lots. Petricola (Petricolirus) dactylus G. B. Sowerby I, 1823, (Figure 9) is a previously unrecognized senior synonym of Petricola patagonica d’Orbigny, 1845. It occurs from Uruguay to southern Chile. The name P. dactylus was misapplied to specimens of Petricolaria pholadiformis from the northwestern Atlantic. As a consequence, its proper place as a senior synonym of P. patagonica, confirmed here by the discovery of its holotype, has been overlooked. Petricola chiloensis Philippi is a probable synonym. I have seen 32 lots. The common Panamic Petricola (Petricolirus) denticulata G. B. Sowerby I, 1834, (Figures 10,11) has three synonyms [denticulata abbreviata Sowerby, peruviana Jay, and ventricosa Deshayes] and occurs from Baja Cahfomia to Peru. It is relatively common, and I’ve studied 181 lots. The South America Petricola (Petricolirus) rugosa Figures 5, 6. Petricola (Petricolirus) califomiensis Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932. (5) Holotype, ANSP 114337. San Pedro, California. Length: 26.5 mm. (6) Socorro, Baja California, Mexico. Left valve. Length: 28.3 mm. Figures 7, 8. Petricola (Petricolirus) concinna G. B. Sowerby I, 1834. (7) Syntype BM(NH) 19665. Montecristi [Manta], Ecuador. Length: 21.1 mm. (8) LACM 71.50.1. Bahia Bartolome, Isla Bartolome, Islas Galapagos. Left valve. Length: 20.3 mm. Figure 9. Petricola (Petricolirus) dactylus G. B, Sowerby I, 1823. SBMNH 133419. Punta Arenas, Magallanes Province, Chile. Left valve. Length: 25.6 mm. Page 121 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(ll): 1996 Figures 10, 11. Petricola (Petncolims) denticulata G. B. Sowerby I, 1834. (10) Lectotype of Venerupis peruviana Jay, 1839. AMNH 56118. Peru. Length: 27.2 mm. (11) CAS 024296. Canoa, Manabl Province, Ecuador. Left valve. Length: 33.5 mm. G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 (Figure 12), with five confirmed or probable synonyms [tenuis Sowerby, costata and rhyssodes Philippi, ovata Troschel, and calderensis Conrad], occurs from Peru to Chile. It is highly variable in shape and sculpture, with some specimens being almost cylindrical and others flattened and expanded. The sculpture varies from subdued to heavy. I have examined 37 Recent lots. Figure 12. Petricola (Petricolirus) rugosa G. B. Sowerby I, 1834. ANSP 323775. Lurin, Lima Province, Peru. Left valve. Length: 33.5 mm. One is left with several species that cannot be assigned to named subgenera. These include Petricola exarata (Carpenter, 1857) (Figure 13), which occurs from central Mexico to northern Peru, nesting in Figure 13. Petricola exarata (Carpenter, 1857). CAS 102591. Altata, Sinaloa, Mexico. Left valve. Length: 13.5 mm. crevices in rocky areas near mangrove swamps. It is represented by 34 lots. Petricola “A” is a new species (Figures 14, 15) that occurs from southern California to Bahia Magdalena, Baja California Sur, where it occurs in association with algae. This species, rarely attaining more than 8 mm, was previously known as Petricola tellimyalis (Carpenter, 1864). However, the tiny holotype of tellimyalis is not a Petricola, but rather a previously unrecognized synonym of the bemardinid Halodakra subtrigona, leaving the small Petricola nameless. It is represented in collections by 55 lots. Figures 14, 15. Petricola sp." A." (14) two potential paratypes. San Pedro, California. Length: -5.3 mm. (15) Left valve. Potential paratype, CAS 106035. Vol. XXVIII(ll): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 122 Petricola olssoni Bernard, 1983, (Figure 16) occurs from Peru to Chile, and 22 lots have been studied. It is a renamed homonym [Petricola peruviana Olsson, 1951, non (Jay, 1839)] Figure 16. Petricola olssoni Bernard, 1983. ANSP 252061. Peninsula Paracas, Ica Province, Peru. Composite of two specimens; lengths: 12.3 & 15.0 mm. Petricola “B” (Figure 17) is a second new species. It occurs from Panama to Ecuador. As yet known from only 9 lots, it was figured but not discussed by Olsson (1961: pi. 55, fig. 11). Figure 17. Petricola sp."B." Potential holotype. Left valve. Length; 16.9 mm. I am recognizing Choristodon as a full genus characterized by a thick shell, heavy radial sculpture, a sunken ligament, and a hinge that becomes highly distorted in large specimens. Choristodon robustum (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834) (Figures 18, 19) has eight synonyms [typicum Jonas, robusta Philippi, sinuosa Conrad, bulbosa Gould, anchoreta and venusta de Folin, buwaldi Clark, and riocanensis Maury], and occurs from central Baja