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SYSTEMA
MINER ALOGICUM,
QUO
CORPORA MINERALIA
CLASSES, ORDINES, GENERA etSPECIES.
SUIS CUM VARIETATIBUS. DIVlSA*
DESCRIBU^fXUI^»
atqvb OBSERVATIONrBUS» EXPERIMENTiS '
tx FIGURI5:«NEIS ILCUSTRANTUR*
JOHAN, GOTSCH. WALLERIO ^'
EQVItE ORDIN. Re6; \i/A?At,
K£0. ORD. ET £MEH»^Pf.; . y -- j —
AeAB£M« »M#ER. KAt. CCRIOS. UEC NOjf - ' /' '
KR4 ACAD. STOCKKt BT VfJ.
MEMBRO.
TOM. II.
la quo
• MINERS & CONCRETA dcfcrlbontur.
Cum Indice qvadtuplicl. Editia nova 6? cotretta^
• CtJM PRIV. SeR. EtECt. Saxomia.
VmNNM, Ex Omeur^ Kkavsiaka , 1778.
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Magnanim remm ctiam tenuis notitia in
pretio habetur.
Leibnitius* Fmog^
Sed accidit*
ut ilia* qvaeTe fcirecredas, nefcias,
Et, qv» tibi putaris prima, in experiun*
do ut repudifs*
TfiR£NTius«
"f
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Benevde LeSor & Minerophile.
Pw trienriium fer6 hit, qvi tatidem lucem ad* fpicit feCundus Syfteinatis Mimrahgici 2(h tnus , fub prelo fudavit.
Hoc non ttiea culpa feftumt fed pfaematura tnOT^l.d. Dite&oris L. Salvii, qvi impehfaa in fe fufcepic Typographicas ; & fubfeqvem tottus officiDse Typogfaphic* cransportatio inaliam, a priori fatis iremotatn domutn ; aliaiqve piurimte » qufe hujusmodi occanones, * indivulfo qvafi fie- XU, concomitare folent, triftiores iircumftafltiaB, non potueruhc noti incepturti teborein, I^pius ab- rupcum, faspius & iterum continuatutn , nimium tetafdai^e^
Haec inevitabilia, nonprftvifa, imped^'memat Tthi. B. Dt^iit & MinetGpbile iion igtiotA elte volui ; neqve reticere debui , ne aliqvatn mihi im- putes ignaviam , vel toagna? tne accufes flegligen- ti«, dum huUaiii, in hac Syjlematis MineraldgiCy parte ^ Videre Tthi contingit m6ntioneni eofurti^ qvs his pofterioribus Annis^ hac in fciencia, fu&c obfetvaca & ea^ktiz.
Hanc ob cauilam, firtui perf^afas, plufapoft hKC dettrgi poffe^ qvibus cognirio CorporUm Mi* fleralium vel amplificari vel eoiendari pot&it^ In animum duxi, ft Deus vitatn viresqve conceireric, in peculiari y^pindUe ilia addere corpora minera- lia^ cum eorunderadefcriptione, (\mx in hoc Sy» ftemace vel omiffa vel hucusqVe ignota fiieradt.
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P R iE F A T I O.
Ne vero omnia, q7£nuper fuiitobrervata,m^
ta6bi relinqvam,noniiulla, que extra dubitationis
aleam Tunc poHta, Ti^^ venia B. L.heicconHiiemorare
volo , juxta ordinem in Sylletnate fufceptum.
(A) NiTRUM NATivuM,qvodqvidem indicavip.47
Ohf^ a. in Indiis & Peru, j-jxta aliorum re-
lationes, reperiri perfede cryftaJlifatum^ inter
reliqua vero corpora mineralia connumerare no-
lui, donee , certior fierem, qvod jam fadtum
in Act. Stockb. Foh XXXUL p. 171. ubi com-
memoratur in Tartaria Tibet , fub Domnio
Cbinenfi^ hoc ipfum Nitrum natlvum reperiri:
unde, ni fallor, mea confirmatur opinio de^hu-
jus Salis» ad utrasqve partes conftitudvas, per-
feda & fimultanea origine; fimul&;patet,biaaa
hujus falis confHtui debere fpecied*
1} Nitrum KATivuM,cryftaUinum, plus minus
purum« 3) NiTRUM, terra mitteralifatum , vel potius invO' iuium^ TBRRA NiTRARiA, qv«e^demeft» qvam defcriplimus pag. 45. CB3 Circa indo^em Saus alkalini MiNBRALi^t feu Natron />. 62. obfervandum» trinas jam efle notas varietates^ (a) Natron cryfiallina facie; cryftalUsprifinaticis parallelis, aliqvando obliqvis, aliqvando ftriatis, fecie fere Gypji, Reperitur maxima copia in prO' vimia Suckena Regni IripoUtm^ ad radicem montis, ubi ab Arabibus TroM appellatur, ad Saponificationes apti0imum ; ut indicavit Chr. Baggb in AcJ. 6teckb. Vol XXXIK p. 140* (fr, D. Monro m Tratf, Afigl I771. M ^i»
Ad
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P R ^ F A T 1 O.
Ad banc Varietatera pertinet Sibericum, qvod ob- fervavit Gmelw cryftaUifatum , ut ia ohfervth fume indicavimus p. 62, allata,
(b) Natron in majfa out g^ba concretum^ in pu» r'oribus fruftulis albis, Terris immixtum, vel Terrena crufta cin&um^ fads purum, omnia indida Salis Alkalini mlneraUs cxhibens, non- nifi parcifliime Sale cmmuit materia Phlogi- ftka, fern fie marga cotnmixtum , ut expertug eft N. V. Engbstrobm in A6f^ Stock, VoU XXXIllp, 172 &c. Ex regno Ham in 71- heff ubi, qvemadmoduni & a Chinenlibus, vo- catur Kien,
(c) l^ATRON infuperficie terra efflorefcens. Idem eft qvod p. 62. defcriptgm.
(C) In refpeduad domicilium, inter recentiora in-
venta yeferre debeo, Sal nbi^trum Acidula-
KB Angucanum, feu EBSHAMBNvSe 9 qvod in
Scblfto in Normannia^ prope Littry, & alibi,
in Pyritaceis lapidlbus, qv?B fua fatifcentia prae-
bcnt y^umen & Sal 'Ebsbmenfi^ obfervavit
& expertus eft MonnBt in A^» Stockb, Vol,
XXXIF. p. ^S7. &c,
Huic obfervationi & illani addere debeo, qvam
mecnm D, Roubllb communicavic Scilicer, re-
periri hoc Sal EhsbamenJ^ aliqvanda efflorefcens
in ftratia Margaceis albis & tarulefcentibus ^ qv^e
inftar Te^i, Gypjo incumbunt; aliqvando fie cum
ecdem inter ftrat^ reperiuntur ad Montmartre in
Gallia y in qvibus ftratis qvantitas Cakarece terrae
eft maxime difcrepans, & ea aliqvando tenuitate
& puritate, utacido Fitriolico tradtaca hoc SalCa-
tbcrticum prsbeat^
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PH -«; F A T 1 o,
Exiftimat Clariffsmus AuQnr ^ Mok^ket, hact fua alUt^ obferyatione^ hafm l\ujas Sails Qatbar^ ticij Magnesiam ai^b^m^ cujus mentioaera & de- fcriptionero fecimus pag. 49 lit. e & p^ 71. fif^. inter primipales & primitivas coramunerari debe-. reteTi:as, eapdemqve ut- fw^/e;/w inter Qilcaream tetram &^argillam,e(\j^ cQnfiderandam^ Facile huio fent<?a(ia3. aflenfum prajber? vellem, & genericuiu huic terrjB boc ia Syftemat^ aflignar^ locum, ft niodo priu? indiQatu.na fuerit, qva terrae loco, per fe fubiiftena. &; Hofpicans reperiatur; hac etenimli-. n^ circumftantia & proprietate, eaadem Terras ija- ter reliqvas per fe fubiiftentes & primitivas irome- rito qonnumerari , contendo. Sic ^Ikali in Nitra;^ prsefens, nultibi per fe fubfMlens^ fimiliter lerra jifuminis ^ nuUibi nifi in ^lumine vel min^a yilu^ mnis praefens,^ ftv^ apelletur j^gilk pur$^ live, ^vod re„6lius eft, ad evitandamcpafuGononKS^nj^- las confeqventiaa;. Terra alumnis^ nullunj inter ue^ Hqva corpora mineraUa obtinere pofluat locum, nifi priui indic^tum fuertt> ubinam Nitrofufn Alkali & Terra ajimims reperiatur per fe fuhfiftens. Mini-. me fufficit, hujusmodi Terras e corporibus qvibus^ dam , mediaate folutionci , plus minus artiJKciofa^ feparari poffe ; eq ns^mqve ipfo non evincitur eas-. d^m ut pfimogenias & per fe fubliftentes terraa conliderari d^bere^ Sed, non ujiice haac ob caus- ft^m jam allataaa, fententiae MoNNftxri aliorurnqve^ idem f^ntientium^ allenfum praebere oondum pos- fum, V^Uem ab iisdem evi6):um& demoaflracua^ effet, banc Jf^agneftam «lbam non confide^rari poffe^ ut yel a Calearm terra ortam 9 VqI cum eadem co- gnatam, Jl#egi ^videm nuper a oouaemine dl<:^un^i|
haac
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PR iEE A TI O.
banc Terrain falfo & erronee haberi, vel pro ar- lis fcetu, vel ut a Calcarea terra dependence; fed nullas vidi rationes^ Verba vero nil valen^, eciamd
faifis ftipata effent circumftandis. Id certum eft, qvod in omni ab Acidis fafta folutione, fe eodem gerat modo ut Calcarea terra, & non eftignotum, qvod Calcareas terrae,' non folum per fe, diverfa exiftant indole , ut alibi demonftravimus » fed &, fub diverfa folutione , cum uno eodemqve Acido Virriolico, diverfimode traftaca , diverfara induant tndolem , imo , reipfa in Sal amarum cum eodem combinari pofllnt^ Certe, neqve ignotum efle de- bet, Caicaream vel Cretaceam terram Acido Fitri^ §U prius nuptara, deinde vero feparatam & opti- me lotam, fe eodem habere modo, cum acidis non efFervefcens , ut Terra a Sak Ebshamenft fe- parata & lota. Certe, ut ingenue dicam, qvid fen- tiam, probabilius mulco mihividetur, Magneftam aWam uc mediam inter Sal alkalimm naturale & Terr/aw G?/c^rf ^fw confiderari poffe , qvam ut me- diam inter Caicaream terram & argillam, qvum potius ad Salinam qvam terream inclinec indolem, imo , aqva folubilis exiftat , & rare vel nunqvam nifi in connubioSalium aut jicidorwnj aut Salis com- munis vel Nitri reperiatur. Nonne terra Cilcarea, poft defliliationem Salts Ammoniaci cum die Ftva^ refidua, optime & perfed:e elixiviata, in A- qva fit folubilis , cum Acidis effervefcens & cum Acido Fariolico Sal amarum praebeat? Nonne ab Aqva Calcis cum Acido VitrioUco^ obtinetur re ipia Sal neutnm Amarum^ iieqvaqvam felenites nili alio adhibico artiiicioF Nonne haec terra ,Jn Verum Sal alkalinum^ poft combinationem cum
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PR^FATIO;
\M^S! & Phk^k4 materia fit mutabtfis? Hmc; a nonaullianon inepce vocatur Ttrra Salitta, v«i Sal Terrwm^ a nonquUis Sal Pmrak* Plura ad- ferre poflem expetimeoea , Rec^ndoribua Chemicia pleno ignota, qvibus haexJ ftntentia iHuftrari poflTet, fed h«c ipfa in aliud differre vqIq tempus. His fun-, damentisinmxua, qvum nunqvJim aliter qvam uc ^cuknf«liter iramixta ^ffe polUt Magnefta alb^ Terna ^ lapidilnis , a qvibua via humtda feparari didtur ; opto , wt ac(nira(is obfervatiombua deeifatu fiat 4 annoQ iila loca, ubi magnefia. repeticur lapi- dibua iohaerens, oUm fub unda mmm fubftiterinc. His remotis dubiis, eandem inter Cakareas. terras: connuraerare vqIo, inter principalis & primii tivas enim nunqvam Qonnumerari pQteft, m^r- demqve compellare; Calcahba terra temipma ,- ^Ibo^ <7^<i [^kr bills 9 ign( mutabilis^ (P) Bqracis uATivinotitiamnonpriusbabuhniw^ qvam eandem in ^flf, Stockb^ Vol XXXFHK p. 3^ a, nobis reliqvitj N* v* ENGESTRceM,huqci Boracem nativum accuratiflime examinans, qvem.ex Terra va, Tartarico Regm. Tibet , effoi- ium obtinuic a J. A. Grh^i:,^ Vocatur in lo- co Pom-xa & oqcurric vel in grannlis mino^ ribus aut majoribus, vel cryftallia femipelluci- dis, prifmatici$, <J vel 8 lateribus, apicibua u- trinqveobtufis, Omnis hie effoifus Borajc m olUs ferreia vel metaUicia, fimplicicodione cum aqva, absqve omni additamento, liberate a terra aUidqve heterogeneisadbaereptibus, &cry<. ftalUfaiur* Hinc difcirows, ^oracm dari na- tivum > line ulla praparatiooe, eundemqvo re> pwki, tripUci varietate^ C*)
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PR-ffiFATIO.
(n) Borax nativus purior^ qui (ryftaUiM wT
farinacea alba apparet facie, (b) Borax nativus , terra grifea iavohttus^
TlNCAL^
("c^ Bqrax NATiyus pingvediw itmhtu^ Tin- ^AL SAPomcKus, qvi eft Saponi fere lijniliS| iderai ^vem defcripfimus p» 83. (E) Ad MiNBRAs FsRi^t Aif BAS| p. 2^5 dcfcriptas
addere jam poiTumi|£( ut vanetJ^tem nonam: (I^ MiNBRA FBRR? AiiBA, ciyfiaUifata, cellularis, cryftallis lamellaribu^ crJ^ffioribus, fegmentum ferecifculi referentibus, eyeftis, ^a?B ad figu- ram Crifla galli accedere videntur, colore al- bo, ad viredinem parum inclinJUite. De £e;^: ryprope Bayontw in Mwf<t Pyf^ff:
Hoc loco , bjeviter qvoqve adder© volo me^ tm opiononem de fuhtUiffimo, & nuxiple FoJatili Sfnritu in /IciduUs praefente, corundemqve qvafi Animam conftituente, ante ao annos, plurimis iflf fiitutis expenmentis fuperftrudam, ut ulcerius illu- iftrencuF, quae de hoc Spiritu diximusp^^g* 6, lit. e» i^em, fcilicet fpirituofum , a lentz mimra Pyrita* (f^ cujusdatn fattfietttia derivandum effe, conten- difqu«. Primam huic raeae fententiae occafionem de4<c abfenti^ ferri & Fitritli in ompibus genui- Dui jiddulis} ueutrumnamqve in iisdeookdemoi^a- ri poteft: nam viridii color, qvem fufcipit Syru» pus Fiolaftm , 4um his acidularibus Aqvis inftil- latur, neqvaqyam « Ferra depeudet, fed ab hoc Spiritu fulpUureo, qvi qunqvam pon eundem Sy* rupm viridi tin^t colore? ptaBtentia vero ocbra iR^/Mfij, alibi tenuioris, alibi craflioris, qvama- qvs addulares deponere foleot, nullo nifi falis com*
}( ^ inu-
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PR :«F A T I a
WQiAs acido folubtlem ^ ut latiB eft notum^ Ex hap wbra^ recentiores xiecepd^ Ferrum in Acidulis «;e* nuiois neceflarioadeflemale fibi parfvalerunc. Pro^ piusilli fcopum attigiiTe mihi videntur, licec mi* nus ads6qvace &re£ie, qvi /iqyas ferrugineas prar papare voluerunt, decoijvenda tenutiUmam ocbram cum aqva pura fontana. His ailatis momeiicis ac« cedit Hepaticus odor ^ ab ipfis aqvis, domo auc van fe claufo fervatis perceptibilis, vel in confiniis aci- duUrUm prorumpens, ut & Sulpbureum ^ qvod Sbipius k SaUbus neutris acidularibus^ per fubli^ mattonembbtinuit, ut indioavimus p^g^ 73. His aliisqve circumftantiia exctcatus , ut aliqvo modo naturam imitari poflTem 9 experimentum , pa§^ 6^ comtnemoracum inftitui cum Lmatu\a Martii 6p ^ritu VitridU Aqvofo^ parum Cakis ad aqvam b vas refcipiens infufam addendo^. Hinc aqvam obttnui ^iritu Sulpbureo gravidam in Reciptente^ qvae omnes fere probationes Aqu» mineraUs fufti^^ nuit, fuamqve tenuilOmam, pod aliqvod tem^ pus 9 depofuit ochram, hunc ipiricum fine dubio concomitantem ^ ab eodem vero deinde avolante feparatam & reli6kam. Promte & hsc ocbra te- nuiifima pra^cipitatur, ii huic aqva9 fpirituofse in- fiiodantur nonnull» guttulse oki Tartari per deU* gvium^ Syrupi Fiolarum color ab eadem in vire- dinem mutatur. FateoF, banc aqvam preparatam fkpore f^iifie naufeofo, meliorem veco Beri pofle credo, fi plura interponantur Vafa media inter vas recipiens & retortam, ut tenuior obtineatur fpiri-t tus. Perfefte autem naturalibus aqvis ceqvalem fieri non urgeo ^ perfpidena maxtmam efle diffd- fWtiam inter illum^ qvi per naturam a lenta fati*-
fcen-
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P R -^ F AT 1 0/
§tenti» Pyrits producitur (plritus, & quern fbr^ ti &violent& ^ervef(:eQtia9 arte obtioemus. Si qvis hunc Vaporem 9 qyi vel f^b fttifc^ntia Py- ritap naturali producitur ^ vdl fuh efFervefcentia Acidi Vitriolici cum ferro generatur, ob ^lajlick tatcm & volatilitatem appellare velit Aerm fixum^ twt^ ob inflammabiUcatem 9 aerem infiamm^bilem^ aut, ob acidam indolem^ ^(^idum /Tereum^ nobis perinde elTe poteft, mode in re conveniamua^ 14 onini cum certicudine dicere polTumus, omnes, qvi alio modo, qvam per indic^tam fatifcentiaiq Sf. deilruflionem minera Pyritacea fpirituoftim in Acidulis praefens producere volunt, & Aqvas A- cidulares arte praeparare, plus minus f^ri^gypfi^ vel' 'uitrioU addendo, oronino a natural! difcede- r^ via, eorundemqve Aquas neqvaqvam ilia exhi^ bere poflephaenomena, qvae indjcavimus, &plur* indicari poffent, (i hujus eflet loci ea de re ube- rius agere, Melius & certius jiqva Acidulares etiini Pyrmontana^ arte praeparari pofliint, fi cot# pia Pyritarum in loco 9 a fonte parum remoto^ qyem A(][ya^ fijis |q Yenis fiuentes c^^qfeunc^ de- foderetur.
EITent et qva^am ad Tbmumprimum adden* da, inprimis qvod Terras primogemas & princi- pales concernit , qvas recentiores nonnulli binatjo vel ternarig 9M6las voluerunt numero^ nimirum^ Magmfia alba^ Terra Silicea & Terra Manganeth fi; fed, ne Tua^ B. L. abutar patientiaprolixo fer^ mone, id folum breuicer indicare volo , qvod de prima Magnefia 4ilba^ gratis inter terras funda- mentales & primordialed connumerata, nuper di- ximus, qvid obfervanduiQ. Secunda^ Silicea^
majo-
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PRJEFATia
majori jure ad principales referri poffet terras , fi exiilerec , fed non entis nullae poflTunc elTe afFedlio* nes; nullibi enitn adhuc, in uUo mundi angulo, qvantum mihi nocum^ eft reperca, imo pe qvidem veftigium ejusdem per fe fubfiftentis; minus itaqve prudenter inter terras primogenias & principales numerabitur. Inlapidibus plurimis hujusmodi ter- ram exiftere , notilliraum eft , fed nunqvam non lapidea indole, nullibi terrea. Qvi ab aliis lapidibus eandem j mediante Tolutione, feparari pofTe exifti« mant, fe aliosqve, in prapcipitatis, fuis conclufioni- bus, decipiuqt, non perfpicienteaqvas mutati ones terras in folutionibus fubeant* Qvomodo lapides a terra non exiftente componi potuerunt? De Ter- ra manganenft meam attuli fententiam Im. h />♦ 333. & nullag adhuc vidi rationes vel experimen-r ta, qvae me ab eadem dimovere poffint,
Haec pro mea jam fufficere poflTunc defenfio^ ne; alia occafione, li Deus vitam viresque con« cefferit, uberius hasaliasqveNeotericorumaberra* tiones modefte exaroinare volo^
Utvero fimul perfvafum mihi habeo, non paucos hoc in Syftemate Mineralogico cum tem- pore detegi poflTe vel errores vel defe6lus ; itaqve 2i B. L. amice 9 icerum iterumqve oro, praeter* mifla aut errata , benigne fuppleas vel igno* fcaSy mihi meisqve laboribus faveas^ Vale.
Cobovi
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*««*«^^ ,.#«%<»^aiC<S©»^ .-f«t««»»v
*W-d'
Cla0s 3fia» MlNERyE. c§. 6. 3.)
MZNERi£ funt corpora fbbterranea compofitt^ t terra vcl tepfrfg qvoicunqvc:^ & alia materia aut jfe/«nfl , vd Julpbwria vcl bituminofa ^ aat jemi- iTsel^ictf vel metaUica. ^ '
Seqventibus itaqve proprietatihus tcgnofcenda^
fiDO. QonfifterUia font initufra vel t^rrea friabili^ vel la- pidea duriori) nanqvam vefo ad perfe£Um & fum* tnam lapidum duridem accedente ; irarios: fluids, ado. Necefle eft contineant vel falinum^ qvod ftepe faport femper vero elixiviatioiic cum aqva cognofci poteft; vol fulpbureum aut bituminojim ^ qvod interdum odo* re ) fspius in igne fe prodit flammam vel ignem concipiendo J Veljimiimklieumzut metaUkum qvid, qvod vel p^^ultari ie prodit colore , vel fufione rite inftituta elici poteft. Interdum bina ex. his recenfi- tis ^ interdiim & trina in uno eodemqve corpore prae- fentia deprehcnduntur. 3tit. Plerumqve reperitur terra vel lapis 5 qvi hujusmodi corporibus eft mixtus & imprsgnatus, gravior, qvam purior , de csetero aeqvalis. 4to. Simul & plerumqve diverfo ^ a reliqvis , colore folent hnjusmodi ad mineras connumerandas terras & lapidcs cffe. 5to. Perdunt qvoqve miners plurimum ponderis cum a- qva vel oleo coUa vel in igne combuftaS) nonnullis exceptis. Tom. li. A Obf.
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Ot/: I. Simwnt vocem Miwbb.^ / alU ftriftiori fenfti, pet nioeras ilU folom Intelligentes corpora fubterranea, qvae ftmimtMctaniVX metalliem qvid contineot , q vo fenfu qvld , Mi«era fit, ia hujUs Cl^]>s Ord. h mdicare volumus; aln latius banc vocem exteaouot , fub mineris comprehendeo- 00 infuper A/iM & /«/p*»«« corpora, qv«, «qvali jure cum metallis «i femimettlUi , ut aliena corpoa terns Vel lapidibus iininixta coDfiderati debcnt ; qvo fundamento etiam Minetas a Fossiubus, qvo nomine ladicantur tfct- ra! & lapidea ftle, fulphure & metallo vel fenumetallo vacuae & carentu , optime diaingvuntur. Et hoc reafu miners vocem heic fuoipfimut i Wii aliiet has voces lu- terpretantar.
Vtobe veio fiinul nofceodom, vix dari tenam aut lapld^ omnr fale, fulphure , femimetallo aut metallo privatum, ideo uroen hue retertl non poffe, qvum ab ji^dem hujus- modi corpora felma, fulphuiea, femimetslUca aur metal- Uca elicl noi^ folcnt . nee cum aliqvaU lucro elici polTunt.
Qhd % Salia, fulphura Imo JemimetaUa & mrfa/ii, non folum
tetrir & bpiiiia/. verum etlamin aijvts ploriroJs, imo
aUavanda in corporibus vegetabihbui & Mtmlihus latere
natam. elt; fed bujusmodi dojnicilia corporum minerali-
- un buc prxcife aoa pettiaent , fuo tamen l<ico indicaofla.
i, 84.
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JH > O ( M) I
S. 84- Or do mus', •
SALIA; :■
Sveth. Salt - arter. j :. Gall. Les Sels Germ. Salza&tem ^
Sunt corpont pluc minus compoftU) flnida veliblida^ fapida ^ aqva folubilia, , , ,
Oif. MiB proprietaeibuis geaeralioribus addere folent nonnulli cb€mt€i , Sali'a efle grmiiUU fpecifica & fixitate in igoe, me* dia inter aqvas & terras; fed hae proprietates, an fiilibus purilliiiiifl acidia omnitiDS & (aM^ volatili Temper coi](ipe« tant 9 dubito. Nee de omni fale dici poteft qvod in igoe fomat .vel fuoditur, qvum deotur noDoulia, qvibua neu- ccam conpetit«
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4 tH) O CKI
2/ SALIA ACID A. Gen. 32;
Sveth. Sura Salter. Mineraliska Syror
Gall. SeLS ACiDES. ACIDES MINERAUX »
Gwrm^ Saure Salze^ Mineralische SauRe
Salze
imo Sapore funt noto acido vel auflcro, plus minus, pro f ratione puritatis'^ pungente & corrofivo.
ado. Cum falihus alkalinu atqve terris & lapidihus calct- fe'>; effervefcunt, magna ad ilia corpora attraftionc
praedita.
3ti<>- Colorem vegefabilium aeruleum & violaceum in rU' brum mutant,
4to. Non rcperiuntur per fc fubllftcntia, nifi rarius in for- ma vaporofa aut fluida , ob magnam ad aqvam attra- flionem. Temper de csetcro aliis corporibus unita.
§. S6.
I4 SAL ACIDUM VUriolicum^ Acidum Vitriol^
Spec, 225» jicidum Sulphuris , vel Catholictpn Chemicorum. Jlcidum Vitrioli purum. Cronstedt 121. Sveth. WiKTRiLSrSrRA. Swafvel-SyRA
Gall* ACiDE VjxilOLIQVE
Germ. Vitri6l v)^v 5chwefel - SavrG
Hoc Acidum >in^puriffimo ftatu, maxima aqv« copia privatum feqventibus n^fcitur proprktatibus»
I mo. Confiftmtia craiTum & sttt«£hi qvaii unSuoAim, fine odore & alio qvam aqveo colore. Hinc nomen oUi vitrioli obinuit.
sdo. Frigore conglaciatur in folidam cryftallinam confiftend* am 9 &£;uram aiTuraens vitrioli mortis cryftallifati.
Jtio.
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}tit« Gramtate fpec^a^ inter omnia nobis nota liqvida, mercufio excepto^ gaudet maxima, in ptoportione ad aqvam, ut i,ooo ad i^ioo.
4to. FuHijjuiium de oiiim acido, icd certis tantum in cir- cumftantiis, fcilicet y in refpcftu ad diverfa cor- pora»
5to. Fixiffimum in ignc inter omnia falia Acida, fine du- bio , ob qvanticatem ipfius acidi majorem , forfan & ob alias particulas immixta$«
5to. C(nnburit omnia vegetabilia & animalia corundem- qvc part^s^ atqvc in carhonem nigrum vcrtit, ignia inilar.
^mo. Maxima gaudet vi attracliva ad omnem materiam f«- flammabilem ^ ^d falia alkalina ^ ad aqvatn ^ cum qua admixta maximum excitat calorera , ad terras abjor- henteSy atqve plurima metalla ^ co ordinc & grada qvo funt cnumeranda»
avo» Omnia fer© metalla folmt ^ fed divcrfimode. Alia
metalla , nifi aqva prius dilutum fuerit , non folvit,
ut zincum , ferrum , cuprum & ad partem plumbum ;
alia metalla reqvirunt hoc acidum conccntratum , ut
argmtum , ftannum , cobaltum , & ad partem mf-
mmbwiiy antimoniwn & arfenicwn ; mercurium vero
folum corrodit aliqva cum folutione ; aurum non
attingic , nifi prius in aqva regis fuerit folutum &
^ ab ifca folutione prsecipitatum. Omnia metalla qvae
folvit, cum iisdcm qvoqve cryftallifatur , undc vi*
triola proveniunt naturalia & artificialia. *
}no. Rcperitur plurimis in corporibus mineralibus prsc- fens, ut eorundera conftitutivum, aliqvando vagum cum materia inflammabili combinacum, tarn in locis fubterraneis , qvam nonnullibi in fuperficie terras.
A3 Ca;
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^tVAciDUM ViTRioLi cdrporihus mineratibus immixtum. Rwcritur cum terta calcareii unitura in gypfo & fe* Uniticis lapldibus ; jCHm' terra aluminari in ahfmine €c min&ris aluminofis i cum nietalUs in vUrioUs natu^ ralibus ; Qura falihus alkalinis , in falibus neuiris ; cttin materia inflammamli ^ in fulpbure , bituminibus nonnullis & Htbantracibus ^ atqve principalicer in
Civ) AcjDUM ViTRioii vagum , fulphttreum. Hoc acidum maxime volatile occurrit vcl fubtilius vel craffius ) odore plus minus pungcotc &* penetrantc fulphureo , aliqvando fuffocativo prasditum ; alibi vagtiw in aSre hofpitans inprimis fubterranep ^ qvod fubtiliflimum eft. (c) Acidt^ vitrioli aqvis mvieralibus immixtum. Repe- ritur hoc in aqva (pirituofa vitrioli fpiritu volatili ncc non in acidtilis & tbermis plurimis. Eft hoc acidum cjusdem indolis cum actdo inflammabili fumo y qvi tfcendit fub, cffervefcentia limatura mortis cum //>i- ritti vUriali vcl fulpbure ; fi cteniro , ut per expdf i* cntiaiQ didici, in retorta tubolata^ ^adem inftitiiitur folutio vel effervefcentia , ut fiimus in aquam plfrifli* mam in'i vas recipicns bene agglntinatum infufam tran- fcendere & in aqvam immif ceri poflity pera3a operatic- ne, deprehenditur ilia aqva faporc naufeofo hepatico, fed in experimentis chemicis^ eadem omnino exhi-* bet phasnomena y qvae aqva acidularis hoc fpiritu gra- vida. Ars non perfede ubivis naturam imitari po<* teft. Ohfi I. Ad pjfitar alio que laptdes molllorif compofitioniSt in qvibua acidum fulpbureum vel fulphur latet, dum Mh fuh^ terraneut v^i fupraterraneushumidnsi, aut oMa accedit,df- luirur inde boo fulphur vel acidum latens^ ge oritur aliqva adtio iQ terram « lapidem vel roetallum, uode rootus iQtrin- fecus « & calor, a qvo fpifitus fulphuris ad partem difli- patur,qvi poftiiiodum vel vagtis exlfllt, vel aqvis fmmix- tus, easdem acidas reddit, undo alii lapides & alia corpora folvi p ffunt. Hinc litYtvliJicnlin nnturalis^ &pluriumcorpo niro mineraliam Qoii\\^^iilo\nm gcnttatio^ vel potius mutatis.
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0\fn •» lo vegitMliHhis & aumaUhusj jparciut licet In his pc- ilerioribus, dciVittm ,ade(re, notum eft » hoc ipfum veroad naturam hujus acidi vitriolici accedere , nondum eft de* monftratum-
a» SAL ACIDUM ) nUrofam. Acidum Nitri. Spec.
7.26. Sveth. Saltpeteb • Stra
GalU ACIDE NiTREUX
Germ. Salpetek - SsLure
Hoc Acidum benq concentratum , feqvcntibus gau- det proprietatibus.
Imo. Canfiftmia eft aqvora tenuis odore peculiari for- ^ ^avi , colcirt femper flavo rubente ^ femper & fyt- mans , fumum eruttans flavo rubeatem 9 ni^ aqva ipixtum fucrit»
ado. Gravitate fpecifica^ proxime ad acidutri vUrioli] a^- cedit, ia propordoae ^d aqvam fere ut i,foo::
I)000«
3tio In eo fuperat acidum vUrioli , qvod magis irapetuo- fe , cderiter & cotrofive agat in omnibus fuis folu* ttoAibus , atqve cum inflamraabili materia utpote cum oteii ignem reipfa concipiat.
4to. Comburit & cortodit omnia fere vcgetabilia, fimiliter & folvit duriores ammalium pzrtes y plumas ^ cornua^ ojfay dmtes &c. colore ubivis flavo,
5to. Cum /i^M /wira mixtum calorem excitat, & fufcipit inixtura colorcm coert4iefcentem vcl viridefcentem^ qvi color taraen cum tempore perit. Idem contingit fi cum aqva farti debiliori mifcetur,
Gto. Solvit terras calcareas ^ cum iisdem conftituens vel fal non cryftallifabilc fed aS e deliqvcfcens , vel fmxtixmphospborefcensi cfr. ohf. circa Calc. Lap^ lAit* c. Tom. i^p. J4S*
A 4 7^0. -
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8 l><) o C^
7mo. Solvit omnia metalla dum perfcQc concentratfeth eft imo, ipfura aurum^ & nocandmn, qvod co prom- tius ac iropctuofc metalla folvat , qvo magis dc in- flamm(rfbili participant materia , maxima cum cfFcrvc- fcentit & fnmo , usqyc dum omnis ilia materia in- flamraabilis feparata fiicrit Cake: vero metallonim non aggreditur. Ex omnibus metallis ftcillimc fol- vit zincum,, deinde ferrum^ cobaltum^ cuprum^ wtffl mutbum , plumbum , mer curium , regulum antimo- niif argentmn^ arfenicum^ co fere ordinc & appro- ximationis gradu , qvo nominata funt. Stannum non folvit fed impetuofe corrodit. Cum argento , plum- bo & m&f curio , format cryftallos ftlinas , cum /er- ro autcm, mpro & ftanmy liqvida fcraper pcrmanet forma. ' .
livo. Reperitur hoc acidum naturale ac fpontaneum non folum in aqua pluviali & nivali, confeqvcntcr & in ahe, eft. Marggraf in Mem^ Berlin, i7f2 ; fed ctiam in aqva marina nee non in aqvis fonlanis ^ a- liisqvc qvag in fuperficic tclluris reperiuntur, qva it re nos convincunt tarn expcrimenta Marggrapfia- NA L c. qvam fpiritus , qvi aqva regis fimilis a Sale marino obtinttur ^ juxta cxpcrimcnta Nevm/vn- Ni aliorumqve. Nonnullibi ctiam naturaliter reperiri qvafi in mineris contendit Burghart dc Sale Sei- gnet. p. 41. ubi commcmorat liujusmodi in Ukfania repiriri. His vero locis vix nudum fed combinatum fali alkalino^ quemadmodum id deprchendimus vid- garitcr in nitro & terra nitri^.
Ohf. Stdterraneum acidum nitrofura vel witrum^ nunqvam, quantum hue usque notum , eft repertum , fed iis folum to corporibus qv» in fuperficie tellurls reperiuntur, vel ao Jisdem aliqvo modo participaot*
Nitrum a nonnullis vegetabillbus, locis putridJs crefcentl. obtfneripofle, expcrimcQU LBMMBRiANA&dcRBaf aoR in Mem. Far. ijij. allau evincere videntur.
i. SAL
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3. SAL AdDUM muriatictm^ Acidixm Muriaticum^
Spcc^ 227. Jcidum falls communis. Cr^onstedt* 127. Srcth - RoKs ALTS - Sy&a. /
GtU. AciDE Marin Acid^e du Sel commuk. Gem KocHSAtzs-SiluRE
Sequ«ntibu$ dcprehenditur proprietatibus. imo- Canfi/lentia eft tenui aqvofa, colore a^vco vcl pie* mmqve flavefccntc ^ odore forti croceo^
2da. Inter acida mineriLh fubtUijUimum ac penetrantijjtmum eft, fub dcftillationibus dUBculter intra vafa cogrceri poteft , imo vitra mtcrdum p^netrat fi fuerat bene conceotratum. LeviJJhnum qvoqve inter acida mi- neralia, in aSre fponte & per fe diflipatur ; perpetue in aSre libero fumanSy domum fumo vilibiU grifeo fea nebula impleti
3tio. Eft hoc acidum, certis in circniBftantiif , minus for^ U ^ vomm conofivum \it, & minus impetuofum y qvani reltqva acida mineralia. Hinc minori gaudet attra- fUone ad corpora inflammapUia ,, ut & ad /alia alka'^ Una & terras > nee adeo fortcm in corpora vegeta* bilia Sc animalia exferit vim corfodeotem ; cum oleit in re/mam abit, & coagulat liqvida aaimalia glu- dnoia , «nde & in folutiombut corpprum animaUum fecilc gelatinat^
4t^ Sed nemo credat acidum falis in omni operatione de« biliffimum efle inter acida mineralia ; fuperat reliqua acida ; majori attraUiom ad metalla alba , argentum^ plumbum^ mercurium^ & regtdum antimoniij qvae,, per pra^ipitationem feparat non taatum ab acido m-> trofo fed & vUriolico , & cum iisdem ita fortiter coa*^ dnnatnr, ut cum iisdem finrol vel fundatur vel fubli« Qetur absqve ut feparetur.
5to^ Soperat & reliqva acida mineralia vi fohente cal- ces metallicas ^ qvas non folum folvit omnium metal- ^ A 5 lorum
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re
rx ) o ( Ml
lorum & femimetalkrum , qvod acidam pitriclicurn
vd nitrofum^ fi vel fortiffima effcnt, praeftarc naa
poffunt , fed & volatilifat aurum , afgentum ^ ftan--
num^ wifmutlmm^ merctmu^n &J regtdum antimoniu
Pcffpicitur hinc qvod tcnaciusf ac forties adharcat
corporibu5 qv8B tamcn difBcilius Iblvit qvara fetiqv^i
acida* Obfervauduin etemm qvo^d f^rrum, zincum,
rigtt/zpn cobalii , & ni fallor , nickel incegfQ fol\rat,,
ad partem rcro plumbum & regiUum arktimpnU ac^
ccdeiitc coftura ; fed wifmutbum^ mercuriumy cu-
prumy ftannwn , argentum & aurum j noti folvit
nifi prius fucrint catcin;^ta. Mixtam cum acido nitri
i conftituit aqvam regis , qva mirum & phHnct fol-
vuntur aKaqvq corpora raineraKa & raetafRca, -
6ta. Reperttur hoc aqidum vix uudimi , nlfi vagum in acre , fed combinatum vel bafi calcarca > in fak amma- niacofixo^ in aqva marinsi prasfentje^ vtl fale alkalino naturali , in omni fale marino & gemmed ; vel dchi-. qve cum fale votatUi in fde ammoniaco naturali ; cum argenfo in minera lurue camua. .Qvin ergo & va- gus hie l^piritus aliqvando in locis fubtcrraneis exiftat^ nullum eft dubium. Dura fontes foLini eflfodiuntur, aci- dupi falls nofti folpt tam odare qvam vapott grifco iifcendcns*
4^ SAL ACIDUM minerale Pbosphoreum. Aoiouj* Pho$-
PHOREUM. Svcth. PnoaPHORESCERANDE MiNERALUK SrRA.
Gall. AciDE Phosphorique Mineral Germ. Phosphorescirende Mineral SaurE
Eft hoc ipfum acidum falreeenter in ftuoribui mi- •cralibus phosphorcfccntibus dctcftum , a qvibus pulveri- fttis, admi]ito oleo vitriolic vel acido nitri aut faHs com- tnunis in anatica proportione , fcparari poteft , fi ^^^ do parum aqvsB fuerit prius in recipiente injcftum^ quo vaporcs acidi retincri & fufcipi poifunt. Hoc a-
cidum
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eldura fcqvcntibus gaudet proprietatibus , qvas & indica- vlt primus hujus acidi inventor C, W. Scheele in Ad^ Stockholm 1771. p. no. & feqv-
(z) Per deftillationem reftificatum & ab aqva liberatumt enlore eft aqvco , odore veto acidi falls communis* cum fpiritu vini asqualiter ac cum aqva facile mt- fcibile , fine fenfibili inutationc vel actioiie in fpiri- tum vini.
(b) Cum calce^ folutione peraQa , conftituit fiuorem mineralsm artificialem phosphorefccntem ; qvod & e* venit dum aqv^ calcis admifcetur usqvc ad prseci- pitationcm.
(c) Cum alkali fixo coit in gdatinam non cryftallifabi- Icm, fed poll: clixiviationem & exficcationcm , in igne fufibilem atqvc in aiTe humido deliqvefcibi- lem* Cum alkali volatili abit partim in gelatinam^ partim cryftallifabile in tcnuiflimas cryjlallos , qvas cum aqua calcis^ velfale aminaniaco fixo ^ foluto , vel & calcis folutione in Spiritu Nitric praecipitant ter- ram proprietatibus fluoris mineralis praeditara ^ phos- phorefccntem.