California to Peru, and in the western Atlantic from North Carolina to Brazil, in calcareous substrata, such as shells of Spondylus and colonial corals. I have smdied 82 Recent eastern Pacific lots. It had long been recognized that the eastern Pacific robustum G. B. Sowerby I, 1834, is very similar to the Caribbean typica Jonas, 1844, type species of Choristodon. Woodring (1982) synonymized them, placing the senior robustum into the synonymy of the junior typica. There seem to be subtle differences between Caribbean and Pacific material, including maximum size, shape, and color, but I am leaving them in synonymy pending fumre, more detailed smdy by other workers. Woodring also placed Petricola riocanensis Maury, from the Miocene of Dominican Repubhc, into the synonymy here, and my examination of the type specimen of the Miocene P. buwaldi Clark from central California demonstrates that it is also within the range of variability of this species. One additional Atlantic species has also been placed in Choristodon, Choristodon cancellatus Verrill, 1885, (Figure 20) described from off Chesapeake Bay in 70 fm [128 m]. This taxon was based on one worn left valve measuring 7.7 mm in length, 6.2 mm in height, and 3.0 mm in thickness [USNM 44839] (Verrill, 1885: 435-436). Figures 18, 19. Choristodon robustum (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834). (18) Holotype, Petricola bulbosa Gould, 1851. MCZ 169065. Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. Length: 27.8 mm. (19) SBMNH 143212. Bahia San Carlos, Sonora, Mexico. Left valve. Length: 21.8 mm. Figure 20. Choristodon cancellatus \eth\\, Holotype, USNM 44839. "off Chesapeake Bay." Length; 7.7 mm. This unique holotype is not a petricolid, but I am not certain what it is. It is possible that it is from an offshore fossil locality. Petricolaria is also tentatively afforded generic status, and is represented in the eastern Pacific by two species, one native and one introduced. Page 123 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(ll): 1996 The native species is Petricolaria cognata (C. B. Adams, 1852) (Figures 21, 22). This is the oldest name for what has mostly gone under the name parallela Pilsbry & Lowe. It occurs from Baja California to Ecuador, in soft substrata, such as clay banks. The holotype of P. cognata is a short, thick, but not highly unusual specimen. I have studied 91 lots. There is a group of tropical species of Petricolaria that account for mistaken records of the Northern Hemisphere Petricolaria pholadiformis in the Southern Hemisphere. These include P. gracilis (Deshayes, 1853), which occurs in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea, Petricolaria stellae Narchi, 1975, occurring from Brazil to Uruguay, and Petricolaria serrata (Deshayes, 1853), described from an unknown locality. The relationships among these three taxa have yet to be resolved. Figures 21, 22. Petricola cognata (C.B. Adams, 1852). (21) Holotype of Petricola gracilis parallela Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932. ANSP 155591. Corinto, Nicaragua. Length: 28.7 mm. (22) SBMNH 143213. Cochore, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. Left valve. Length: 43.7 mm. Petricolaria pholadiformis (Lamarck, 1818) (Figures 23, 24) was introduced on the West Coast, and now survives in low numbers in two bays. It has six synonyms \fomicata and flagellata Say, carolinensis Conrad, tumida Verrill, pholadiformis lata Dali, and rogersi McGavock]. It came with oysters in three localities in the northeastern Pacific: Willapa Bay, Washington, and San Francisco and Newport bays, Cahfornia, but it did not survive in Newport Bay, and it does not seem to have spread beyond Willapa and San Francisco bays, where it burrows in clay. In its native habitat in the western Atlantic, it occurs from Canada to the Golfo de Mexico. It was also introduced into the eastern Atlantic, and it now thrives from Norway to the Black Sea. I have examined 32 eastern Pacific lots. Figures 23, 24. Petricolaria pholadiformis (Lamarck, 1818). (23) Holotype 1082/97, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva. Length: 46.0 mm. (24) CAS 012508. Woods Hole, Barnstable Co., Massachusetts. Left valve. Length: 39.8 mm. I have been able to exclude a number of taxa that are either non-petricolids or are nomina dubia. One of these is Ungulina luticola Valenciennes, 1846, which was described on the basis of four specimens now in the Paris Museum and long regarded as a synonym of Petricola carditoides. However, the originally figured specimen is instead Thracia curta Conrad, 1837, and the type lot includes specimens of Petricola, Sphenia, and Thracia, members of three different orders of bivalves. In my formal paper, now under review, I discuss the fossil occurrences of these taxa, give full citations for all of the taxa discussed, and provide a run-down on related generic units in the family and their characters. In several cases, the type species of the genera and their methods of designation have been confused in previous literature. Vol. XXVIII(ll): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 124 LITERATURE CITED OLSSON, AXEL A. 1961 . MoUusks of the tropical eastern Pacific particularly from the southern half of the Panamic-Pacific faunal province (Panama to Peru). Panamic-Pacific Pelecypoda. Ithaca, New York (Paleontological Research Institution). 574 pp., 86 pis. VERRILL, ADDISON EMERY 1885. Third catalogue of the MoUusca recently added to the fauna of the New England coast and the adjacent parts of the Adantic, consisting mostly of deep-sea species, with notes on others previously recorded. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, Transactions 6(2): 395-452, pis. 42-44 [pp. 395-430, April; 431446, May; 447452, June]. WOODRING, WENDELL P. 1982. Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Pananoa. Description of Tertiary mollusks (Pelecypods: PropeamussLidae to Cuspidariidae; in addition to families covered in P 306-E; additions to gastropods; Cephalopods). United States Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Professional Paper 306-F: iv-l- 541-759, pis. 83-124. Table I. List of Eastern Pacific and Western Atlantic Petricolidae WESTERN ATLANTIC EASTERN PACIFIC Petricola (Petricola) botula Olsson, 1961 Petricola (Petricola) carditoides (Conrad, 1837) Petricola (Petricola) linguqfelis Carpenter, 1857 Petricola (Petricola) lucasana Herlein & Strong, 1948 Petricola (PetricoUrus) californiensis Pilsbry & Lowe, 1932 Petricola (PetricoUrus) concinna G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 Petricola (PetricoUrus) dactylus G. B. Sowerby I, 1823 Petricola (PetricoUrus) denticulata G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 Petricola (PetricoUrus) rugosa G. B. Sowerby I, 1834 Petricola "A" Petricola "B" Petricola exarala (Carpenter, 1857) Petricola olssoni Bernard, 1983 Choristodon robustum (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834) Petricolaria cognaia (C. B. Adams, 1852) Petricolaria pholadiformis (Lamarck, 1818) Cooperella subdiaphana (Carpenter, 1864) Petricola (Petricola) lapicida (Gmelin, 1791) Petricola (PetricoUrus) dactylus G. B. Sowerby I, 1823 Choristodon robustum (G. B. Sowerby I, 1834) Petricolaria stellae Narchi, 1975 Petricolaria pholadiformis (Lamarck, 1818) Cooperella atlantica Rehder, 1943 THE FESTIVUS ANNOUNCES A SUPPLEMENT TO VOLUME XXVIII The Festivus is proud to announce the publication of a supplement to Volume XXVIII. The monograph, by Hugh Bradner and E. Alison Kay, entitled An Atlas of Cowrie Radulae (Mollusca: Gastropoda): Cypraeoidea: Cypraeidae) will be available to 1996 members/subscribers who wish to receive it, at no cost. The monograph of 176 pages + index treats over 202 species in 13 patterns and is profusely illustrated with the radulae being shown in both SEM and optical photographs. For non-members/subscribers, the supplement will be available for sale. The prices, including postage, are as follows: $25 (domestic), $28 (overseas surface mail), $32 (overseas air mail). Members who wish to receive the supplement must check off the appropriate box on the member renewal pink slip enclosed with this issue. The Bradner/Kay supplement will be available for mailing in January. Page 125 THE FESTIVUS Vol.XXVIII(ll): 1996 FINDING EPITIONIUMS AT SANTA CRUZ ISLAND, CALIFORNIA BOB PIKE 7331 Colombia Dr., Buena Park, CA 90620, USA In August 1995, on the last day of the Club's annual Charmel Island Dive Trip, we stopped at a place called "The Eagles' Nest" on Santa Rosa Island. The boat anchored in about 40 feet of water, just a few yards from a rock boil facing the beach. The bottom was sand which continued into the rocks at about 20 feet. The spot looked good for halibut, so most of the divers took spear guns in to search for "flatties." The visibility was poor in the shallows which made it hard to look for fish. The dive theme then switched from fish to shells. Working into the deeper water, I searched the pockets of rubble formed by the bottom surge. After finding a few broken