(d) Non folvit aurum , argmtum^ flannum^ plumbwv^ niercurium , mfmuthwn , cobaltum , & regulum anti- monii ; bene autem folvit cakem plumbi &i mfinutln\ folutionem prsebcns dulcem ; cuprum ad partem fol- vit, calcem vero cupri perfe6lius, cum qva & gela- tinat. Ferrum fub efFcrvcfcentia & fwna infiamma^ bili folvit ; etiam ocbram fcrri. Cum zinco codem fc habct modo ut cum ferro.
(^c} Id fingulare habct hoc acidum phosphorcfceniT, qvod fub deftilhtionibus combinatum cum aqvofo vapore , fcmpcr in terrani vilrefcibilem abeat , imQ» in rcftificationibus , fsepius repctitis , nunqvam non hujuswodi vitrefclbilem prsbec terram , qvse ad 6- ncm dcfcillationis vel reftificationis ^ in fuperficic
Acidi
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I
tcidi prios in vas recipiensexpdli^N inftarcnifts (br« snata feperitur. Hsc phssnomena non dependere vi« dentur a qvadam folutione terrs vitrefcibills in aci- do phosphor! ^ qvum fi loca aqvfls adhibeatur fpiritus vini in recipiente > hujusmodi terra vcl cruika vi- trefcibills non formatur^ fisd potius a mutabilitate particularum aqvofarwn in hac combinatione^
Obf, Ab experimentis allati^ patefcero arbitror hoc aeidum*mL nerale. pbofphorefcenr , magna m habere convenienttaa cum acido phojpbori Kunckelii ex urina* Biidem namqve me* talla utraqve haec acida foIvuDt; cuprum fcilicet ad parteiOt ferrum vero' & zincum integre, reliqvis intaftis* Prxterea acidum pbospbori urina^ aqvofii privatum parte, fortiori Jgne in vitrun liqvefcit^ hoc vero a^idwn pbospborefiens^ non eodem folum modo , Ted & iofUper in deflillationibui & reftificationibus iti hujusmodi terram abic. 5ed in pluri* mis circumftantiis (hnt qvoqve baec acida dlftibfta, ut ab lisExperimentisqvaeMARoaRAFF tnASI^Berol. 1743 ad* tulit, con^parati ve cum his allatis facile in apricum poni po- ted ; DfUemhoc certum, qvod hoc acidum cum calcarea terra combmatum fluorem roineralem pbosphorefrentem coofti* tuzt^ absqve alk inflammabiti materia (Uperaddita aut combi- nara, qyod vero cum acido pbotpbori urnut vlx fieri po- teft, ucpote, qvod fuo inflammabiU privatum, nullum con* fiituit phosphorum, reliq va ut reticeamus momenu. An ergo unam eandemq ve orlgiuem hmc bina babent acida ? Ao utra« qveab ifcido jalit diverfimode combinato & mutato ? An ab acido peculiar! a reliqvis mineralibus didiafto ? dicaC pofterior aetas. Nullum numerum interca ad banc (^iem adpooere voluimut, donee borum acidorua ori{p\ meliuf fiierit deteft^.
Obfervationes circa Salia acida miner alia.
Ohf. I. Prster haec defcripta acida mineralia, etiam nonnulla alia dautur, qvs fills locis defcribeQda,heic veroindicanda.
imo. Saz AcfDVK fuccifd^ qvod eft confiftentia folida, ad« do-oleoChm terreftre, in Succini varietatibos prcGnis.
sdo. Sal Acidum ambfa^ qvod obdoetur ab ambra, ejui^ dem iodoUs cum priori.
3tio. Sal AciDUac Uthantraeum ^ qvod io noonulUs varieta* tibua iichaatracum leperitur , noa vero in omni*
Vcl-
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Vellent for&u nonnulli hue & referre fal fedativumy qvod a horracc feparatur , & jioonulUs proprietates cum acidts
[ communes haoere videtur, fed de hoc fale, fuo loco, no- ftram dicere volumus fententiam, faltera nullo, five fapore five odore five confifteotia fiveliabitu ad reagentia cum aci-
^ dis commuoi gaudet. ' . a i
Oy*. 2. Acida msnevalia ideo helc defcrtpta; qvum? ut fodi' catum eft, plurium corporum mineralium compofinonem ia* gredinQtur, eademqve faepein diverfam a primo ftatu indo<- lexD commutant* Hie veto effeftus , ignota caufla , bene & '• perfe<ae nunqvam cognofci poteft, Aclda vegetabiiia &c d- I nmalia^ in re^no minerali peregrina tarn origine qvam in- dole, merito e regno minerali ideo excludenda putatnus.
Oht 3. Commuuis fere chemicorura aliorumqve eft fententia, acida minoralia , vitnolica^ nitrofa & muriatica not] elTe nili idcutica & pofteriora bina a priori xitriolico fuam habe- re originem, aiiqvo cum additamento peculiari; ad qvam fententiam corroborandam binae principales adferri folent cir* cumitantiae{a) Qvod acidum vitYtoUcum fortius fit reliqvii acidis, inajori puritate, gravitate fpecifica & iixitate praedt- tum. (bj Qvod hoc jpfum acidum vkriolicum in acidum nitrofum & mdrinum commutari poffit, atqve reciproce haec pofteriora Jh primitivum ftatum vitriolicum redigi- Sed cir- ca haec allata momenta obfervamus imo, qvod fortitude acidi vitriolici fit tantum relativa ad diverfa corpora, &iu proportione ad majorera qvantitatem ipfius acidi in hoc fpi- ritu acido obviam, unde major gra vitas fpecifica & iixitas in eodem ad magaam partem dependet. Acidum vitrioii ma- xime debilitatum majori gaudet attradtione ad infiammabile in ziKco^ cupro & fetroy qvam fpiritus nitri , Vt\ fpiri^ tus /dii/,qviex adverfo, majorigaudcncattradione, ac.dum mtti ad oleum pingve vegetabile , acidum vero falis^ ad cdc€t metallicar. Ad alia corpora fpiritus vitrioti debili- |atus non majorem exferit efficaciam , qvam fpiritur nitvi vel Saiii fortior , vel eadeni tortitudinc. cdo. Tr/tnimuta' tionevi qvod attinet. qvam impugnarenon polTumus, licet plu- rima adferantur exempla qva^ accurateinftitutam renovatio- nemreqvirunt» eadem nihil aliud indicate videntur, qvam qvod haec acida mineralia alternstive ttansmutari pofliut, unum in alterum,& reciproce, nempe certii in circumftan- tiif acmiictionibns, ubi acidae particular nunc banc nunc a- liam iugrediuutur connexionem. Sed qvin hse transmutatio- nesfieripolTint, absqveut unumabaltero fuam habeat ori- 1^ giocm, cuivis patet, niodo coufidcretur qvod omnia hsc aci-
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14 iM^oCKl
da a eomnmni prineipio derivari pofl&nt,a qvo ttfjvalitet ortgL cem habeot, diveriicatem vefo accipiunt & diverfam qvo damoiodo iaduuut oaturaro prodiverfitateparticuUruin^cuai qvibus coadunantur 9 qvae vero particulae plus minus fuoc ftparabtlcfl. Hinc patet«qvod Kvhvst in AH N. C. l^ol^ Vi. LiMMBRT & Lbursbn ic Sale dmttri aliiqveeodeni jure acidum muriaticiuM , ut prlacipale coofideraodum judu caruQt, utpote magia mfiver/ale qvaoi reliq va acida , & ma- jori ftkaitate prxdicmn ; in omoi regno naturae » aqveo fnlaerali/vegetabili, anifluli praerena*
HisgenerallrerlmeRiifliiat jam qv(x]ve particulariter paucis demQnftrare volumos, acidas nitrofim & mwiaticum a vi* molue ooo depeoder^L
f A) Acidum mtrofum ab dcido vitrioiico fiam ftMhtft mgintm eo minus probabile , qvo certnis conftat, im6, toagnam dari differentiam )nter haec acida, tam fipare^ qvam vdare^ tahrty effeHu atqve dlverra relatione ad alia corpora, ado* ffctdum Trmo/rrum eiTe magis ftibterraneum , nitrqfiim vero. ftspracdtaneuro. 3tio. Acidum ir/trxo^/rtimmaterlaminflam. HitbHem mineralem continerc > acidum mtrofum vero ve^ fetAiltm vel animalem. 4to» In Rxivio materno ac in terra mitrofa minqvam , ne veftigium qvidem vitriolici ;acidi re^fAtk 5to- Abexperinientis chemicis, transmutatibnem tfriitf ^trfolfci in nitrofum mdicantibua , eo minus conclu- di jpoCeftad bujus ori^nema priori, qvo magis evidtum eft» €C}am acidum muriaticum in nitrofum commutart, ut in fe* tqventibus indicandum , atqve eodem itaqve jure did poflo acidum hoc nitrofuifir ab acido muriatico fuam habere origi* nem ; firaiUter & reciproce » acidum ^fitriolicum a mrqfb Ajas habere natales, qVum & nitrofum acidum iu vitrioe licum fit transfflutabile , ot cliemici docent«
(B) Acidum falii communis ah acido vitrioiico fokta igno« . Xcece adgioMH minua probabile videtur ^^o* Qvod ^ii« baecce qvam maxime diftinfta, colon^ odore, /spore, tfi'eBu atqve ulatione ad alia corpora, ftdo. Qvia acidum falis^ certis in circumllantiis, majori gaudet non folum fubtititate iSr pcnetratioHc, fed & vi atqve ^caeia qvam acidum vitrit^ licum^ ut circa ^usdem defcriptiooem adtulimua. |tio* Act* dum vitriolicum reperitur folum fubterraneum, fed acidum faliscommums tam fubterraneumqvam Qipraterranettm, in^^r^ fn aq-ua^ in vcgetabilihus & ammatibui ^ in ti vibiis nulluni Bcidum vitriolicum uaqvameft repertum; tmo^ftqvitur 4to
avod acidum muriaticum ut magis uuivenfokj vix probabi* ter origiaea tohM^ pooaft ab alio gMijui particulari, feU|
cec-
Digitized by
cenis tantum locls& corporibus reflrifto acido. ^to. Vi- dettir qvoqve acidum jmUs ^ aliqvani cum arfenio habere anahvttm , qvae actdo rnriolico eft denegata ; qv« analc- pia elucet, /)«rfim in proprietate acidi muriatici -DoUti lifandi liietaUa> qVam proprietatcm communem faabet cuiu rrmcu' no & arfemco : parttm in flamma caruko viride/cente ^ qvana fal comnmne carb )uibusigninsadQ:ierfum producit, qvem- admodum arfenicum cura nitro deftiilatum , dac fpiritum niivi caYukum'j patt/m in odore ailiaceo ^ qvi fendtur dum fal comiiiune in igoe cum carbonibus tuoditur ; panim deni* qve m odore Spirttus [aits ^ qvi reciproce , lentkur , dum ar/entcum cum aado latnoUco deftiliatur-
Ohf. 4. Ab hac, in obfervatione praecedenti, demonllrataiu- dependeutia iinius acidi ab altero, feqvitur eadem ongma* liter effe diJlinBa* De origine itaqve falium anderum Jiceat Dobis hac occafioue breviter uoftram dicere fententiam*
Sont chemici qvi diftingvunt inter principium Jalinum , & /al primordialc feu ptimogenium ; fnaxexlftimant inter principiji corporum prima feu elementariaconnumerari debere,e3qv« ^lleiimplicitate & fubtilitateutfeparatimobfervari nunqvsra poffic ; pofterius vero compofitum a falix prsncipio cum terra
• & aq-va combiaato^ bene perfpicientes ab aqva & tetriL fim- plicUer & per fe uaitis nunqvam fal product poile.
Alii contcndunt principium falinum nihil aliud effe qVatn rom- pofnum ah atjva t/ terra unitis, qvod evidum credunt (a) Jk adfinitate falium cum aqva & terra, iBtn ^rfivitate fpe* €tjica qvam fixttate & folubilitate, qvibus proprietatibus lalis deprehenduntur ut corpora media inter aq vam & terram, majori praediu gravitate fpecifica , fixitate & folubilitate qvam aqva, fed minori qvam terrae. (b) A reduFlione M\um in aqvam & terram^ dum fspius folvuntur, ficcantur & calci- nantur, prout chemici decent fc) a decompofitione nitfi fub detonatione, in aqvam, qvss clyfus nitri vocatur & ttt-^ trm in fale alkalino refiduam, (dj A compojiticme, qvam ia fale calcate^ fub combinatione calcis viv« cum aqva, fieri dicuDC ab aqva & terra.
Sed, ni valde fallor, prima fr/«^ momenta conccrnunt unice falia compoftta vel potius drcompofita neqva€|vam vcro prin* -cipium lalinum. In falibus compofitis, file alkalino^ tat" tatS^ mtriokto , nitro , fale communi , fale mtrabili &C» teii^fa terram & aqvam adeffe , nemo negare potcfl: ; ftd ej lie tt nou eft qyatilio , fed de fpirita acido fmplki 'X,
pw
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15 |xi)^C«l
purtJImo.* Qyrii circa qvartum momentum Confider^pdafll eft , indicavlmiis in Ol^erv(A* dru Calcartos Lapii. \f Cah
Nos opinaiput priDcipJum falinum foam trahere.oHpnw prlj mam , ab aqva feu vapore afvcjb turn materia tf^lakmabtl^ mime jmi&o^ Hoc demonftraanis imo^ a. irf expanfiva fpitituiim acMorum mairiwa^qvaliaexpaofiva vi^B^^qvae. oec terra fiv-e feparttif fivejuoftis compedt, benev^ro iis- dein Cuai infiawmabils materia ODitis. ado. vl volattmaU acidorum fptrittmmmaxlnia>qva, fiooo ombia pleraqve ta. men acidaaqvam faperaat,«t.novimus ab^soniodam oaore, ftimo& a praefeotia in ^re, ad aeqValem cum aqveo Va. pore altitudinem,qvod ab acklo a<*reo , fulphure agreo & tf ^nitruali , ^tqve elearjca materia fatls eft BOtum. An pas- fil-'lp ut aqva in comblnatione cuto terra eadero gaudenet vA^3»-nitate i neqvaqvaiti- stlo. Ab attmHione maxima ad corpora aoaldga, Aqvam & materiam inpamntitbilem , longe maorem^ in acidfs f uriorihiis^ ^qvam ad qvatncunqve ter. ram. 4to. A confiflevtU acid^w tmnqvm in forma ficca « folida, nifi terreftre aut metallicum admixtum luerit, fed femper fluida aut vaporofe, A comblnatione mitem-aqV^ cum terra, opinamur, corpus aut folidum aut mediae confi* llentlx ^Kiucet^tnr. sta Ab efitSu & tst tarn fidyenU qvam combmente q vcm Acida exferont , igmr ioftar, m a. nimalk &. vegetabilia, qvalis ^ffedus mmqvam ab^rfwi & terra juoftis'exfpeaiari poteft^ Vdunt recentiorei inprimit celebraftjjmui Mac^^ubk kr DsOiotk Cbym. baa Vires dp duoere ^ nifu particukrum terreflrium elejiientariuia m conuftum .; fed* ut.ijobia videtur, nimis coafte, prime ct. enim demonftrandum eft ^qvod ilie uiftjs infect .oSiMtatm q vandam iarPOfecam, qvum virei corporum & elemratohim cu juacunqvegeneris i'uedot oeqvaqvaro contundi dtbentcum ^arvitau. Aliud ^ dicetc terram elementatem fimpUcem eHe nifu in conuaum, vi aitrafti va & ^ravkativa pwhtam, aliud eft dtce^e id ipftjm eiementum efle aHimn,. aftivit^te intrinfeca & CponUnea , qrkjaii^ gaudenf. Demtte & dc- monftraodum, paiticulas inioi»as» qvmaqvam tonftjtuunt, non effe terreftri tolidiffima aatura & indole, ^^deoqve. q van- do particul* elementares terre/tres junguotur cum particulis elemc^tafibus aqiui , ille aifiia turn plene fit;ceiSips. «o. A vero igne^ qvem acidum m^rfcum okif vegetabiliom ex- Citat, qvinunqvamproducipafletabafna or terra iwnals^ Idemiudicant iacilfe acc^nfibilitas napbta ,*«/rWi, mtrt & Jaliu 2Wk Aicnenuioae tuUi ubicuoqvt vapor aqvo-
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•t>4 C O ) Kj 17
^:ofc. fijs vel aqva cuflj inflammabili fubtiliilima materia in co:v nubiurn venire poteft, utpote (a) ab aqiapnya calori fnla. ri, vafe claufo , expofita, ut obfervavit Hller iniVW.
A«* Meroi. 1747. Hj^KNB in Tent. Chenu i.(b) a geacistione /tf/iV cakam iq ipfa <;Wrtf, qvoda particuUs aqvofis vaporo- fis cum infiammnbiii mateiia iu cake exiftente ortum, d«.' monilravimus io ^tjirv, circa €(»kar, lap If caicem^ Obf 6- C<^J a genera tione acidt fubtilfjjimi aeret , qvud a vapo* ribus aqvoiis <!k rubtiliHima materia iniiammabiii producl, eo probabilius videtur qvod terreftres particulae in aerem fubli- mioreiu afcendere non poflTint, hoc acidum vero fuj pecu- liari & penetrantiffima indole ab omni alio acido fit aiitin- ^um, uc patet ab Igne & lulphtire tanitiuali atque eieBtico unde & Prtmogenij titulura obtinuit. (d) A gtnerationey ^cidi artificialiSy quod niotu particularuni intrinftco fcrmeU' tAtivo produdtur in aceto ^ tartaro^ In&e ^ &c. ad ciijus produdtionem neceffarlo materia inflammabilis, non vero ter- leftris, requiritur> Hsc vero acida non majori jure ut nif tnralia con li d e ra ri pol Fun t, q v a m ipirituofum per fe r men t . t i o • ne:n vinor4m,& fi I volatile ^ per putretaftionem produdum, ^vo. A deJlruHione acidorum {pirituum dum feparatur ma- teria pbiogt/iica. Sic detonattone deftruitur fpiritus nitri^ ^bsqve terreftri parte; Ul alkaiinum remanens nemo coufi- ^derare pottfit vel debet, ut coiiftitutivum acSdi nitrideftrudi,
. fed , ut bafts ejusdem acidi. Sic & , ab acido ^itriou mix- \ to euro oUo atb€r€o vegetabili fit refina , fub digeftione, a qva deftiliata nonnlfi aqva, fpiritua acidulus , oleum & cacbo obtinentur, ft idem fpiriius ulierius mifceatur cum o- >leo deftiilato ac denuo deflilletur, qvod iterari pcfteft , tan-
* dem nil nifi afi/i obtinetur, remantute terra nt^ra ; fubiiis eteoim operationibus feparatur pUogtJtica materia, unde a- adum deftruitur. Plura uc reticeamus exempla deftrudioiiis acidorum, qvae apud chemicos legi pollunt'. ^no A 'pb:>f' phorefcentia deniqve terrarum & lapidnm banc coftram Ifteoriam comprobanms ; ecenim ut noa poffibilis phipborur urisa^ pbofpbofUT Balduim ^s'c. nee pyi'ophmus fine zc\* do, lie jure concludimus pkospbvios & pyropboros ab nch- da fuaiT! trahere oriejineni coaceatrato » aaeoc]ve in eodem acido raateriam ad*^(le lucidam. Cfr Obf avca ftume^s ^ pboffhorefctntiam. Ubf, j, lOmo. H'ifce momeotis accedit deniqve maxima anahgia fpintuum andorum cum ignex unde & plurimi chemici ea tueruat & exiflur^t opinione qvod i«f/^rtw lit coQtlitueas qvoddam if^nis, ut apud che- micos leji poteit, pluiimi exen^pU.^ ilLuftratum.
Tm. it: B Hac
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Hac jam ftabilitatheoria originis acidi, infuper obfervpndum plurimos darl gradus compofitionis , & ditferentias materia infiimmabiiis ^ qvas alibi dcmoDftrare Volumus. Hinc ica- qVe qviQ diverfa producantur acida, nullum eft dubium.
(AJ A tenuiflimo vapore aqveo^ cum puriffima & fabtiliflima ^l, materia tnfiammatili combinato , Ofiginem , fine dubio , tra* Mi\ bit aci.iiim rubtiliinmum , volatiliilimura, penerrantiirimum, \^^ qV"d appellatur aadum aereum , fal univerfak , fptritur Qmi\ mi^ndt^ Avtcula. Jhrmetif J fal centralc ifc, qvod proxi ::^,nje ad c^turam 'dcidi vttrwhci accedit.
CBJ A prindpio InRammMW minerali ^ cum aqva vel va- pore aqveo/a'yf^rr^fifo combinato , vel cum faU univerfali aflbciato, aadum njitriolicum ortum Videtur prout tjufsdem praefentia in regno minerali , indicat*
(C) A prindpio injknmabilt , ve^etdiili vel animili , cuna aqv<jO> vapore, vel cum j.(/cr ill o awrjej/j// combinato, a. cidum nitrofum depeodet, qvod ejusdem ori^o^ detonation nee noQ miners iudicare videtvtun
""'(p) A prindpio inflmmabtli metalUco , vel arTetiicali ,- feii ludr materia, cum vapore aqvofo , aut acido uoiverfali, aadum fall f dependere opioamur, utpote praelens iu omai
^!; regno naturae.
xfEJ A pecuUari materia inflammabili, cum acido five falir ^^i communif Jive vitrioii^ combinata , aadum phorphorefcent' ,^ minerale fuam torfan habet originem.
Y^J A materia injfammabili vcfetahile aut animali ^ per mo- cum circulatorium aut fermeutatprium attenuata, atqve cum aqvofis particulis vel acido aereo combinata, a^idum, vt- getabile fz animale & fic porro. ,.
Tandem, ut his noHris ratiociaiis« quae tamen hue praecife non pertinent, finem imponamus, id folum addere voluraus, q vori, ut principia inflammabilia, fua origine, ab uno eodemqve principio prime inflammabili dependent , necede eft, fic non mirum adda mineinlia mutari pojfe unum in alttrum ^ dura vel craffiora aitenuantur , vel tenu:ora magis craflam io- duunt indolem , modo diyerfo.
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^ C o ) *<| '»^
3. VITRIOLUM. Gen. 33.
Cbalcanthu7n vcl Mrmmntwn vETEauMi, Sveth. Wiktrijl. Witriou : ^-"^
Gall. Vitriol. ^.^ . J
Germ. Vitriol.
jmo. Sapore eft ftypdco & ingrato , pcculiarfl, ractallico.
Sdo, Ab jEqvali, qvoad poTidu?^ aqvo! qvantitate folubile^ fed plerumqve, fub foiuti^ne,^tcrra^ ^d funduin di» . snittetis metal Ilcara. "' . *; "^ij. / . j!,/^\.. ...
■Jtio. Cryjlallifabik pro diverfitate -metalli , nee non f u- ritate , divcrfusode , ut circa fpeciers eft indican- ■dam.
4to. In igrfe liqvefcit; pofttnodam vero , homiditate cVa- porata, in pulvcretn abit ^ pro diverfa fartitudpnc ignis & fua indole divetfiiTiode coloratum.
|to. Compofitum acido vitriolico & met alio qvodam , fcilU ctt fen'Q ^ cupro vel zinco aut his miictis^ rarius m-
Ol'f /. Vitriola nqvldem Jali.^ fnctdlica exiflunt , mo% hioc arpud chemicos nonnctllos obtinait, omnia falia metfillica^ acfdo njitrif^t prapparata, five fmtumlia fwe anifici dta iwe- fine, etiara ilia, qvae alijs acidis p *parantur, vitrida appel* lare. Sed nobis heic fermo eft fcjlum de vHriolis naturali* tax , qvae fpiritu 'vitrioli & metajlo Conftarit, ab ipfa natuta ^ prodcidis
-Undenani vrtr'K>lr?m fiitim nomen obxmiHt-, an a vitrea fa- - cie, »n aliunde, parum iios a>ovet. Ab IpGs Hteris 4n1tiali- huSj nomulli ftqveritemlententam forma re vn Ion t, vifitnn^ ^ do iaie fiord tar a feB'tjicando invents t eccultum lapiim veram mediciam , fed , tit nobis Videtmr . uimis coafte. Ab aliis, inprimis antiqvioribus appellator aUamentum^ Viel & Mtramentum futorium^ oh nigredinem. qvam vitrinlHm martin ic cum mat^Tlu adftringciue vegerabil! prodncit* A Otae- cis appeltotnm eft t%tlcannum^ ab av$o< ri >:aA«5> hoC eft , fiai 4gris , qvo patet i^liu uoauiU vitnoium cupri fuif-
re.
Digitized by
fe notnm; hinc k Cakdano vocatur Cuferosa. Alcbe^ miftica nomiaa videri polTuDt in Eh. Kocnigs^. Min. p» 14 1. &C-& C Mbum^nn I Cb. Pf. Cap. de yitYiulo.
Obs. tt. Vitriola fiqvidem in aqva folubilia & cryftalllfablUa, jure merito itaqve ad ialia retereada exiftiroamus, id li- cet oegem Anoklus^ Sala, ^welfbr, Fr, Hoffmait & BoBRHAAVB , qui oullo jure tiaec ipfa ad feroimecallare- tuiic- Sed QOQ ideo ad (alia media proprie ficdifta funtre- feread<i,^qvuin eiiervefcaot cum Uitbus alkalini* ^ ab iis* dem prxcipiteatur, atqve fubftauciam contioeant aqv^ aon folubilem*
•§♦ 88.
1/ VITRIOLUM cupri , caruleum^ nativum. Vitrio-
LUM CUPRI. Spec 2l8t
Vilriolum cupri caruleum dodecaechon, v. Linnc 104. a. , 'Vitriolum veneris feu cypricum^ Cronstedt 122. 2. Vitriolum veneris. Chemicorum
Sveth. BlSIsten. Bl^ Vitriol • Koppar-X'itriou. *. Gall Vitriol BLEU ou le Vitriol de cuivrb. v»
De Bomare 304 193. Gqrm^ RuPFER Vitriol. CyprisChrr oder Romi-, scHER Vitriol. Blauer Vitriol.
Colore eft caeruleo , fapore maxime auftero & nau- fcofo m^talhco , ferro polito huraido affricatum , relin- qvit tcnuera cruftam feu particulas cupreo rubente co fo- re ferro adhserentes ; aqva folututn ab admixto piUvere gal'^ lanm , fit folutio flavefcens ; adfufo autem fde alkali- no^ fixo vel volatilij parum effervefcit, Incraflatur & co- lorcm cfleruleuni induit , cum praBvipitatione matcriae gri- foo fufcBB. . Debite traSata folutione , cryftallifatur figa* ra dodecaedrica ^ ut confpicitur fig. 2ff. In igne fpirituxn aciduin eruftat & colorem amittit , cundem obfcure fufcum induens. Compofitum ab aculo vitrioiico & cupro^ ^a} ViTRioi^uM cupri cryJUUlifatum.
Hoc rariffime occurrit ^ reperitur in fodlnis cuprcis bun^ gqricis , ab aqvis , hoc vitriolo irabutis praecipitatum ' & cryftallifatum.
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1« ( O ) K| 21
(b) ViTRioLUM cupRi , ftaladiticum,
Datur & opacum & pellucidum , hoc eft , plus minus, purum , faxis , more ftalaSitarum , adfixura , figura plcrumqve tarn intriufece qvam extrinftce indetermina- ta. Rammelsberg. Fablun^
(c) ViTRioLUM cupRi, germinans.
In fbdinis reperiri folet graminis modo vel lanuginis inftar lapidibus adfperfura.
OH. I. JfVM hoc cupreo vitriolo fo&cund», in fodlnls cu* preis, appellari folent aqv^ cement AToRi^.i qvibus, ope fcrti^ cuprum praecipitatur, qvod vocatur Cuprum Ci«MBNTATUM, qvale plurima pars cupri nativi txiftiu Tales aqvs re'periuntur ad Ntusol in Hmgaria & Fabluna heic in Svccia.
Obf, a. PuriflTimum vitriolum cupri vix in natura reperitur, fi- avldcm nulla nilnera cupri vitriolificabiiis qvae ferro caret Vitfiolum caruleum vel cypticum qvod in oflicinis & apird materialldasdi venditor eft on^oe arte faftum. Prxparatur vero vitriulum hoc csruleum, vel (a) limaturam aut tru- ftula cupri iq oUb vitrioli fortiffimo decoqvendo , usqve dum colorem grifeum fufceperitf deinde aqvam puram ebuUientem adhmdendo ea qvantitate ut fplutio fiat caeru- lea , <)vx filtranda , evaporanda tk cryllallifaQda. Si ole^ tm vitrioli mifcetur cum pauca qvantitate fpirituf nitr' & aqva duodecuplo, turn non opus eft forti coftura,taci* lis fit folutio fupra ignem, qvx filtranda & cryftailifanda> fed hac via cryftalli obtincntur pallidiores. Vel (b) lami MS cupri humeftatas cum tulpbure aut pyrste fulpbureo pul- verifato ftratificando in vafc bene claufo , igne deinde len- ' calcinaodo ufq ve duip cuprum fiat bbfcurum cc rragile^ qvodi « vocatur iEs ustum, quod pulverifatum cum sulphure ali. qvotiea mixtuih & in igne tradlatum ut deflagret fulphur, tandem in aqva calida folvendum ; folutio autem filtranda ft criftallifanda i Vel (c) fpiritu vitrioli maxime debili hanc cupri folutionem inftltuendo, qvod diuturnum reqvirit tem- pus fed roloorem operam. (d) Praeparaturqvo(^ve hoci/i-
iriobm e^ukum nonnuUibi a mineru cupri cafcmatis , vel In lapidero futpbureum metaUicum tufis-, k qvibus / qvo cli« ' tioribus cupri , eo pulchrius isaeruleum obtinetur vitriolum. aqva calidiffima id ipfum extrahendo. Sed minori cum lu- cro haecinftltuitut elixiviatlo. Cfr. Elem, Metallurgia* p. 303-
B 3 a- VI.
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1, VlTRIOLUM/^r/i, viride^ nativim. Vitriolcm fer* Ku Spec. 2^2 9»
VitrMum Mortis. CHEMicaRUM. Vitriohim ftrri viri(h hexaedrum. von Linnc 104^ Viimlwn Martis fimplex. Crokstedt 122, 6. Sveth. Gr5k vitrioi.. jERN-VixaiaL,
Gall ViXRIO^L VERp OU \K CaUP£ROSE VERTE NATir- RELLE V. DE BOMAR^ 30' > 192.
Gcrm^ GRliNe^i vitriql. eisen vitriol^
Eft compofitura acido vitrioli & ferra^ colore viridi^ qvod in calorc folajfi grifeura fufcifxit colorcm & pulvcrii'» Icntam confiftentiani y fapore auftero atramcntofo aqva fo- }vitum\, (tm^cr ecbraceam deponens raateriara ^ pragbet fo- lutioncm qvae addita vegctabili adftringentc feu pulv^xe gallarum ^ nigrcfcit , cura fale alkaiino fixo parum efferve- fcit, & viridefcit^ cum praBcipitationc raateria ocbracea ; cum /ale alkalina volatili coagulatur Si prscipkatur ; fola- tione cvaporata, filtrata atqvc doinde cryftallifata , dat cri- ftallos rhomboidales ftu hcxaijdricas ; Fig -xj- In ignc a^vam & fpintuui acidum eruQat & colorem aroittit , primo flavum dcinde rubeniem induens. Reperitot ia montibus ubi veiiflB pyritacM.
Ca) ViTRioLUM FERRi cvyjloLUfatum.
Rariffime naturalitcr repcritur, cryftallis cubicts.
(b) ViTRioLUM FERRi ftolaHtticwn.
Eft figura & tcxtura irregularly parietibus raontium^ii jodinis adfixum. Fahlun.
Cc) viTRioLUM FERRI gefminctrif.
Eft filamcntofutn fcu lanuginofum, maxiiuc friabile, vo- cari folet germauice atlas vitriol ^ dixm vitriolo viridi ut bafi infidet. Hungma.
(&) VixRioLUM FERRI farimceum^
Pyniie folphureo deftrnfto adherens cffe folet*
Obf.
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|w ( o ) K| af
OhP r. Vitrtohm fcni femper erufia qnadam flava obdaci folet cum tempore, vocatur haec crufta zona ^trambn- tI MBTALLict, qva eo citius vitriolum obducitur qyo op- fcurius eft ; eft veto haec crufta nihil aliud qvam r^'id"""* reliftum ochracem poft evaporatJonem aqvs & Ipuuus acidi. , •
OH 2. Pr^paratur hoc vitriolum arte (») limaturam mat- Us in /p/r7« vundi debiliori vel oUo v,tr,f aq7^..?'»»"» folveado, folutiooem filtrando. evaporando&cnlJana^ndo. vitriolum qvod hac via obtinetur vocan folet S^^J"^" T.s Cb) Laminas ferreat cum fulpbure ftratificando, ut. mi- Uori igne, acidum fulphuris, In vafeclaufo, ferrum cor^o. da" qvJd deinde aqva decoquendum ut fiat folul'.o , qV« eJif^orloda & criftallitanda. Hoc idem fit fi P«J-"/WJ; r/7^ifcetur cum UmtUura martts & mixtura h"«n*=J«"^ cuffl^««a. loco deinde qvieto reponitur "sqve dum otnnia moTus ceJTaverit , poftmodum aqva decoqvitur & folutio SS evaporetur & criftallifetur. (c) Praparatur quoqve i Se iodinis extrafto.qviin truftula diffraftus, loco e minentiori, in cumulum reponitur, ut acris& aqvaum aftionc diflolvatur feu vitriolificetur.in qvem finem trultuia haec. poft aliqvod tempus invertuntur in cumulo, ut »qva bilii haec fiat folutio feu deftruftio. Aqva poftmodum ab his cumulis defluens , vitriolo gravida, per canales , i" ci fternis vel foveis excipitur, tandem decoqvitur & criu^ui- fatur. Probe vero obfervaadum Don ab omrai pyrtUMC ^i^ vitriolum obtineri poffe, fedtantum ab iisquimolhoti luo compofitione, in quibus, accedente humiditate. mo'^s "«,'!)• fec'us folutorius & expanfivus exciuri poteft. Ab humiao namque aereo aciium fulpbureum aut vttrioltcum diluitur. & in aftionem in mateiiam martialem excttatur.- "bi erjro nullus inzreffus humidi locum habet, ibi & nulla vitriol n- catio poffibilis roodo defcripto. Alihi , ut heic m^uecta^^ Dylta in Nericia, & ad Scb-nmenlerg in Saxonu , delti.^ latur a pyrite primum fulphur , refiduum. la won u»xu, vei fine ulteriori praparatione cum aqva excoquifur, vel acn exponitur ut acidum concentratum aqva d.luatur , t«funi folvat & cum eodem in vitriolum abeat , qvod elixwatio ne & criftallifatione purum obtinetur. Altl'i^jynte am- pliciter uftulato, extrahitur vitriolum ut ad Ge;!eri«6-i>:o m. rdj Ab aquit foiinarum , in qvibus pyrttet hc,lp;cat. extraftts & decoftis. plurimum wmo/i obtinetur . «ru;ic lo ^ecia ad Muinum Cupnmontium praeparatum elt, lea mi- nus fimplex.
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W. :f. A-h hoc vitrioir, Atrambntum nigrom scripio-
te hinl Pf ''"■ ' '?• ^^°'^ ^«*^'P' ''°'«"' vitrioliiiridulL Sr^r,;i ;""' '"■"*'"•. P'^" ""a. /,«/^.„V f<.//ar«« par- InLT' I •'••' P^"** ^'?*n'' qv^fiof & ultra, cum Mn- mio fafcbart , ut decoqvantur , aut alumimt.
3. VITPJOLUM zinci album , nativum. VitRiolum
' ZINU.
^«rw/um zlnci album dodecaedrum prifmaticunu v. Lik-
N^ 104,. }.
VitrMum zincL CroNstedt 112. 3, Cveth HwiT viTRiou Calizensten.
Gall. y.TRlOt BLANC , OC COUPEROSE BLANCHE,
OCT Vitriol de zinc. v. de Bo ma re. 307! Germ. Zink vitriol. Gauzenstein.
rnTn.f Itk'"*"**- *" ""'^^ ''"""" corapofitum , pellucidum, cl? r ""'"'' • J^"^'"' P""™ d"J" «^ adftringente
laberccntem retinens , forti igne odorem ingratura fpar- gens; aqya fofutum fcdiriientnm deponit grifcum aut pa- rum flavelcchs , ipfa vero folutid ab admixto adftrmim.
movctur & prasapuatur , folutione aotem evaporaU pa- rnm & cnftallifata dat criftallos dodecaedricas prifmati- Surrin*'* ^'P'"'""^ i" ropntibus ubi minera! zmci
(») ViTRioLCM ziNci cryjiallifatum. Cb) ViTwdLUM zmci ftalatliticum. ^Tm^^ ^***'^'* ^w/^wiew^wj in Gemaniai ZUricb CO ViTRioLuM zmci, geminant.
mms reipta ferro part.clpat, d a /^w wVrM.<i p«cipt
. - (at
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(ata qvidplani ferric poft calciaationem, cum mzgnete extrahi poteft. Cuffi praefentiam indicat vitriolum hoc album fer- ro polito affricatura, nee non praecipitatum a folutionehujus vitrioli, mediante arnco faft urn & edalcoratum qvod /pm- tum aikalimim volatilem adtufum caeruleo tinglt colore* Plunu turn praefumitur ut praefens, qvum a minera, qvae plumbuna contingit, elixiviatur. Sedmihi noa licuit hoc Goilarienfe vitriolum examinare.
Obf 2, ^rftf praeparatur hoc vitriolum album (a) Eodem moda qvo virhief dum zincum in olco vktinli aqva diluto fol- vitur ; eft vero hujus vkrioli praeparatio paulo difficilior, qvum jn gelntinam folutio abire foleat, vel zincum fub eva* porationepraecipltari. (b) A minera gotlaricn/i , qvae fimul ar^cntum f plumbum & zincum continct, prius uftulata, ex- trahitur cum a^va calida quidpiam vitriolici , qvod extra- dum aliae minerae adhuc calidai adtunditur, qvod& tertia vi- ce iteratur, ut debitam adq virat fortitudinem, poftmodum haec aqva virriolo faturata & k minera feparata in vafe idoneo relinqvitur ut deponat mucilagtnem ^ tandem in alio vafeco- qvitur pro evaporatione & fubleqvente criftaUifatione. Eo- dem modo ab aliis mineris qvae aeidum continent fulphu- I9um vel vit.ioUcum & zincum , hoc vicriolum obtineri . poteft. (cj Ab di^vis in fodinis metallicis, in qvibus pyri- tes & mineva zinct hofpitant , per cofturam feu infpiflatio- nem filtrationem & criftallifatloaem etiam hoc vitriolum ob« tinetur, plus minus purum. Ah aquis in fodina magni Ca-^ primGfitii feu fahlunen/i, tres varietates vitrioU albi feparari ' poffuut . colore aliqvantifper difcrepantes.
4. VITRIOLUM diverfts metallis acida ^jitrioUco folutis^ ' campofttum. Vitriolum mixtum. Spec. ^31, ,
Witriola compofita^ Cronstedt 123. i*
Sveth. Blandad vitriol.
Gall. Vitriol mclc ou hermaphrodite. Vitrioi.
MIXTE. V. BOMARE JOg. 97.
Germ, Vermisghter vitriol.
Eft vitriolum cseruleum vel virlde , aliqvando fubens fed coloribus pallidioribus aut mixtis, a pluribus metallis addo vitriolico folutis , feu , a folutionibus diverforum metallorum in acido vUrioli faftisj poftmodum commixtis^ gcneratum.
B5 ^'" (a)
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(a) ViTRiOtuM MiXTUM, cupro tf feno. Vitriolum ferreo cupr^uu cyamum, v, Limn^ lo*«4,
lo diverfa proportions color huins apparet, jam magiscaini'^ leus jam magis viridefceas. Sakzhurg. Fablun. Obf* Hue pertinet vitriolum iungarieum ^ qvod in fodipis ixrnu gdhcif reperitur, & ab atUptir expetitur. A* aqrdf in /©• dina fablunenji heic io Svecia feparari poflunt per cofturam 'iiitrtoh qiiae a colore caeruieo io magis magisqve palUdam viredmeminclinanteperg vel 9 gradus difting\runtur.
(b) VlTRioLTM MiXTUM cupTo fcmo zincsnntih * , yitfiolumfirreo zinceo cupreum cyaneum. v. Linn. io5» 5* Colore eft csrpleo parum viridefcente , quod tameu cu*
. prum terro polito adfricatum noo prxcipitat* Fablun.
(c) ViTRiocuM MiXTUm zinceo ferreum. yuriolum zifueo fetreum viride. v.Linn^ 105. 6^ Reperitur colore pallide viridefceute. Goslar.
CdJ ytTKiozvM MIXTUM zinced cupreum carukum.
l^itriolwn zinco cupreum carulcum. v. LiNNd 105. r.
Colore pallide caerulefcente. Gotlar. (e) Vitriolum MIXTUM cupro zincinum . rubrumf pxAchfB
rubrls conftat criftallis^ recenterin todina cuptesi fiblwut^
decedum , leni color germiaat. Hue & flavefcens Hunga-^
rial forfao pertinet.