epitoniums, my search focused on these tiny white shells. My last ten minutes of the dive was spent in a wide sweeping pattern starting at 40 feet. working down to 60 feet and then back up to 40 feet. The results were three live Nitidiscala sawinae (Dali, 1903) and two dead ones, all about 25 mm in length. I also found one live 20 mm specimen of Asperiscala bellastriata (Carpenter, 1864) (Figures 1 and 2). According to Helen DuShane, few live specimens of Asperiscala bellastriata have been taken and those have been dredged in 18 to 103 m (59-338 ft.) on sand or mud substrate, with a distribution from the Middle Farallon Island, San Francisco County, California, south to the Mexican border. She said that the original specimens are lost and only a fragmented specimen is left. The lectotype, chosen by Palmer in 1958, is a broken specimen from Monterey, California, now in the Smithsonian (USNM 14831b). My thanks to Helen DuShane for her help. Figures 1, 2. Asperiscala bellastriata (Carpenter, 1864), length: 20 mm. (1) apertural view (2) dorsal view. Photos: D.K. Mulliner. Vol. XXVIII(ll): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 126 BOOK NEWS Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel, Volume 9, The Mollusca Part 2 -- The Gastropoda. By James H. McLean & Terrence M. Gosliner 1996, vii + 228 pp.; ISBN 0-93649-14X; Paul H. Scott, James A. Blake & Andrew L. Lissner, editors. Price [from the Santa Barbara Museum of Namral History, 2559 Puesta del Sol Road, Santa Barbara, CA 93105]: $34.00 (comb binding), $39.00 (“perfect” binding), plus $4.00 shipping & handling in the USA. The complex title of this work identifies the gastropod “Atlas” as one of an anticipated 14- volume set on the Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and the Western Santa Barbara Channel, published by the Santa Barbara Museum of Namral History. The work is intended to provide an illustrated identification manual for the gastropods occurring offshore at depths of 50- 500 m in the Point Conception region of southern California (35° N), and much of it also applies to the fauna of the southern California Bight, the entire area from Point Conception to the Mexican Border. “The Gastropoda” volume acmally contains two separate articles, one by Jim McLean of the Los Angeles County Museum of Namral History, and one by Terry Gosliner of the California Academy of Namral Sciences in San Francisco. The two parts are independent products, each with their own table of contents, bibliography, etc., and will here be discussed separately. McLean’s part (pages 1-160) is entitled “Prosobranchia,” and covers all the non-heterobranch groups spanning from patellogastropod groups such as Lepetidae and Lottiidae to neogastropods such as Turridae and Conidae. This part deliberately leaves out the shallow-water forms previously covered by the same author in his field guide Marine Shells of Southern California (1969, revised 1978). McLean provides a general introduction, a glossary of terms, a detailed list of treated species, as well as a key to families (based on the shell characters of species treated in this smdy). The taxonomic section provides very informative introductions to the families, including diagnoses, taxonomic and biological remarks, and gives carefully researched information on the type species of the included genera. The species listings have the standard complement of synonymies, material examined, descriptions, type information, distributional and habitat information, as well as miscellaneous remarks. Throughout the work, the author provides dichotomous keys of shell feamres as identification aids. The “prosobranchs” include 126 species in this work, seven of which are described as new in the families Turbinidae, Vanikoridae, Muricidae and Conidae. A new muricid genus, Scabrotrophon McLean, is also introduced. In some cases (e.g., for the genera Lirobittium, Boreotrophon, and Crockerella), the coverage goes beyond the specified geographic region, and here the author provides generic revisions. The species are illustrated by good black-and-white light photographs of the shells that should allow species-level identification for which this work was conceived. Gosliner’s part (pages 161-213) is based on Santa Maria Basin material that includes well preserved specimens of 28 species of “opisthobranchs.” It begins with members of the architectibranchs (Acteonidae) and covers 'the groups traditionally grouped as opisthobranchs, from the shelled cephalaspids to the shell-less