(fj Vitriolum mtxrvm ferrol^ niekolo. Colore eft emiacDter viridi. L#/ in Gefirieia,
Ohf. Zineum graoulaturoln folutioneiQ vitrioU martis iojeftam . Dullam infert In colore mutatioDero» hinc non minim qvod" vitriolum zinceo ferreum fit viride ; in folutionem vero irf- trioli veneris inje<Sum zincum granulatum , poft aliquam moram efiervefcit, cum praBcipitatione & vitrioU caenilel de- ftru Aiooe, operatione namque ad finem perdudt « oonniA vitriolum album ab hac roixtura obtinerur. Ferrum in liv- ludoQcm veneris injcftum praecipitat cuprum , fit phebct folutiooem vhrioli viridis ; non Immerito itaqve qvaeritur, cvomodo ^ vitriola mixta , cupreo zincina , cupreo . ferrea &* cupreo ferreo zinciaa^ absaye pracipitatione , originem babere peffunt t Vix poflibile videtur alio mod6 qvam folutionc aimultaoea, boc eft» ab his meullis in una eademqve mi i^era roixtia.
5* VITRIOLUM terra rnfmralifatum. Terra Vi- TRIO Lie A« spec. 232^
Sveth.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
-Sveth. VlTRlOLSjORD, KOPPARROK.
Gall. TeRRE VITRIOLIQVE. V. DE BoMARE,
Geruj. Vitriol erde. Kupferrauch,
Eft aut argilla mimralis aut alia terra vitriolo mixta, ?cl a pyrite deftrufto originem trahens, maxime friabilis^ fapore auftero atramencofo , a qva , absqve calcinationc vel uihilafionc vitrialum elixiviarl poreft : originem plerum- qve habet ab aqva vitriolka , qvas terr s iminixta , vitrio- lum deponit , dura ipfa calore fubterraneo in fodinis dilTi- patttr & evaporat, '"•^■
i (a) Terra vitriqlica, rubra. ^
(h) Terra vitriolica, flava^
■ Hewing in lithogr. angerb. loqvitur de terra vitriolicay crufta flava.
(c) Terra vitriouca, nigra.
^- Occurrit , ubi vegetabilia adftrin^entia aqvis vUrioUcis immixta rcperiuntur*
(i) Terra vitriolica, viridiu . • • - '>•
Plcrumqve eft grifeo viridefcens. Cfr. Henckels Kl, Scbr.f 541. .-
(c) Terra vitriolica , c^rulea.
Ohf, r. Terrs vitriolica nigrae, flavae& rubentesyJrrKw con* tineot, vifides & carnlea^ ferrum & cuprum, nunqvana vero fine mixtnra.
Obf, J. Ad Cremnitz in Hungavia extrahitur vitriolum viride ab argtlla montana & lapide molliori, abj^qve aliqva hujus mrnerae praeparatione. Minera yammehhergenjis , ibidem KurKrRRAucH v oca ca, mox de fori beada , ad partem qvo- qve hue pertinct.
6. Vitriolum laplde mmraUfatum. Labis atramen- TAUius. Spec. a33»
Vitriolum mineralifatnm lapide JriabUi. v, Linn^ 106. g-
Sveth. AtrAMent.steh. 'b^^v* x.v
Gall.
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28 tX ( o -)«f
Gall. Terre , ou Pierre VixRiOLiqvE proprement .
DiTE. V. Bomare, 3io» i98- Germ, Atramentstein.
Eft lapis confiftentia folida, diverfo colore, vitrio* lo immixto imprsgnatus , fapore auftero , aqva calida folubilis, aSre fatlfcens colorera fufcipiens extrinfece fla- vefcentem ochraceum.
(aj Lapis atramentarius, Ruber. Chalcitis Plinii* Reperitur in ttuftulii lapideis , durioribus , compaftls, ruhtif. iiKerdum intrinfece, interdum extrinfece ftavis^ interducn& vents alio colore prxditis nee non particuiis pytiticofis fspe immixtis nitens, fapore auftero vitriolico, in a^re colc- rem flay urn fufcipiens vel grilTeum. Cypro; Rammelsberg in Germama.
(bj Lapis atramentarius flavus. Mist Plinii/ MoUiori parum eft confinentia, k prions feu cbalcitif fa- tifcentia dependeqs, colore interdum fulpbureo^ interdum aurantioYum : iisdem prsdltus proptietatibus, qvibus prior va- rtetas gaudet , A qva , folum colore difcrepat» qvem chal- citis, cum temporct plerumque flavum induic. Rammelsberg. Maltba, Hifpauia.
Obf. Videtur hie lapis parum aut nihil ab ochra cum vitricih indurau differre.
Cc) Lapis atramentarius ^ri/Jf</. Sort Fjcinii;
Colore eft cinereo , qvem chalcitis fatifcens induere folett unde & fspe reperitur Cbalcitim cingens* Cypro. ^gypto^ L,ybia.
<d) Lapis atramentarius ni^er. Mslaktbria*
Reperitur In locis, ubi aquae vitriolics & adftringentia vege* tabilia occurrunt; in aqva nigrefcit, &, ut atramentnm na* turale confiderari poteft.
Obf. f. Ad Rammelsberg in Saxonia excoqvitur vitriolum o/i- ride k iapide concreto^ (jvi ibi Kupfbriiauch appellatur^ in fundo fodin« 4 fruftulis minera^ lapidit fijfiHs^ parti, culis pjriticojis aliif qve , ab accedente aqva vitriolica coo- cretis, aqvofo percaioremdidlpato. Haec vitriolica roine- ra cadem fere eft, qv« kGermanir vocatur Alter Manuj fal- tem ratione originis. In hoc concreto lapideo reperiuntor qvoqve lapides colore albo^ rubro^ viridi* fiavo vel gri/eo tia&i, qui Atrambntstbinb vocanturt qviiaaquaca-
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lida liqvefcuDt. Occurrit & ibi minera vitrloli, quae Misy vocatur, flave nitens, in minoribus fruflulis fere lithar^yrio fimilis. Ctr. 6chlutter yon Hutteniv* p, 576. &c.
HuJQsraodi vitriolicas concrctionesilluflratulteriusexemplum qvod adtert Cronstrdt §, 91. dicens fe aeftiite obfervaiTe iQ litore marino, in glebis a ismo t/ argilla cum immixtis radidtui -vf^aabtlium hoa putretaftis . ab unda marina io litu5 projedcis & concretis, verum vitriolum effloreicens,
Ohf. 2. Contendunt nonnulli , Swy veterum nil altud effe qvam vitrioium leniter calciiiatum , colore grifeo; RUfy elle vitnolum tortius, tbrfaij igne fubterraneo, calcinaturi), colore liavo;Cflj/n//wvitrJolunnfortitercaIcJnatum, rubrum,- MtUntervam ei^Q fory Cum httumine mixtum & calcinatum^ prout Lbmbry dicit; qvum eoruodem veterum fententia* jmy tranfeat io cbakttm cum tempore & chalcitis in mify Id verum ell, qvod vitriolum fbrtitdr calcinatum rubrum* feu colcothar vitrioU. aeri expofitum, aliqvando poftmo- , dum flavefcat, fed fimul verum, qvod grifeum vitriolum non immediate in rubrum tranfeat, fed primum fufcipiat fia- vum colorem. A pyxtte efflorefcente vel deflrudo, inter- dum & ab aqva -uttrtoiica in terrn poftmodum induratis immixta, qviu hi lapides originem trahaiit nullum effedub/^ um, qvod & contorme obferyationibus Gubttardi in mem, fur la comparaifon dei miner* du Canada av^c ceux dc . la Suijfe dicit fe reperille pyriten mtfy natural: cin- ftum ; qvod & heic ia Svccia reperii mcoilc'aremceoad Kungs harmt in Uplandia.
Ohfervattones circa vitriok.^.^^^
0*/: /. Praeter enumeratas mineral vitriolicas, habcftitis qvc que feqvemes, i qvibus vitriola obtineri poffunt
imO. AqV^ VlTRIOI^ICiB
Qvae vel cuprta \ Spec. /. Obf r. ) vel martialef f Spec. 2 Ohf.^.) vel zincing ( Spec. j. Obf, 2.) Si fpecialtter in byl drologicir dcfcribuntur, '^
«d0, MiNBRA ALVMINAR|8''piS3rLIS*
Sspe vitriolo abundat , quod & ahmini allqvando immifce- tur, Defcribenda haec minera in paragraphis feqventibui.
3tiO. LlTUAT^TRACBS*
Aliqvando vitriolum contineut inter corpora bituminofa ord. ^ dercf ibenda*
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30 tMCo)K|
4tO. PyRlTBtf SVtPHURBVS KVDIS-
5C0* Globuli ptriticosi. 6Co« Makcuasit^* 71D0. Pyrites fuscus.
In his pyridcofis lapidibus omnibus acidum vitrinlicum cum materia phlogiftica combioatum rejperitur, qvod raetallain- h9fpicantia aggreditur, ut 5. 86- opcc. 22s. Olf. /, explicM- vimui. Hind vocantur CHAtco Pyrita, qv« inter mt- ficrss /ulpbureaf wd. 2. defcdbend««
8VO* Miner A zik<:i«
9no« Lapis calaminaris.
Inter mineras tinci defcribtintur oti. j. Conteodit qvidem yooBjL in S. AJwroL lapidem cataminarm inter mrneras vitrioU connumerari non pofle, cnumerat vcro minerm
^ rmmclsbergenfm ^ qv9 drgentum & pknthum continet , ut ttaflicam ^Jrioliaibi, qvum taroen eadcm minera, non in refpcftu ad ar^cntm vel plumbum^ fed in refpedtu ad it-
fidem cahmitMrtm & r»? W«« «?»^« 9 qvae priores comiutur, uc referenda*
XOinO« MiNBRA CUPRITE*
Ditiorea* qvae fimul pyritrcorum feofulphnreum eontlnent, la- ter iDineras cupri defcribends.
IimO.MlNBRALISATA V£GBTA3ILlA, Vitrtolo p»tieWitZ y
in clalT. 4. dercrib^nddv
Ohf. i. yitriola non elTe perfefta falia , qvum Jalibui cum MMms eifenrefcant & ab iisdena ptscipitentar, fed metaUh id corapofica ab aeido 'uitriolicb tiu fulpbureo^ x^vo metal • la folvuntur, Indlcavimus (if* S?. Ohf. /. £5*4.) Qvot er- ^o metalla acidum vitriol vet fMpburii aqva dlliitum de- biliujj^ vel ajvif fubterraneis aut (Vipraterraneis immixtum folvere poteft. totidcm qvoqve Hjitriola nstwaHd exiftant ne- ceffe eft. In defcriptione autem aciM 'uitviolid ( §. ^6, Nro, Bj dixtmus nounifi.crW«w, jf^fxirtw, & citprum ab bujosmo- di acido debili integre folvi, plura itaqve oaturaliter non dar pofTunt vitriola*
OhJ. s* Vfiu vhriolorum eft njixlmus, in msdicii , cbemicU & pbarmaceuticif y imo mcUllurgieis i in artibus tam tinBo* riis^ qvam piHoriis ; tifurpitur qvoqve ab aliis pluriaiis Mrtijicibui,
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i 89.
|« c o ; Ht 3^
3. ALUMEN, Gen. 34.
Sveth, Alun Gall. Alun. Germ. Alauk.
imo* S(^or« eft fortiter adftringenti , colore tqvco albe- fccnte , dum purum exiftit , fimul & clarum & pel-
- lucidum; in aere vero fit extriufece opacum, humi- ditace evaporata.
2do. SolvUur aqv« calidac qvadruplo y fine prflecipitatio*
ne. jdo, Soltaio Clara aqvea 4d cuticulara evaporita facile m-
fidlifatwr figura oUoednca. Fig. 29*
4to. /n igne primo llqvefcit & fumat, poftca ^ auQo igne> ficcatur , inturaefcit & clevatur, adhuc tamen, fic- c\2m licet & afperum fentiatur , integre aqva folu- ' bik.
5 to. Cum inflammaUli materia, vegetabili aut ammali vel alia admixta , calcinatum , praebet Pyropborum , feu mittaram , qvae , ad attaOuni aeris , igncm conci- pit.
6to, Cm'npojliim acido fulphureo atit vitriolico & terra appro- priate.
Ohf^ A folutione aluminh pr^cipltatuf cuni omni fak alka-^ lino fixQ^ aut votatiti^ terra alba; cum fuhere galiamm po- ^ tius albefcit , nifi xitriolo fuerU inquinatum alumeo , qvo in cafu nigrefcit, colorem caeruleum de lacmui ^ tornefolif & Jn papyro caruko in riibedinem ftiiitat , fimul & fyruipi \4olafum, Kon ergo perfedtura eOe lal medium , evident eft, qvatenus vero aqva folubile & cryflaIirabiL8,eatenus exiRiiaamus,jure inter falm numerari, id licet n^a re voluit Barckusen, Actdum sluminif non perfedufia cum fut ia/i terreflri ini/lTe connubium, indicat hujus terrae facilis praecipitatio ; idm If addum^ quidpiam de fua retinere in- dole, & non plenc effe tr-iftum , evjdens tft k raiitatioac coioris caerulei vegetabiiium loa^bediaem iodicata*
Digitized by
MfALUMEi^nativum^ Spec* 23 4»
jllwnen nudum, v. LiKh?e 101. i.
Alumm rMivum Jm plumofum. Cronstsdv 1^4^ a»
Sveth. Gedioen alaun.
GalL.ALUK KATIF OU Vl£&G£4 V« DfiCBOMAKE I9B'
Eft alumen tiudum ^ non ea tamen gaudehs puritate & transparentia qva artefaftum reperitur , *e fua minera cfflo* fcfcens^) tn% aqVa dixiviatuiQ) & ab hujusmodi aqva alu- ininari alicubi depofitum»
(a) Alumen* NA2*ivi7A^V7&/^^«^** Inccrta & irrcgulari figura., Dicitur reperiri in infula Milo majoribus in ffuftuHs concretum &'ftalaftiticura« Ad Tavari in Laporiia lultilenji reperitur Hi majja in*
figni; ' - ' -'
(h) Alumen kativitm ,- crijlallifatum. , Hoc rariflime reperitur.' '
\ (c) Alumei^ ^ATivvny plumofum^ iTaicHiTES. Dio^
scoR. Aiumm Schifion. \^ Eft filatnentofum aut lanqgiooruin , fitcilq.in'^fibcas divK fiblle , reperitur in infula Maltha &c j£gypto.
, (d) ALff >j,EN N/VTivuM , fmnaceunu . Farin» inftar in minera aluminis efflorefcerc folct. An^ drarutfi in ScHnia. Hunneberg in PFtJirogatHa.
Obf. Circa alumifn flmofum ootanduai , qvpd div^rfae ejas- dem occurrant defcriptlones, qvae in omnibus non conve. ' nluntt l^BMBKY in bifi. gencr. da irog%^ imph id dpfcri- bit ufrglaniencisredtis, aibis, crifiaUioisfpUndentibus com.
, pofitum , ore liqvabilc , faporc dulcl adltri^geotCi & id i- pfum' reperiri In iEgypto, Macddoma & Mih atqve gcnera- ri & criftalliriri A liqvore albp , laiSteo aluinwQCo* C^tis inlocis rubfiftente. Cakthbusbr in ekwu^mimal* id. ad vitriolic, moiti^a ^ Wf*li»: id ipfum appeltaos.^i^iV** fitri nudum, alburn ^fiUmntqfum , JiUmaUU lim£itudinalt-
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^aJ" , mil kvi[ft$e flixif denfi mitU , qvod ulterius defer;- bens, dfcit , /^//oj'tf elfe acido ftyptico, ejusderuqve folu* tionem ab infuf} gnlUrum col o rem viola ceo nigrum fufcipere» ' & a falibus aikaliols admixtis colorem nbfture viridemt <\v\ mox ill flavum tranfu * in uuoqve cafu cmn turbatio" ne pelluciditatis & praecipitatione palveris terreftris martia" lis; (ed exiftimaverim haec experiojenta ad maximani partem compecere alumim principio martini imbuto. Davila hoc alamen ad vitriola zinci retulit. Pratterea won retlceadum , tjvod in biiius aluminis ptumqfi locum fubftituatur in c^J^ci* fits fbtrmaceuticis alibi ^ypfum Jlriatum , dercriptum 6))^r- 'SS* afibi bafalm fitn'-^fuX plama:t(^itr defcriptos Spec, i52. a * «iibi artejtuf rt^idui , defcripttis Spec. 206. qvi iap'des» fua infolubjlicace in aqva , tacillime ab hoc alumine plu* inofo difting\i poirant. Cfr. Tournsifohti Voyage de
s. ALUMEN turfa mimralifatum. Turf^ ax-0min\* SvetH* Alxtn-Torf.
Can. TOURBE ALCrMlNFCSE,
Gerra* Alaun haltiger titrff* '
Eft radicibus vcgetabilium , cum tiacibas avelknis^ Crima & foliis immixtis , compofita ., pyriticofa cuti- tula & defupcr ftratis diver fis tcrrcftribus t^a^ alumine dircs. Helfingbiwgi in Scofiia,
Obf. Haec ininera atlominarrs eft deteda a b. tn. N. von Swab & ab eodena breviter defcri|)ta in nB.ftockk. mol aS
3. ALUMEN mra mmeralifa^um. T£RRa AtuMiKA* 1^15. %eC. U2'6^
Svcth, ALCN-pRO*
Call. Terre A-LUMiHEtrsfiv ▼♦ fcfi BomaRe ^94* 190,
Germ. Alaun-erde. j«.
Eft terra plus minus defifa , tkpon attimVfi&ft-^ '^e» mmqve in igne uretis & ftib calcinatione cdorem fpafgens ^ fulphurcum , aliqvando minus piiigvis iti ig'u6 toil t^mi wc furaanu ncc odorem enjittcns. — v<^ -^
2bm.IL ' ..^C . <0
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(a) Terra /iLUMm/iRis, nigra^
H^c plerumque pingvis in igne fiagratis ^ plurimiim alu- minis continet. Freyenwald & Scbwenjel in Gcrma^
(b) TEIIRA. ALUMINARIS , fufcO.
Hsc minus pinguis» Torgati in Saxmia. Duben^ Bel- gem.
Cc) Terra aluminaRis alba. Terra melia Casal*
BINI.
Eft plui minus alba feu grifea , in ftratis rccumbens, facie margacea , unde & aliqvando pauio dunor cxiftit j&i infula Melo^ Solfatara in Italia.
Oif. Margam^qvx repcritur in Solfatara ad Pozzuolo In Italia hue retereodam exiftimo, qvum tarn confiftentia qvam co- lore margs fimills exiftat; licet cum acidir non €ifervefC5it»
' fii valde fallor , ob pr»fencUm aluminis & acidi alumlnaris prius inhofpitancis; praebec namqve h3ec minera fuum alumen fine omnl praeparatione,*proot banc terram defcripdcatqve aluminis ex^oqveandi modum Ampliciffimum, qvo utuntur Itali, foio calore fubterraneo extraftionem alumiols perfi- cientes, Nollbt in Memoir- Farts*
4. ALUMEN lapide Calcareo albo atUrubente mineralifatwn.
CAtCAREUS ALXJM2KARIS ALBUS. Spc!c. IQy^
jllumen marmoris. v» Likn^. 102. 3. Minera aluminis alba. Cronstedt. 124.
Sveth. Aluna kalkstek. Hvit kalkartig alu-
MALM. ROMERSK ALUNStEN.
Gall. Pierre alumineuse, melange de terrecal*
CAIRE, V^ OE BoMARE. 206. 2- PlERRE CAt- CAIRE ALUMlNEUSE.
Germ. Alauk Kalksteih. |R6mischer ai^auh*
*• STEIN.
Eft lapis calcareus albefcens aut rubefcens^ durus^ ftra* tis recumbens . cum acidis effervefcen$ , in igne lapidis cal*
ca-
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Car el inftar omnlno calclnabilis ; & , poll calciiytioncm , in 3?re , aqva humcftatus intumefcens & fatifcens , cum efflo- rcfcentia rubente aluminofa- adcoqve omnia criteria Japi- dis calcarei exhibens. Kcpcritur ad Alumini&r itUa Tolfs in Territorio Civita Feccbwin Italia^ /r.is: ia~: • ':
Okf' MACQViiR in DiH^ CL Tit. Ahn de Rom ^ dicit hunc lapidem non elFe five fyriticofum five <nlcareum^ fed V". DAt BcMARS L c. contendit eundem omnibus proprieta^ tJbus lapidifi calcarei gaudere tain elfervefcentia cum acidis qvatn calcinatiooe in igne & extindtione vel fatifcentia ac intuoaelceutiB poft calciiiationem ctim aqva, qvibus genuini lapides calcarei gaudent. Haecminera cuin priori in 6W^f/ir« non Cootundi debet. Ci'r. Boccowe in Muf de Pajica ^ ds Efper, p, ft4<5. Haec eft minera qvae praebet ALc^sibN KoMANUM rubens , qvod a fnineracalcinata,& poftmodum efflorefcente extrahitur , ab omni niartiali aut vitriolico imtaixto, purilDmua)*
j» ALU MEN lapide cakay-eo Utumimfo nigrQ tmntralifatunu
CaLCAREUS ALUMiNARlS NIGER* SfCC. 238,
Sveth* Sw-ART ALUNA Kalksten.