nudibranchs. The findings in this part, the first treatment since McDonald & Nybakken’s work (1980), contribute significantly to our knowledge of the Pacific coast fauna: half of these species had not previously been recorded from the Pacific coast of North America, and two genera, Parvaplustrum and Holoplocamus, were known only from the Atlantic Ocean. Gosliner also provides an introduction, a glossary, a list of species, and a dichotomous key (which employs characters of soft body morphology and radula), but he does not group the families into higher categories and does not give diagnoses or author/date citations for the families. The species descriptions are detailed and comparable to McLean’s treatment of the “prosobranchs.” The illustrations are a combination of excellent SEM photographs, coarse line drawings, and photographs of living animals. The latter, unfortunately, lost much detail in the black-and- white reproduction. A color photograph of Tritonia festive graces the cover. According to the Acknowledgments section, the study was funded as a contract of the U.S. Department Page 127 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(ll): 1996 of the Interior, and voucher material is being divided between the collections of the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History and the United States National Museum. The editors have added an Appendix with a detailed hst and maps of the sampling stations, as well as a complete taxonomic index covering both parts. The focus on traditional groupings of “prosobranchs” and “opisthobranchs” in these two parts left out a number of “lower heterobranch” groups, most notably the family Pyramidellidae. Also missing is an explanation of the entire project; the user of the gastropod volume alone is somewhat at loss to understand references to “Phase I” and “Phase II” of the study. Another little oddity of the work are the figure citations, with figures in McLean’s parts numbering 1.1 to 1.29 and in Gosliner’s part 2.1 to 2.20. The individual images are indicated by letters; Epitonium berryi, for instance, can be found in Figure 1.12A. The volume, available in a sturdy spiral binding or as “perfect binding” is nicely produced. The Santa Barbara Museum, particularly Paul Scott and his co- editors can be congramlated for a nice (and inexpensive!) production. This book is a “must” for anybody interested in the Californian mollusk fauna. REFERENCES CITED McDonald, g. r. & j. w. nybakken 1980. Guide to the nudibranchs of California, including most species found from Alaska to Oregon. American Malacologists, Inc., Melbourne, Florida. 72 pp. McLEAN, J. H. 1978. Marine shells of southern California. Los Angeles County Museum of Los Angeles County Science Series, 24 (revised edition): 1-104. Rudiger Bieler Coral Reef Animals of the Indo-Pacific= Animal life from Africa to Hawai'i exclusive of the vertebrates. By Terrence M. Gosliner, David W. Behrens, and Gary C. Williams. 1996. Sea Challengers, Monterey, California i-vi -I- 314 pages, 1103 color plates, 6 text figures, and 32 line drawings. Price: $45.00 The tropical Indo-Pacific region extends from the Indian Ocean coast of Africa to Hawai’i in the Northern Hemisphere and the Pitcairn Group in the Southern Hemisphere. The region teams with life and supports the richest diversity of marine organisms in the world. Many books have been written on fishes of the Indo- Pacific and are well illustrated with color photographs to help identify the species. There are few guide books, however, to identify Indo-Pacific invertebrates. Coral Reef Animals of the Indo-Pacific is a new book on invertebrates. The book begins with an excellent discussion on the biology of corals and coral reefs, formation of coral reefs, and biogeography of the organisms inhabiting these reefs. The book is beautifully illustrated with color photographs of 1103 species in 16 phyla. The authors provide information on identification, natural history, and distribution of each species next to the photographs. Some of the phyla are small and represented in this book by few species (Ctenophora - comb jellies, Nemertea - ribbon worms, Sipuncula - peanut worms, Echiura - tongue worms, Phoronida - phoronid worms, Brachiopoda - lamp shells, and Hemichordata - acorn worms). Major phyla (Coelenterata, Mollusca, Arthropoda, and Echinodermata) are well represented with nearly 900 species treated in the book. I was pleased to find some of the lesser phyla and groups (Porifera - sponges , Platyhelminthes - flatworms, and Tunicates - sea squirts) well represented in the book with more than 150 species treated. Kim Hutsell evaluated the sections on the Gastropoda and Bivalvia. He noted the following errors: 437. The host mollusk is Latirus nodatus (Gmelin, 1791) not a Fusinus. 440. The specimen is Natica stellata (Hedley, 1913) not Neverita didyma. 518. The prey species is Conus quercinus (Lightfoot, 1786) not Conus flavidus. 520. The specimen is Conus episcopus (Hwass, 1792) not Conus textile. This book will be cherished by biologists, divers, photographers, and others interested in the biology, diversity, and beauty of the tropical Indo-Pacific. The spectacular photographs will help you identify many of the invertebrates you might encounter in this region of the world. The book is a must addition to you library even if you are not fortunate enough to explore and dive the Indo-Pacific. Ron H. Me Peak Vol. XXVIII(ll): 1996 THE FESTIVUS Page 128 A SELECTED INDEX TO VOLUME XXVIII (1996) ANDERSON, ROLAND C. (reviewer) Book news: Field Guide to the Geoduck.. .by David George Gordon, reviewed 59 ANON In memoriam [R. Tucker Abbott & Gale G. Sphon, Jr.] 11 In memoriam [Clifton Martin] 92 BIELER, RUDIGER (reviewer) Book news: Taxonomic Atlas of the Benthic Fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and Western Santa Barbara Channel, Volume 9. The Mollusca Part 2 ~ The Gastropoda by McLean & Gosliner, reviewed 126 CATARIUS, LARRY A great find off Pt. Loma, San Diego 81 CHANEY, HENRY W. Additional records of Polinices simiae (Gastropoda: Naticidae) in the eastern Pacific 82 A new record for Cypraecassis tenuis (Gastropoda: Cassidae) off the Pacific coast of Baja California del Sur, Mexico 112 COAN, EUGENE V. Recent species of the genus Petricola in the eastern Pacific (Bivalvia: Veneroidea) 118 HERTZ, CAROLE M. Strange variant of Murexiella lappa from the Galapagos or an undescribed species? 3 Discus rotundatus (Muller): another land snail sighted in San Diego 89 Murexiella venustula from the Galapagos with an illustration of its protoconch 114 HERTZ, CAROLE M. (editor) 1996 low tides for the northern Gulf of California 12 Does a new wax have a place in your collection? 17 Two news items of interest to divers 32 Notice of three annual malacological meetings 47 Book news: Vita Marina, reviewed 80 The Festivus announces a supplement to Volume XXVHI ^ 124 HERTZ, CAROLE M., BARBARA W. MYERS & JOYCE GEMMELL New distributional records in the gastropod families Tomidae, Planaxidae and Vanikoridae in the northern Gulf of California 50 HERTZ, JULES Annual meeting of the WSM 87 HOLLMAN, MICHAEL Polinices (Mammilla) simiae on Isla del Coco, Costa Rica; another Indo-Pacific invader into the Panamic Province 24 KOCH, ROBERT Panamic puzzles: those enigmatic Alaba 7 Panamic puzzles: valid or variant vitrinellids? 30 KRONENBERG, GUS C. Check all your valves 10 The first record of Aspella pyramidalis (Broderip, 1833) (Gastropoda: Muricidae) from Baja California Sur, Mexico 58 MCLEAN, JAMES H. (reviewer) Book news: Monographs on Galapagos Mollusca, Marine Molluscs of the Galapagos, Gastropods, No. 1 and No. 2 by Yves Finer, reviewed 71 MCPEAK, RON H. Book news; Coral Reef Animals of the Indo Pacific by Gosliner, Behrens & Williams, reviewed 127 METZ, GEORGE E. Some obserevations on Thyca callista Berry, 1959 15 On the identification of Cora/hop/i/to mcc (Reeve, 1846) 110 MULLINER, MARGARET Dredging around Isla Danzante, Gulf of California, Mexico, or what you find at the end of a line 62 PIKE, BOB Finding Epitoniums at Santa Cruz Island, California 125 SHASKY, DONALD R. Distributional records of interesting and rarely collected marine gastropods from the tropical eastern Pacific 35 Additional distributional records of interesting and rarely collected marine gastropods (Epitoniidae) from the tropical eastern Pacific 85 SHELTON, SALLY Y. The shell game: mollusks shell deterioration in collections and its prevention 74 Page 129 THE FESTIVUS Vol. XXVIII(ll): 1996 SKOGLUND, CAROL Subcancilla hindsii (Reeve, 1844): a correction for a figure in Keen (1971) 21 SKOGLUND, CAROL & DAVID K. MULLINER The genus Spondylus (Bivalvia: Spondylidae) of the Panamic Province 93 SKOGLUND. PAUL A useful tool for computer spell checkers 90 TREGO, KENT D. A second record of the muricid Hexaplex nigritus (Gastropoda: Muricidae) at Bird Rock, La Jolla, California 46 VAN DER BUL, A. N. The correspondence between M. M. Schepman and W. H, Dali 18 I <, 1 m I HECKMAN ,1^ BINDERY INC. ^ ' |b| JUNE 98 BomJ-To-Ple.s#' N. MANCHESTER, INDIANA 46962