Gall. PlEURE CALCAIRE BITUMlNEtTSE ET ALUMINEC- SE NOIRATRE.
Germ. Sc«wart2er alaun kalkstein.
Eft colore arro , denfus , bitoiminofus , in igi>e ttdore gravi famans, cum acidis fortitcr ctfervefcerjs , calcinabi- lis, alumine dives; reperitur in ftrato inter calateuni graiiu- larem fpatofum colore albefcence prsedicnm, Andrarmn, in
Oyi Idee hanc mmieraTn a priori fpecie feparavimns » qvod
iiaec prius non delcripta ocrurrit , iiia veto /f^/icrf fpecialia dudiiTJ obtinuit nomina, praetereaqve omni bitumioe & ter- ro (it iibeni,
9. ALUMEN S€bilio mmralif^tim* Schistus alumina- Ris. Spcc» a 3 9'
Aumm fcbijlu v. LiNKi ici. a#
JrgiUa manialis (i phlogijlka acido vitmli i^??h(t^.Ci^t}N-
H^, $T£DT 124. a^^
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Sreth. ALim-sciFwfiR«
GalU A'rdoise alumineuse^ Pierre aluniheit-
S£ FISSILE. BOMARE 195* I9I4 f.
Germ. Alauk-schxpfer.
Eft plus minus ddras -^ colore dlverfo , fapore inter- (dum gaudens aluminofe , inprimis poft fatifcentiam qvam ubit in aSre humido ^ in cumulis congeftas incaiefcens in* terdum & ignem concipiens ^ in igne odorem & fumiira bi« tuminofujD aut ruli>hureum fpargens plus minus fortem, in- terdum & lithancracum more flagrans , calcinatione ru- bet.
(a) ScHisTus ALUMiNARis. pingvis ^ niger velfufcus* Eft fcbi/lus pingvis defcriptus Spec. 159. bituminofa
materia plus minus imprasgnatus , alumine dives^ ^n- drarum in Scania. Mdeckelby in Oelandia. Kdfwd^ dfm^ Dimbo (^ Billingen in ff^eftrogotbia. Tyfslinga in Nericia.
(b) ScHisTus KhVMwARis ^ fragUis ^ grifeus. ,
Eft fcbiftus fragilis defcriptus Spec. z/-?. minus vel ni* hil bituminofi continens , plurimum vero aluminis. ff^itern in Erfurt & Gotba in Germmia^
Olf. Hie fchiftus aluminarit , 1^ Bavmir u 133* dicitur effit
atgillaceui feu margaceui*
Cc) ScHisTus ALUMINARIS corbMorius ) niger vd fu* feus.
Eft fchiftus carbonarius defcriptus $pec. 161^ alu- mine fcecundus; gravis, plerumqve lanugine alumi- nofa & fapore aluminis prasditus, plus minus martiji* lis. jindrarum in Scania^ Niis in Jemtia.
Olf* f^ Hae miotra; aluminors, pleniroqve in vicioiis cum Uthantriue reperiri foleot; fspius qvoqve fchiftus alumina* 118 particulas babet caicareas infperfas, vel cmlUmcalcaredm fuas inter lamellas tollocatam , uode & plurimis iu lo9is cum acklii efiervefcere (oieu
' Off.
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Oif, ft. Ab his tnineris obtioetur aluraen ; ah aliir , expofitio-- ne fubdiali per aliqvod tempuS praemifla , fub qvo tempore -^ dtluitur acidum & in aftionem excltatur, qva decomponi- tur lapis, atqve friabi lis & mollis redditur& efflorefcensprae. bet alumen ; q v£ fobdialis expofitio, fada elixiviatione, ite- rati folet; ab alii s ^pingvior thus ^ ut obtineatur alumeo opus eft praeraiffa forti ujtione In igne, qva omne piogve & ma- xima pars acidi fuperilui deftruitur, & minera He triabilis . & pulveruleata. HisprxmilGs, ado* Praeparata fic mine- rs ra cum aqva decoqvenda aut extrahatur alumen, qvod, ab , hujusmodi mineris qvae nunqvam non ferro participant, aegre aliud obtineri poteft, qvam qvoi ferro aut vitrioio fimul in- / qvinatum eft. Hoc prima extradione & folutioneqvodobrl- ^ netur alumen, vocatur ab operariis S a f f i A n, q vod eft maxi* me corrofivum ob abundantiam acidi inhofpitautis. 3tJo« Ad heterogenea in hoc alumine immixta feparanda , opus depU' ^ rj/iowtf, qvae vocatur RAFFiNATio,nihilveroal!udeftqvam renovata folutio, in qva, vei cum lixivif> fjponarir/rum r^duo vel cum lixivio cinerum clavdlatorunty iut ctncrum almuniy vel cum urina putrefada , vel cum cake viva- feparantur heterogenea, Praeftant vero \iznc depuratiouem ' jalia & terra alcahna ^ dum caute & moderate adhibentur- ^ partlm abundans acidum deftruendo , p;irtim & terrnm mar- tialem praecipitando. Propofuit Profeff, & £71;^/ ori. R. wif, Bergman in peculiari difp. De confeHione aiumtnii , qvae inlingvamfvecanam ab eodemtranslata ad praecipua momen- ta legitur in aB^JloM. vol- XXl^lL nominatum depurandi modum improbans ; aluminis rafhnationem cum argilU pura ioftitucndam , fed circa hanc methodum, fuas Faggot & Swab in iisdem aEl*Jlockb. I. c adtulerunt obfervatioaes* Alibi depuratio inftituitur repetita folutionc&cryftalliCatio- ne majori qvantitate aqvae, fine additamentis, qvum alumen faciliug folubjle&cryftalljfabileqvam vitriolum. frobe ve- ro fimul obfervandum, qvod omnis folutio in vafi plum- bets perficienda, crijiallifatio inftituitur in vafi lignsis.
Obfervationes circa alumen^
OV. I. Reperitur prcterea alumen miaeraliratuni val immixtan aliis ia corporibos mioeralibus; gvc jam eaumeraadc.
DefcribuQtur in hjdralogicis. Coatendit Tou rnbvortio Vo^ yage de Levam T* I. p* 163. ia orieoCalibus regio^ibus inve- iiiri alumeri liqvidunu
C i «do.
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Ado. LtTHAKTRAXAI^UMINAHrS.
ReperiuQtur lith;incraces alumiae divitesad Commddau In Ba.' bemia& In AnglU. Lithaotraces fuac defcribendi ia ord.
gtio. PYRfTBS SULPHUREXJg RUDIS
Drfcribendus In ord. ado. Reperitur ad Dylta in Nerleia ubi ab eodem dlffrafto, primum dcftillatu;' /w/pW ; i refi- duo, in cumulis fub dio congeftig, pod aliqvot anoos, eli- xlviatur vitriolum^ k refiduo poft banc dixiviationem,tari cxpofito olim el'xiviatum eft alumen^ hodic vero calcinata^ id Ipfum ut obelneatur terra murtialis rubra , qvae terra co^ lorata rubra appelUri folet , qva doroiis plnguntur, U^ rlus procefTus d^fcribendus in ord. 2do. ubi & ipfe pyritei eft defcribeodus. ^ ^"^
4to. Lapis calaminaris aluvinaris Defcribicur lapis c^lamioaris inter mineras tinei ia ord* 3« reperitur ad Tefcbem in Germania.
5to, MiNBRALiSATA VBGBTABiLiA alumiabfa. Eft fiifcum , bitumine & alumine abundans lignum. Commo^ dau & Alfattel in Bohemia ; IVeiJinia in Hajjia I Mundev.
Obf^ I. Hoc lignum ia acre Igncm concipere folet, uW in cuiDuIia eftcougeftum, eodem modo & eodera fuadamen* ut lithantraces.
Ohf. «, Ulterius porro indicandum alumen arte obdneri & pne- parari per fe.
f'a) Ab A'KQix^i^Ktfvatunqve^ holo alba excepta, cum oleo vitrioli decoda ad ficcum, & poftmodum cum a^va^ qvae decan- tanda, filtranda, evaporanda & cryftallifanda. cfr. Obf. eirea argiUas. Obf. i. *. & Obf s. lit^ a.
(t) A FLUOR iBus MiNBR ALiBus cum oliovitrtoU dccoftls; (fr^ obf. circa fi^ores mineral obf. i^ a. aliisqve lapUlbus noonullis.
(c) A TBRRA ALKALiNA , qvap e UqvoTc fiUcuM com acsdo prsdpitatur cfr, off circM qvartzum ^ crifialU obf. U tit, b. & obf. circa Jilicet , petrof tf achates obf. ft. Wto. ^.
(d) A Maokbsia vttriariorum^ inprlmiscalcinata, cum cJVa ' vitrtoU traft^ta, ut docuit Pott in iithofr.it. 64, Cfr,
«V WW aw^/ ^fpumm lufi. Otf a. nro, 3,
re) Ab
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(ej Ab IPSO viTRioLo vfRiDi, fufficienter calcinato, aut deftillato, a cujus reM\xo, colcothar vocato, elixiviari po- teft alumen, qvod fai colcbotaris appellatur.
Otf 3. Ab ardiiciali aluminis praeparadone elucet id ipfum eiFe compofuum acido vitriolko feu Julpbureo , & terra qva^ dam eodem acido foluta , qvod & ejusdem analyiis indi» cat. Sed ut hoc acidum vttrioli in noonullis miaeris Don fit inaDifeftum, ut in terra aluminofa alba ^ in ealcareo alu- minari albo & iapide calaminari ; fiqvidem & a mioera z\M' minis fchi/iofa elixiviata, duni aeri per temporis fpatium cxponJtur, iterum alumen elixiviari poteft ,* qvod bis,in- terdum & laepius iterari potert; qvaeflio hincorta, iindenam hoc acidum provetjf at 'i An ab aere? ut lentiunt Stahl & Fr.Hofpman. An in igne fimul cum terra aluminofa, mediante igne & aere generatum'^ ut opioatur Hbnckbl in fyrith^ annon potius ut prsfeus in terrift 6e lapidibus, fed latens & abfconditum confiderari debet, donee humidum ac^ cedens id ipfum in motum excitavent, ut feutitBaANDX in an, Jlockb,
Ohf, 4 Terra in alumiue praefens a fuo acido llberata , vel fortifTimacalcinatioije, vei folutione vt?l pr^ciptatione cum faie alkalino fixe, vel & fulione cum puriffimo fale alkalino iixo inftituta, fubfeqvente optima & perfedta elixiviacioae, cujus fit indolis, nondum plene, uc opiaor, eft decifur^u
(A) Stahl, Nbuhan pluretqve alii eandem at calcaream vel eretaccam coofiderarunt ; uqvidem acidis omnibas aon folcun folubilis, fed& cumiisdem effer vefceas , & ereta 0^ ko vttrioli faturata fufcipic faporem omnino adftringeotem & aluminofum* Sed banc opinionem infriaguot aliae hujus terrs proprietates,fcilicet,qvod recenter calciaacaoum«ftMt noQ ii'icalefcat; Spiritu nitri iroprxgnata non phospbore* feat, cum fpiritu falts non producaty^/ ammoniacum fixum ; neqve cum /Me ammmaco expellat urinofum ; qvs pro- prietates terrs aluminari denegatae , terris calcareis & ere* caceis omnino compecuat* Ct'r. MaqGRAPPs Cbjm. Schf- p. 190. &c.
TB) Baron in Merrin Parif. Terram alumiols dicit elTe oaturi terrarum metaUiearum. qvod concludit k maxima aeqvalitatc que deprebenditur inter vitriola Sg, alumen^ ut & magna qva gaudec attradione ad inilammab:le , terrarum metallicarum more ; q vibus momentis , aluminte produdio , noa folum i fyrite puriiiiino, fed & a vitrioto addi poteft.
C4 (C)
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(C) Baumb in 3f^ff. ^<? Cijw. Macqvbk r« Mem. Patif, 1769, aliiqvc rccentiores cnntendunt terram aluminis elfe ' argiUaceam pur am ; qvia (aj*ab argtiid qvaconqve cum oU^ vJiriGJi praeparari poted verum alunien, ut primus obferva- v»t Hbllot , confirmavlt Pott in Lithog. 11,64, uberfus vero demonftrare conati funt MarggraffJo -^0. BeroU & in Cbt Seb. 1. c. & Macqvkr in Afl* Par. L f. fbj a terra calcarea cum acido vftrioUco , aliud noa obtineri po-* left fal , qvam fekniticum y qvod ab alumine maximc eft diftitufbum. fcj Terra aluminaris bene elixivlata , ea gau- 6et lubricitate & tenacitate, qvge arp;inis competit, unde & cum a^'a tradtabiiis reperitur. (d) Difnculfer, argil larum more, exliccatnr, humidum tenaciter retiuens ; (e) fub ex- ficcationc fiiRirjii, argillarum more, contrahit maximas cum infigni decremento voluminis. (I) /^«i fortiori dura non be- ne liccara exponitur, decrepitat & diffilit. fd) Igne lord ia filiceam duritiem induratur « fimul ad dimidium volumiais dimiauitur,
Sti hi$ proprietatibus, qvas non airter qram ut extrinfecas & adventitias confidcrare pofTumus , vtpote qvae&aliis terris folutia corapeterc poflTumus, totidem» imo, plures aliasoppc nere poffuoc, qvs terris argilfaceis etiam purifTimis font <}eQegat£« in antecedum vero obfervante.^ alumen tariHlme, iiUQqvam,reperlri naturaliter argillisimmixtuni, licet ubivis tarrarum, tam in fuperficie q vam in vifceribus terr« & moor tmm freqventjffima fit ar}»;ilia»DuUusqve obfervatur defedluS
f acidi vitriolici vel fulphuris, Qvid ergo impcdit, qvo mi- nus natura, ab his combinatis priucipiis alumea producerety fiargilh bafin aluminisconftitueret'f praeterea qvoque id at- tentione digQum, qvod alumen non folum ab argilla prae« parari poteft, Ted etiam i pluriiDis aliis corporibus minera- libus, k nobis Otf. a. indicatis, in qvibus argillain qvi de- monftrare poteft^ magnus mihi erit Apollo, fcilicet, in iurfa , hpide caleareo aluminfo , albo St nigro , in litbanifa'' cikus , ligno fiffili , terra a isfvore filicum pr^cipitata , ty* rite ♦ vitriolo C?f. Terram argillaccaro in his corporiofis adeflQ , a prseparatione alnroinis demondrare velle, oonne hoc Idem eft qvod qvaeritur & qvod probandum uigetur. Et, fi ab argilla, cur ni eciam a boh albo & fieatite aliis- q ve lajpidibus, qvibus reipfa arglllacea terra ineft, praeparari poteft? Si qvis dicorst in his argiUam non adefle* certc lu. dibrio feexponeret, utpotequi teftimonium vifus ^liorum^ q ve experimencorum intVingere veller. His praemiffiSv obifer- ViOittS vercam aluotioofam froffiitatibui gaudiere in^ri^ficis^
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(jvae ten]$ arglUaceis puris neqvaqvam competunt, fed po* tius calcareif noDniillis. two* Qvod aqmm fere calcis viva inftar ab acre atrrahat, niag;na copia, ado^ Acidh mlneT^- libus & vegetabilibus fit folubilis , atqve aeido nitri auc falls foluto, inftar calcis fe habet , falem praebens in acre deliqvefcenteip. 3110. Ciim acidis mineralibus ante calcloa- tionem effervefcens , non vero poft calcioationem. 4t©. /- gnc calcinatorio Tnitiori fit fragilis, forti igne indurefcens, aitqve fortiori in filiceam duritiem concrefcens, ultra dimi* dium ponderis perdit, poft^^aqve nuUis acidis fit folubilis. Probe vero ilia indurefceutia qvas a concretione&inc«pta fufionedependet, difticgvenda ab ilia indurefcentia, qvaei- ^ne minus forti, Tub calcinatlone producifur absqve mutahi, litatc fii^urse atqve adeo ferifibili diminutione voiuiuinis, cfr^ 5- 73* ^V I* 5to. Fortifiimo igne, foUibus excitato, pCp le fufa, in maffatn coit, ad latera crucibuli non adhaeren. tem, ut obfervavit Brandt in AH^ Stockb v^h XI^IL p. 310, Eandem t^rram , per fe fufam, in momento fufionia inflar ^pji fpntho/l phosphorefcentem obfervavit QviST ia AEl, Stockb- 1763. 6to. Cum argilla admixta fufibilis in iDaflam albam opacam, ut terr^e calcareae, 7mo, Cum vitra caemeotata, pr^ebet mafliim porcellana fimilem ur Gypfum^ Svo. Cum arcano duplicato facile fuuditur. 900. Cum terris calcareif vero, vel crcta admixta, non fufibilis, cum qvi. bus tamen argillae optime & facillime funduutur. lomo Cum arena adoiixta ad pondusaeqvale, in igne oon indurew fcit, fed permanet mixtura pulverulent3,qvaecircumftantia fola fufficeret alumiofam terram ab argillacea diftingveodi, Ab bis proprietatibus ut ne qvidem unica argillae pur* com* petit, adhuc itaque maxime dubium, au terra alumimfii ut argillacea terra confiderari poteft#
(DJ Geoffroi in Mem. Parir. 1747, exiftlmat ad generatic-^ nem alumlnis reqviri terram ammaiem aut vegetabilem , igne ftib^rranep yel alias calcrDatam , firoul afferens acorBarrK- ^ca'^lflato, h eiHif eancrornm^ atqve k einerihus vegita-' hbum , cum aeido Vuriolico fe alumen obtinuiffe. Negat vero Pott in Litbog. ii« 75. ab his corporibus alumea acqvb ri , dicens fal qvod obtiuetur alius efle indolis*
(B) VoK Likk6 p. loi. contendit teirsm alumioarem etklu^ mojkm, qrum prscipua matrix zlmiiuiM f fibijiut k terra pa* Indofa fuam habet originem.
(F) Pott in Litbog^ 11. 74, Anhang. 3a. FortSettungtn S. Amerbmgin, p. 59. Dicit terram alunuois effa peculiarem icf C 5 ^««
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^itriolici in terras, nova q vadam accretione vel geoeratione produ^am, vel abargilkcea terra, vel fuarzofi^ vel bunut^ fa aut fcb(fiofa vel alia*
Flura nos cogunt momenta ad banc feotenti^m ampleden* dam , qvs inter praecipua funt^ (a) Peculiaris liujus terras indoles, qvaexaminata patet, eandem non elTe perfefte calcor ream nee perfefte argiUaeeam fed inter has ambiguam, ad exte- riora argillaceam ad interiora calcaream. (b^ Magna inter ter- ras calcareas obrervata diflferentia; alius namqveindolisde^ deprebenditur mineraltt , alius eft vegetabilii & alius animalis prout prolixius derooiiftravimus in AB. Stockb. Vol. XXL O MutabilHas terrarum qvae compofuioncm aliorum fa^ lium ingreditur. A fale cmmuni praecipitatur terra cum acidis enervercens, fed, per Te facile fufibilis,qvalisetiam hfilibus alkalsnhfixii obtlnetur, qvae terra ab Urb.Hibrms vocatur terra virginea^ & proxime ad terram aluminarem ac« cediu Cfi* infersus dieenda in Objfl circa (al comm, obf a- /it« e. Cum bac falls communis terra magnam babet convenien- tiam magnefiaalbaf qvam, neqvaqvam reperimus in cor« poribus* k qvibus nitrum praeparacur, praeexiftentem, ma- xima vero in lixivio nitrofo praefentem* cfr* obf. circa ni" trum^ S. d, f. qvam & Marggraff. cbem^Jcbrifu a la- pidibus fteatiticis & amiantbicis ope acidi vitrioiici obtinuiCy Ibd e6 minus ante horum lapidum traftationem cum eo* dem acido in iis praeexiftens eSe potuit « qvo magis oi>- fervationibuseviftum, eandem terram nulUbi per fe naturali^ ter eflfe exiftentem« atqve obfervationibus aliisgve experi* mentis extra dubitationis aleam fit pofitum bosfteatiticos la^ pides ab argiUa ftiam trahere originem. Haec mutabilitas terra^ rum,ut pforajam reticeamusexempla, ad oculum patet iter* ra qvae a fifuore Jilicum obtinetur , utpote , qyae cum aci^s praecipttata exbibet indicia terra alkaline pou loturam , fi vero per contiauatam elixiviationem feparetur baec terra a geUtinay cum afoa pura^ qvae faepius adfundenda & eva*
f>oranda, turn fere immut^ita deprebenditur terra vitriiicabi* Is. Cfr, obf circa q^. if cxijl alios cbl I. lit^ b- &* obf. circa fii. petYof. if acb. obf. a- No. 6^. ^
jHis concludimus* tarn in mineris enumeratis omnibus qvam ia terns & lapidibus, 4 qvibus cum oko t^i^r lo/i alumen pro- dad poteft, adcfle terram qvae in aluroino&m (it mutabilis. candemqve inipfo alumine efTe in calcaream indokm mutatam ; adeoqve nullam inferri pofle concludonem, a produAiont alumiais ad praefeatiam terrae argiiloCe, niii alia iimul accef-
ferine
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ferint momenta a qvibus idem evincitur, vel, a denegata praeparaticiiie aluininis, ad abfeatiam argiilae«
Oi/r^,Alumenpraeparatum vocari folet, Alumhn de rocca, cujus deaominationis ra»'ionem dedit Lbibnitius in protog» p. 47. dicens .* Confiat^ aluminis coqvendi artem vix trecenttr ab Vine annis a Rocca Syriit in Europum rediijfe untie ALUAir- j^is ROCG^, non intelkBa vulgo appellatio, atqve in Italia primum exercitatam^ feriuf inGermaniam penetrajfe^ Alumb^ ROMANUJtt id unice dicitur qvod fuperficialiter rubens praeparatur a cakareo aluminari albo ad Tdfa , qvod omni imraixto ferro & vitriolo caret, ^ flonnuUis vero dicitut participate dejale communis
Okf, 6 Aluminis ufus praecipuus eft in atU ttncloria ad eolores ipfos praeparandos, partim pro bifi , partim pro aitore; Ktiam in medicis, ut adftringens ; praeterea acf pjyropi&<?rtt«i praeparandum & plura alia* A plurimis artificibus qvoqvo lunul ufurpatun
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§: 91-
4. NITRUM, Gen. 35.
Svcth. Saltpeter.
Gail. Nitre ou saLpetRE.
Germ. Saipeter. inio. Sapore eft falino , amaro , frigido , colore y dum pu« rum eft, aqveo, pellucidum, nitens , in aSre clarita* tcm retinens.
ddo* Solvitur integras aqvas catids dupio ^ fine fedimen* to, frigidie vero fextuplo.
^do. Criftallifabtle figura hexangnlari prifmatica cum apt« ce hexaedro, parum ad unum latus indinante. Fig«
4to. Carbonibus ignUis injeQum fcintillulas cum fibilo fpar- git, qvod detokare dicitur. Si cum ptdvero car^ tonum aut alia materia inflammabili mifcetur ti de« inde ignito carbone luee mixtura accenditur, etiam detonat.
5to. Igni , per fe in Cfucibulo aut alio vafe , impofi- tum placide liqvefcit & inftar aqvas fluit. Fufohuic nitro dum ptdvis carbmum vel alia inflammabilis ma- teria-additur , vehemcnter detoaat , &, continuatt hujus materias inje£tiotie y tandem ^eflGsit detonatio, & mutatum deprchenditur nitrum in"^ aOudi ^-
Cum fak tanari & Imrace nulla fit detonatio, fed fpumefcit mixtura in igne.
Sto. Compofitum^Vi^a ^irfo peculiari prius.dercripto j^. 137. & fde alkdino fixo.
Obf, t. Dum auftorei antiqviores & recentiores evoluimuSt deprebendimut Unas diftinftiflimas Tpecies, vel potius gene- ra, n/Vri nomine vcniflc. (t) Nitrum vHerum^ qvod in fe- qveottbus defcribendum , eft Sal alkalinm cum acidis effer
vefcens,
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vcrceos, idem qvod & natron ei appellatuin. (b) Nitnm hodiernum » de qvo heic fermo ed.
OIL 2* Hoc nitriun , cujus mineras heic defcribere volumus, ut in locis fubterraneis nondum eft repertum, fied vix ultri pedum profunditacem aat in fuperiicie & qvldem in terrai feu matrice magis ia regno miaerali adventitia qvam iadi* gena ; hinc plurimi omne nitrum e regno miaerali excluden- dum . judicarunt , vel potius ut artefaUum qvam n^iiurale coaiideraodam. Sed hxc momenta nos non movere pof" funt, qvin in fyftemate miaeralogico defcribamus fal, qvod corporis & qvldem fails mineralis perfe&as poiTidet uotas charafterifticas^ atqve ut naturale confiderari debet*
Qbf, i- Nomen nthumy an habeat a nitYia ^gypti proviacia cfr. Plinu Hift, N. L. 39. cap. lo. An k Graecorum vi^uv vel yiwTBiv , lavare , qvia veterum erat mundifi- cans, cir.jBKBAiiws ir«fla(< hoc ia medium relinqvimus*
I. NITRUM terra mineralifatum^ Terra nitr'osa.
Spec. ^40. Nitrum bwnofum. von Linn6 84# It Sveth. Saltpeter jord.
-GalU La tkrre nitReuse. ^ '
Oerm, Salpetererde,
Eft terra pingvis panim alkalina vel calcarea , ftipcrfi- citlis , vix ultra duorura pedum profunditatem , fapore acri , frigido , carbonibus ignitis injeaa parura fremens, ferro ignito qvod huic terras immittitur & paulifper ia cadeni relinqvLtur maculas inferens hinc illinc parum fla- vcfcentcs.
Ca) Terra nitrosa , humafa.
Hsec freqventiffima eft , humum pro bafi agnofccns.
' (b) Terra nitrosa , ccsmeterii,
Jy['c) Terra nitrosa » cakarsa.
^ ' II. NI-
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12. T^VtRXJM ttrra cokarea mixtum^ tnurU lapidihus out fa- xis fuperjjcialiter adbarens. Nitrum calcareum.
Spec. 24 !•
NUrum calacreum vel murak. Lister efe font. jiphronUron CarthEuser in aft. Twog . ii. 359. Svcth. Saltpetterhaltigt mursalt. Call. Sal mural hitreux^ Salpetre de houssa-^
OE.
• Germ, SalpeteRhaltiges mavrsalz.
Hoc nitrum unicc reperiri folct aut in tcftudinibus ccl- larum ^ aut aliis locis ^ muris , lapidibus vel faxis fuper- ficialiter adfixum , forina falitto Wrr ca , fed vix alibi qvam in Ticiniis ftabularii .aut alius domus ubi excremenu ani- snalium exonerantar\ k qvibus urinofum & pitigve calcft« rcas terras immixtum fieri pdteft; fapore eft nitrofo, car- bonibus ignitis iajedum fcintillat , cum acidis vero adfu- fi% inttfrdum cffervefcit interduni non ; aqva folutum cri* itallirabite figura oblonga tetraadrica ^ apice truncaco , qvs figura dependet ab immixco calcareo.
(a) NiTRuM cALCAREUM, dlbum. C«mento adhaerct murarib; in igne fiilraiftat^ cum aci- dis non cffervefcit A mufo prope JldMdriulh Vpfa* lia. » .
Cb) NiTRVM CALcAREUM ^ Tubrum^ . Vidctur granulare , rubedinem i tenuiflimb pulvcfc tegtdari admixto habens^ com acidis non efftrvefcit^ in igne ftilminatt A ^uroin one upfaHmfi.
Obf f. Apbromtrum qvod defcripfit Carthruier » A^. Mog^ II. 37o> aibo fuit colore * cum acidis e^rVefceas, terram calcaream in rdutSooibus depooeos, criftallos pr^ bens figura tetraedrica apice truncato, criftallisyW// f^i' tenjtt fimillimis, k qvibus aqva folutis cum file alkaUnQ fixo prscipitata eft terra calcarea cum dcidii effervefcen^; cum cleo ijftrioli autem expellitur ab iisdem Jpiritur nitrh atqve k refiduo/i/ mirnbiU eft produftura. LudoVici la jLfK N. C. Dec. I. mm. 4. &* j. hoc nitrum calcarcum eciam aphonitrm appeilat / ab eodem deftillavlt f^ritum
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mtru Sed exiftimamus, hoc fal calcareum non coofundi debere cum veterum Aphvonitro^ qvod potius Jphronatron vocandum, a qvo ffirkus mtrofut uoa obdoeri potefti ai« il accideDtaliter.
Otf. a. Commemoratur i plurimis in Indiii & Peru reperiri nitrum perfecfte criflalli&cum, a uatura produ(%um, qvod, ft ita eft, merito Kixavtn sativum app^tlin debet.
r
Obfervatioms circa nitrum^ Obf. 1. Nitrum iafuper eft obfervatum.
imo, NITRILM in AQUA PLUVIALI & NlVAtJ, Ctr. Marqgraff ia Mem. Berlin 1751.
ado. NfFRUM IN AQVA FONT ANA.
I^onnuilis in locis. Cfr. Marggraff, 1, c» t**vi.
3to. NITRUM IN AQVA MARINA. Juxia Experimenca C. Nbumannt.
4to. NITRUM SaXO DESTUCTIBILI immixtnm.
. Hoc faxum, qvod oil gramtei fufcus aere de/lru^ihilif^ Fen^
nonum rapakivi, defcripfiraus inter faxa Spec^ 201. lit /.
ab eodem & nitrum & fal commune elixiviari polfe exper-
tus eft. JoH, BBKGEK , cff. Urb, KlBRSia TentamXhem^
5 to Nitrum Lapidi CaLCAREO nJbo nitentt inhitrenr.
Ita defcribitur minera vocata nitri, qvx reperitur in Ukrani^
polcnica^ plena tacie lapidis calcarel gaudens, a(ire autein
• tatifcens, ad maximam partem aqva folubilis, qvae folutio
f criftallifabilis partim in nitrum partim in fal commnnc cfr,
it Bdrghart de S. Seignett. p. 41.
|k>^ 0. Infuper notandum qvod nitrum reperiatur in doo^ i nuUis vegetMiibuSy locis putridis crefcentibus, amaris, utpo^ tc in najiurtioy funmria^ beccabunga , beiiotrapio ifc< ut ex. perimenta Lemmbrjana & de Rason in Mem* Par: I7i7» cvincunt. Hoc nitrum licet impurum, h^ne tamen fuhnt- oat, vocari folet \ Chemkif; Sal ESSENTIALE SUBNITRO, SUM AMARUM. Cfr> Spec. 2%6. Nro. S,
^bf, 3. Ante flo. annos & qvod excurrit, Dlffertationem de
origine if natura nitri promulgavi , poftmodum infert%m
in recreattonf [pby/iques t. i. f. 67s, fed ut ab aliis ex-
pecimentis & obfervationibus piura jam reperii qvaBiaallaca
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12. NITRUM' ftrrj cdlcarea mixtuntj nturis lapliihus out fa- xis fuperficialiter adbarens. Nitrum, calcareum.
Spec. 241. NUrum calacreum vel murale. Lister ete font. jiphronUron CarthEuser in aft. Twog.. ii. 359. Svcth. Saltpetterhaltigt mursalt. Call. Sai^ mural hitr£ux^ Salpetre de houssa-^
OE.
' Gcrni. SalpeteRhaltiges mavrsalz.
Hoc nitram unice reperiri folet aut in teftudinibus tel- larum ^ aut aliis locis ^ muris , lapidibus vel faxis fuper- ficialiter adfixum ^ fonna falino terrea ^ fed vix alibi qvam m Ticiniis ftabularii .aut alius domus ubi excremenca ani- snalium exonerantar, ii qvibus urinofum & pitigve calcft« reas terras immixtum fieri poteft; fapore eft nitrofo, car- bonibus ignitis iajedum fcintillat , cum acidis vero adfu- fis interdum effervefcit interduni non ; aqva folutum cri* itaUifabite figura oblonga tetraSdrica ^ apice truncaco , qvs figura dependet ab immixco calcareo.
(a) NiTRuM CALCAREUM, dlbum. Casmento adhsret murarib; in igne fulminate cum ad- dis non effervefcit. A muto prope JldbtdariulA Vpfa* tia. . .
(T>) NiTRVM CALCAREUM ^ rvbrum^ . Videtur granulare , rubedincm a tenuiflimo pulverc tegtdari admixto habens ^ cam acidis non effervefcit^ in igne ftilminatt A muto in one upfatimfi.
Gbf f. Aphrmtrum qvod defcripfit CARTttRUiER » A^m Mog^ II. 37o> aibo fuit colore , cum acidis efferVefceas, terram calcareatn in folutiooibus depooeos, criftallos pr^ bens fignjra tetiaSdrica apice truncato, criftallis/rfi/ fidfi* eenjji fimillimis, h qvibus aqva folutis cum fals alkatiuQ fixo pracipitata eft terra calcarea cum dcidis effervefceni; cum cleo "vitrioli autem expel}itur ab iisdem /piritur nitri, atqve h refiduo/^/ mirnhih eft produftum- LudoVK^i in KfK N. C. Dec. I. Mn. 4. &* s* hoc nitrum calcareum eciam apbrm'trm appeilat / ab eodem deftillavlt fpiritum
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Kfr/. Sed exiflimamus, hnc fal calcareum non confundl debere cum veterum Jpbronitro^ qvod potiua Jlphronatron vocandum, a qvo fpirltus nurofus uoa obtioeri poteit, aU fi accidentalicer.
Ctf, «. Coramemoratur h plurimis in Indiis & Peru reperiri nitrum pertedte criftalU&tum, a uatura produftura, qvod, fi ita eft, m«rito Nixawi kativum app«^n debec.
ObfervatiQnes circa nttrum^
Ohf. I. Nitrum iafuper eft obfervatum.
laio, XITRILM in AQUA PLUVIALI & NIVALI, Ctr, Marqgraff ia Mem. Berlin ijS^* .^
ado. NITRUM IN AQVA FONTANA. **»'
Nonnullis in locis. Cfr. Marggraff, 1, Co ^
i
3to. NITRUM IN AQVA MARINA.
Juxta Experimenta C. ^Jbumannf.
4to. NITRUM SaXO DESTUCTIBILI immixttim. . Hoc faxuiii, qvod eit granites fufcus aere deJirunihUis^ Fen» nonum rapakivi, defcri pfimiis inter faxa Spec* 20i. lit. i. ab eodem & nitrum & fal commune elixiviari polTe exper* tus eft. JoH, BBKGBR, cft. Urb. HlBRKB TentamXhcm^ II. I<5.
• 5 to Nitrum Laptdi CALCAREO ftlho mtenti inherent, Ita dcfcribknr minera vocata nitri, qvae reperitur ia Ukranin
poionica^ plena- facie lapidis calcarei gaudeiis, aere auteiu ■ t'atifcens, ad maximam partem aqva folubilis, qvae folutio
criftallifabllis partim io nitrum partial iu fal commune cfr,
BcRGHART de 5*. Seipiett. p. 41.
Ohf. tf. Infaper notandum qvod nitrum reperiatur in noQ^ nuUis vegetubilibuiy locis piuridis crefcentibus, amaris, utpo. te in na/Jurtioj fumaria ^ beccabun^a ^ beliotr9pio ^c* ut ex. perimenta Lemmbriana & de Rason in Mem* Far, I7i7. cvincunt. Hoc nitrum licet impurum, i^ne tamen fulmi- nat, vocari folet A Chm'tcit^ Sal ESSENTIALE SUBNITRO. SUM AMaRUM. Cfr* Spec. 2%6. Nro* <?,
0^^ 3. Ante ao. annos & qvod excurrit, Diflertationem de
I m^ine if natura nitri promulgavi , poftinodum infert^m
\ in recreations {pbyjiques t, i. p. 672. fed ut ab aliis cx-
perhnentis & obfervationibus plura jam rcperii qvae in allata
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heic de online nitrl dilferere volumus , uberius hanC rem ID Chhm. phys. f- «• cap, 3. enucleavimuf. imo, Lixhium nitri primum , qvod artifices matemum ap- pellant, qv^ic, a foU terra nttrafa, ibiqve nma'i lUlfcelU elixiviatur cum nqva pur a per decoftiooein , eft craniiai^ plus minus fufcum , prout terra nitrofa plus minus pingve- dinis habuerit immJxtum; cum acidis non ettervefcic , met* cuvium fublmatum non pr^cipltat : cuai fde aikalm zoU* tiii congrumatur , cum oko tart art p. d. cuagulatur fimul ^dorem mlaxHem feu fpiritum mwiatikm eitiittens ; crijlalli^ fatur in verum nitrum , radiis e ceotro in peripheriam tea" dentibus dum hujuslixivii gutcula in fcrrum poLitum inftiU latur, fi vero oimispingve fuedt lioc lixivium, turn abhuju*- modi j^utiula nonnifi paulifper elevatum fal coofpicitu^; more autemapud chcraicos receptoiafpilTatum hoc lixivium & criftallifatiim praebet plerumqve crijiallos iamellrfar plu- mis baud difQmileSt in acre deliqvefcentes, qv«, raitinri ca- lore exficcatae, ad partem ia igne detoaant, ad majoreoi ve- ro partem intumercunt & fpumefcunt cum vrAatiti odore, qvi & fortior fentitur dum quidpiara oki tartart p. d» ad- funditur. Ad ficcitatem evaporatum hoc lixivium relinqvit maffam nigram , qv« carbonSbus ignitis iojefti fnm« & i- gnem concipit, qvae port deflagrationem , relifta materia, aqva foiuta, dat lixivium clarura qvod cum oko tartari p. rf. non coagulatur. Dcftillatum hoc lixivium primum dat fhkgma cum fak vtiUtili , fortiori igne jpiritum actdum rubra flavum , qvi praecipitat argenium ex aqva forti euro fHe </- kaUno faturatum praebet partim nitrum, partim fil commune ai indolem itaqve aqva regis qvia hie fpiritus accedat nullum eft dubium, qvod & atteftatur Zimmerman in Neu- MANNUM p* r40«S. Re/iduo poft hanc deftillationem fi ad- lunditur /i^ui & de novo inftituitur deftilUtio obtinetur ite- rum alMi volatik & qvidem fortius qvam in deftillatione, & ];)o(lmodum afj-^a re^if ; deftillatum lixivium cum oka 'Dttridi dat fpiritum fulphureum, delude aqvam re£U. Cfr. Zimmerman in C» Neumannum. I. c.
ftdo. Coajrulum qvod cum fak aihlino fixo obtinetur, fiveab ipfo lixivia , five a fak mtrofo criftallifato , qvod defcripfimus, aqva folutum, dhnittit ad fundum terram aWam^ & fi evapo- retur & criftallifatur ha?c eadem folutlo , dat criftiUos cuhicas & non nu lias m/rr/j/,
3tlo. StfumA fub decodtione lixivi! afcendens nulli veftlgia fAt toktilis praebet ( cum o/^o ttnati p. d/ co^golftar. Bi« dem & aatura deprehenditur crufla ahenis nitrarils » ia* qvi* Ims liJLivium wtxqfum decoqvicur, adiuereof*
Ui3
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His elucet expcrinientis ia hoc lixivia confeqventer & in terra uttrofa adeffe (aj piogvedmein , qvae, p^oraajori vel tninori copia, elt cauiradiffi:,ilioris cryftallifanonishu us li- Xivii {hj fal volatile & urinqfum^ qvod partim per fe exi- ft*^,ns deprthenditu- , partim qvoqve cum acido falis in /W amnmniJcMe oiutatum , qvod concludimus cum k praefencia filis vol/uiLs&L f^mitus falis p^r dtfliilaiionetn elidu , qviiu qvia i\iii\d Jaiis communis veftrgia reperiuntur priusqvam al* kdit fixum luerit additurn, qvo fal ammoniacak decomponi- tur. «c) Spirttum falis ^ qvi per deftillationem eiicicur , k qvo cum fate volatili fal aminoniacale producitur (d> m- rmn/ com pie turn & ad luas partes penedtum, variis licet he« tcrogeaeis impurum, ex eo eft m^niteflum, qvod ad obti- nendum nitruaj puriOimum oil aliudreqvirtur qvam iterata folutin & criflallifatio. f e) Terram qvoqve in lixJvio hoc primo foiutam deprehendimus , qvae, vei cum alkiiifixa^h ipfo lixivio praecipitari pot ell; vel cum actdfjvitrttbco, ad refiduum poft deftiflationes adufout fiat rolutiocuni<iddic<i aqva, feparari poteft, vel ah ipfomagmate, port cnltall la- riouem relidto, obtineri. Eft haec terra pecuUaris indoiiSi Ante calcinationem , cum acido vitriolico elTervefcens , <Sc cum eodem in fal n.cdium fali angiicanc* fiaiile abiens, prae" cipiiat calcaream terram acido UAuuni nec non cakem at> aqva caUis viva; calcmata^ vocatur Magnesia Nitrt, qvae ab acidis fine efterveicentia folvitur, non feparat ach dum a terra calcarea nullamqve aqva: c4cis viva inter^ mutationem. Evidens hinc eft, banc terram, ante calclna- Ctonem, ut pure terram calcansam confidei-ari non polTe, led \kt t€ffam folubikm y hoc eft, ad indolem falin%m acceden- teni; uade & pcrfpicuum tcrrarum indolem qvam maxima kfaiibus cum iisdem coadunatismutari Ctr. Joseph Black in Ejf, and^ Otf. Edmimrg^ Vol. ii. p« l>7, &c,
0^. 4* Nhri crifiallifati^ tres inprimis Varietates funt diftinftae
Hmo. NiTRUM CocTiONis Fkim^, qVod n&n ra^mtum ap- pelbri folet, a decot^ione terra nitrf? u\ lixivio pnrao, pet criftaliiUtionem cbtinetur, colore tA lufco, mtnus pellucr- dum, minoribus & criftallis praeditum ; aere ficco fit f»pe larinaceum, humidoaeredeliqvefcens inftar falis communis; igui in crucibulo impofitum tumat& fpumefcit, tortiori v' ro igne fluit; cum infiammabili detonat; aqva folutum,
firapcipitatiir k folutione cam ole9 tartar I p, d. rerra k]b^. D hoc itaqveimpuro nitroadeft (a) multa pingvedo ^ qvam color indicat, nec non fpumefcencla in igne & tumus. (b^ Tcrra^ roiror^^ tadolis , qvae ab alkaliuis ^libus praedpita- Tom. IL D tur,
Digitized by
tur , qv» ctuDTa efxiftit qvnd hoc fal aSre ficco fit feffea- ceum, &humido ddiqvcfcens. (c) l^erumnitrum^ cum ba- j& alkalim , q v» poft detonationem relinqvitur ac neceifano prlus nitco inexiftens fuerit. NuUa veil gia ///// uvimfi in hoc Birco cepeciuocuc ; uade jure conciudimus, urimfum^ qvod Donnulli chemicl In nitro impuro fe deprebendiile di- cunt, dependere A /i^ amomaco in iixivio exifteace> ac« qve nitco cafu iaftum fuKTe adbaecens. ^
fido. NiTRUM KAFFiNATUM, pcoducitWT k uHro toRsottif prima , No. r. duin id , aqva folvitur , dccoqvituc , ablau fub decodtione fpuoia, deinde filtCituc, tandem evapocatur & criftallifitur, qvo fimphci modoobtinentuc cnftalli albe- fceates« remipeiiucidK majores. laceribus nitidis, qvod vuU gare eft nitcum qvod divendlluc ; cum acidis nineraltbas non eifervefcic, cum oleo vitrioti ^Mt^m incaiefcit& fpume- fcit; atjva folutum ^ praeci pita tuc ab eodem com alkali fixo & voIatUi terra alba. Non opus ut proitxe heic adteram« qva fimplici via mtrarii fuum nitrum impurum in wtrum raffinatwn mutant. Sufficit me heic indicafTe, fine omai ad* dicamento, q^rocunqve, roodo iodicato, nitrum purum few raffimtum producere pofle, <jVod obfecvare debeat qyi negant nitrum & multo magis nitrum raffinatum • fine ad* mixto fde MlkaUnn obtineri poflTe. Si ad eiixiviationem & depocationem adhibitum t'uerit a nurariii aliqyod fal alkali vigetabile , vel lixivtum cinerum aut ptponarittm , qvod compoficioneni nitri ingrederetur, neceflfario nitcum purum hufusmodi fal alkali continer^t « & nulla prxcipitatio ab alio identico fale alkalino vegetabili produci poffet.
3tio. Nitrum depuratum, i nitro raffinato No. 2. aqva foluto odtinetnr per criftallifationem , conftat criftdlis inajoribus, pellucidis, puriflimis, aqveo colore nitentibus, nullam terram ab eUo tartars per d. prscipitabilem conti* neotibuSy faltem continere nou debenC*
^ Obf. 5* Ut jam indicaviraus varum nitrum^ in tota fua com- pofitione in terra nitrarin adefle, qvod etiam confirmat nitrum cMcareum (Spec, 2^) ncc non nitrum in faxis & /apf- dibuf nee non vegetabilil/us praefens (r/r. Obf. /. ^ *•)• jam nobis enodandum , undenam alkali & unde acidum ntri fuam habeant originem, & qvomodoprobabiliter ipftim m- trum a natura producatnr*
(A J Ad a/iirii//qvodadclaet,fuot qviexiftiatant In folutionibus & ;dec6aionibys terra nitraria aut nitri ncn rajinati^
neces*
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necefrarluna efle ut cineres vegotablliuin addautur ; fed, licec
negare non poITuinus aliqvando & alieubi ciueres addi ad
collendaiii pingvediaetn ; mtnin:e tamea credendum id fejTj<*
per fieii & abfolute neccfTirium elfe ; podus abhujusmo^i
' additameutis abhorrent nitrarii, perdiuturnam experientiaru
^ couvidi, terrain humofatti, lixivjo terras ivitrariae, poft cri-
ftaiUfitionem relifto humedatam, breve intra rempus, ferri-
liflimam iiitri fieri, fed ab bujusmodi cimrum & iixivii nlki-^
//Ri admixtiooe minus idaaeam reddi ad g^Qerationcm n'r
tri, iiiio, fuaro tertilitatem omnino amittere, hiiicad diri"
fcatioucm Iixivii , utuntur potius ltxi%io nitric data 6i
Iri^ido, poft criftallifationes relifto ; ncnnullibi viuio'
h marcu aut zinci ^ cUrificauoiiem inlticuuuc, Doanuliibi
almnme* §
Probabiliter nos opinanvur , nondum efTe defnonflratum, annon fill alkiii fixum nitri , nb ipfi natura , tn peculiar i combinations tiff a calcarea cum fait bus act its produci pujft y fub pulrefd* H^i& intfinfeco motn 'i Ita fieri poile, aofiin cogifandi nobis fubminjftrant feqventia mornRata. (a) PecuUaris indoles mn^nefi^ nitri t ad iudolem nUinam accedenns (Otr/^ J*) (b); Artificuiis buju^ fails alkalini fixi praeparatio a Calcb viva cum fuiphure decodta, fimiliter & a calcs cm cum vttrioh aut faU commuui , licet , ab his mixturis noQ pertedtum fal alkali obt'netur, (c A calc€ , nitd generationem promoveri , & in omni terra oitrofa , qvid« plani caicarei adefle ; (d^ Prsfentia liujus falis alkalini fixi in onmi fere terra truftitWai prout KULSiiL & HiaKxi» fuflU expert!,
(BJ Acidi nitroji ofigiaem indicavimus in.o/fcrtfiij/on/^a/ cirai fiiia acidii miiuralia ^ Ohf ^. qvaro coniirnrnac inevitabilia accejlui aeris nee uon praeteutia Diateri* tnfidmmabilis , Ve* getabilis aut mineralis.
J<C^ Hifce praemiffis, ad gentrationem ipjius nitri accedimus;
; qvam feqventi raodo fieri , nob-s prob-ibilirer videtur* A fide voiaiiit^ fub putrefadtioae genernto, combiuito cum acido a^reo feu principali , tormatur /hI ammoniucde ; hoc dmmontacale fde non poreft non ipfi ping-v^doy qv« in ter- ra B/V/7p & Mali voiatiii adeft, fubtilifari ac folvi , & fi- mi4 in & cum Actdo incorporari , uode nitvofum acidutn
5>roveoit. Ipfa aueam pingvedo feu illud inft^mmabile, qvod ic acido afibciatur, fecum qvoqvein confortiumtrahit/«^ J* tiltmem terram folubilem caicaream^ ^ qva hdfis dMlna, ni- tri forraatur, Eo ipfo itaqve qvo fpiritus nitri genercitur aomeuto, producuur ovoqvetow fua compoucicae ipluna D A ui-
Digitized by
1% «x;oc«i
nltram ; tain qvoad partem acidm , qvaa Mahm & 10- fiammdbikm^
Hanc Boftram theoriam Ulufirat & confirmat oftificlaUs nitri fraparatio iLfllecommum cum cake vha & urina mixto, aeri expouto , vel , & /ak communi , cum dimidia parte tii- trtoli & fiU mrinqfo^ vel fie, kfolutionc ttttari in urina cuna immixto ja/f eommum.
Obf 6. urus frrm' eft aaximua 10 meikit^ & inevitahilis in pyroitebnicist ^ nitro namgve producitur notiflimut & fimul oocentiiEmus pulvis pyriuSf cui pulveri hodieroa ars ^eUka integre innititur. uairpatur nitrum etiam maxime io cbemicis & Sodmjicis nee non in arte vitrmsa>
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» ) o C «l 5J
5^ MURIA* Sal commune, cen^ 35.*
Sal. AoRicoLia & Aliorvm ,
Sveth* KOKSALT *- *•♦ ♦••ct'! :
Gall. Sel cqmmuh ou sel marin "' ""t^ ^ • '
Germ, KuChensalz j . ,
imo, Sapore ell noto , falfo , colore albo vel dqveo ; cla- rum & criftallinum dum purum eft, fine adore; in aere huraido plus minus deliqvefcens , nifi fufficienter depuratum fuerit,
ado. Aqv(B , five calidae five frigidas qvadruplo folubile, fme fedimento, qvae foludo faturaca intenliflimo fri- gore non conglaciatur.
jtio. Criftallifalur figura cubica , angulis nitidis acutis,
4to, Ab adfufo oka vUrioli fumum album, perietramiflS- mum, eruQat, qvi fumus eilfpiritus acidus hujus fa- lis^ s . . ,
5to. In igne decrepitat & diflllit in minores teffulas ; aufto igne liqvefcit & inftar aqvae fluit ; fortiori vc- ro igne, integre avolat, fumo jiavefccnte , odore gra- to balfamico vel croci,
6to. OmpoJitumzcidomuriaticOy Spec. j^g. &cjde mkalino Tninerali inferius defcribendo. ... . . t,^ »
I. MURIA fojfdis pura, Sal GEnnm^ Spccj 241. Muria nuda fojfdiu v, Linnc 98. 3. Soi montmium^ Cronstedt i29* ' * *
Sveth. Berg -Salt. Gall. Sel gemme ou sel fossile. ^V» pe Boma*
re 371. 2oS* Germ. Berg-Salz , ' '
D 3 • "'•'"^•" "' Re.
Digitized by VjOOQIC ■
Repcrittir in maffa folida , di verfo colore , pluf . ml- l\us pelluciduiQ ; durum , in igne fordter decr^pitan^, diflicultcr aqva folubile , folutum vero , a fale alkalino fix^ vegetabili^ raroqvidpiam tcrrcftrc pracipitatur , nulla vcro fit coagulatio ; in aSre tainen huraido deliqvefcit , feu ha* midum rcdditur,
(a) Sal gemm;b, criflallis ciAicis.
Eft vel clarum & pcllocidam ; Cra:tu in Potonia^ ve! ^ album & opacum in Ethiopia &t Cappadocia.
Oi^y; NonnuUibi repcritur hoc fal , criflallis rbomboiidUbus aut fere Nitrojis^ in Polmia.
<' (b) Sal gemma, grantdis confufis. '
Di verfo eft colore, plerumqve fdmipellucidura j co- lore grileo aut albo, in Polonia^ Rujfia &c. colo- re fiavo in j4nglia ; colore riibro aut casruteo ia Catalonia Auftria & Salzburg &c.
OVC Probabllft bit, Jal gemma ^ (Uos c6loi>es diverfbs h vap9* ■ .\ ribut mtnerahbuf htbert. n
(c) Sal gemma , fuperfciale^ Flos salis. . Reperitur effloroftens , tefto vel parietibus fodinarum falmarun) adherens , ftHqvando e;tiim in fuperficie; u monticolis fignuip prasbet venes falinas prcsfentis^
Ohf. Sal jjremma occurrit vel in Jlyath montium % ut In /Wo- rn j| Catatonia &c. Vel in vents accumulahf ^ ut| ni fal« Irr, In Sibiria Tranryhanfa ^ 6 .alibi. Clr. Hamb. Mdtajdn.
a. MURIA fojfilis^ wra mjmeraUfata. SaI Fossile.
: - Spec. 043 , Sreth. 5^ALt-JoRD ' .
GalK La TERae de sel gemme. y. Bomare. 3J4.
Germ SALZi-E^Dfe
tft tdrra impraegnata particulFs ranriaticis, iinde mol- lis & friabilis exiftit ; nofcitur a fapore falino \ elixivia^ tionc fy, codione prasbct fal coxomune.
Obf.
Digitized by
t>< C o ) KJ 55
-O*/. In Pdonh reperitur argilla fate communi fcjecunda, qva ^ ibidem Spatk vocatur. Refert qvoqvc Hasselquist tii
itin. ad paU/i, ferram prope yaricbo , ut & ia Mgyptrt^
(ale communi elfe mixtam.
3. MURIA foJf,lis , lapide mmralifata^ Sax, c^duum.
Spec, 244* ' 5veth.* Salt -5tek
Gall. Pierre mcl^e de sel gemme, v. de Boma- RE. 334- 2to8. rt\ii
I Gerra. Salz- stein
Hoc fal cadttum iit minera falis gemmiz confidcrari po- tcft, conftans hoc eodem fale cum lapide interdum gypfofo intcrdum fpatbofo coinmixto , unde , in aqva difficulter fo- lubilc aeri libero expofituin aegre & vix nifi ad partem fit deliqvefcens , atqvc non nifi ford coftura fal ab eodem fe- parari potcft. Polonia &c Salzburg^
Obi, M-^gnum pondtris incrementum qvod sal caduum , aeqve ac sal gemma ^ in aere fiifcipiunt, dependet flue dubio ab bumido & aqvoso aereo qvod attrahuot & retiuent.
4. MURIA marina. Sal marinum. Spec. ^4S\I " Maria nuda marina, v. LiNwe 93. !•, .. Sal marlnum. Cronstedt i^^o. ' '^' ^ "^^ Sveth. Hafws - Salt, Sfanskt Salt. Koksalt
Boysalt * Gall. Sel marin. Sel de cuisine. Sel commun* V. De Bomare 355, 109. Germ. Meersalz. Kochsalz. Bozsalz.
In aqva marina , per totum tcrrarura orbem reperi- tur , fed diverfis in locis ^ majori vel minori copia i eti- am in pluribus lacubus Tartaric & Sibiri^ atqve alibi ; aqva facile folubile , aSre deliqvcfcens ^ aqva folutura ab alktlifixo ^ volatili albefcit folutio & praecipitatur terra.
(a) Sal marinum extremis littoribus adhanns Ha-
LOSACHHE PliXII*
D 4 ^^ .
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5« t>*yo(t>*i
Eft Al commoue impurum faxis tut lapidibps accretum, i /puma maris adhterente gencratum,
Obf. Hue, nifallor, pertinet. spurn mariaa qvae corooribM littoralibutvel aliis. la vicinia maris , incruftata reperl- tur.qvae Adarci vocatur, fcVamwe plenimqveparticipaas.
fb) Sal marinum in foveis aut cavitatibui littdraUbtu collelttm. Parjstonium. Plikii.
Dumunda marina, inprimis fub aeftu, ultra fiios li- mites afcendit , relinqvit delbendens in foveis & cavitatibus aqvara , a qva , calore folari evaporata. refiduuni maiiet fal cpncrctum.
(c) Sal maiuncm in fttndis lacutm concretum,
Hujusmodilacus wsperiuntar in Stima, Tartaria St • alibi Refert Gmelin in- flora Siber. in Siberia effe lacus pluriraos & magnos, aqvibus. in non« nullis verum fal commune ad fundum pr«cipitatwr» in aliis, verum fal alkati^ qvardo iacus hi aftate exficcantur. "•
Cd) Sai. MARIN UM aqva marina extrc^imu
Kcper tur hoc fal fatis iiopurum aqva marine ublvls .'- . !""!'''^".'"» f«d divcrfa prdportionc , fcilicet, ma. jori qvantitate in locis meridionalibus , minori'in fe tentrionalibus ; diverfp qvoqve tempore plus v«l rtiii'is. In GrMandia dicitur reperiri naturalitet criftallifatum in fundomgris;
^*/; '• ^?"*'''«t ??*" ?"'"'''"» viip uUra 4 lothonot f^Iis in ff- »»» ,nuanutn medttenaneo ad MaUba ; alibi vlx a lotho- •es 10 libra , ad llttort gallica; nMW » lotb m in aqva ma- rina ad littora <i^/iM .• ai.bi vix ad i «/ ij M in libra, lit in fiau Botbntco & ad littora marh Bait but cfr. 7o«r»a/
rrobe rero fimHl oblervandtim , falfcdincm maris, ara/o- rem referm in diftantia a littore majori. ftu in alto marl, vubi. minus aqva fluviatlli dJluitur; majorem qvoqve in a. qvis profondis, & qvo propius fundo, eo majofen. ob graviNtem falis ; fimiliter, niajorem, veraali tempore, qvam 4/UmA, utpote per hytmem nunus diluu aqua.
Oit. »
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
Ohf. 2. Vt fal ab nqva marina obtineafur criftalUratum , ne- cefle eft ad illam redigatxir fortitudinem ut in looJlbris ejus- dem aqvae contineantifr 24 itbra falis ^ in nJnori namqve ' propordone omne fill ia aqva fufpenfnm manet. Ad hunc fi-^eni obtinenduro va'^ia fuiit excogitara artificia. C^J Ca^ lore sokri in raeridionalibus locis, ab aqva marina extrahi- tur, fine mf^nis impenfis,dum per canales, feu foveas dedu*- cirur, fub aeffu, in cavitates terrejfrer^ gallice, maraii falins vo- caras, in vicinia maris taftas, in qvibuscollefta&evaporata aqva , fal, ad latera & ia fundo, criftallifdtum relinqvit (b) Per mach^Tii^s gradatoriai ^ in qvibus aqvae oiarinaeeva- porat'to Mtenditur & augetur, dunimotii aut lapfu in parti* culas minlmas qvafi in pluvi^m dividitur, qvo fub motUt r.ediaote acre, difiTiparur aqvnfum, reli(fto fale in aqva fu- perftifeadeo concentrator ut in 100 lihris aqvae adefle pnAlnt S4 3d30 librae fall?. Hac via* minori fumru, poftmodum fal, igne culfnari excoqvi poteft. (c) Per /r;)f«/, qva viavero cxpertum eft aqvatn marinam aon ulterinsconcentraripofle qvamutin lO'^ libris aqvae fint 16 a 17 litres salh ^ nuu- qvam vero ad earn fortitudinem qva gradacione perducitur, (d) Calore fod ^ qvod eft nimi^ furotuofum.
5, MURIA fontana, Sai fontanum. Spec. a4<J#
Muria nuda fontam. v Linnc 98. 2. 'z^
Sal fmtanum, CRoNstedt 131. ' *^ j ^' Sveth. Kall-Salt. Lunkbukger Salt
Gall. Le SEL DE FONTAINE
Germ Brunnen - Salz
Ab aqva fontana plunmis in locis excoqvltur, falc marino debilius, aqva facilius folubile, in igne minus de- crepitan>. a cu';::; r:;^r"n:- pr:-ciri^itur cTin ,^^: al^-'y-o jbco, terra alba; interdum reperitur mixtum c«m gypfojis particulis.
(t) Suh FONTANUM , majofibus cutis. JJimburg. Hartzburg.
(b) Sal fohtanum, minoribiis cvhis^
Debilius eft , fed majori obtinetur copia. Halh in Saxmia. OJlrobotbnia. Bobufia^Arboga In JFeflman-
fiia.
D 5 ^*'»
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58 tyi(^y^
Obf. Sal^ qvod abaqvb fontanis OJIifoh)tliHenfituf & B^Aufi^ injibus obtiiietur , 6ft duplici figura » nempe vel pyramiiali qvadrilatcYd Vel paralUlipippcda f qvemadmodum etiam ab a^A marina^ his figuris aiiqvaado criftallifatur.
Obf. Eadem eft ratio aqvae fontanae ac narins, in eo, qvod non ubivis aeqvalem Talis copiam concineat. Alibi opus eft grgiatiotte f ut, in Germania ad'Halle & Luneburj^ &c. aliln nulla opiis conceotracione , ut io noninillis locis ^n^lia^ iibl reperiuntur fontes qvi -^ imo, fos Partes ialit coq- tioent-
Obfervaf tones circa fal commune.
Ohf. r. Tnfuper obfervatum eft fal commune^ irno* MuRtA in aqva airea. rrseCenttani murJae m his aqvis obfervarunt Borrichius
Cfr. JUNCKBK Confp* Cb. 1. /. p. 84s. MopBL l^fL BoR*
RACE pi 29. Marggraf mtm. Berlin, 1758*
fid(K MuRiA in lapide cakareo. Prsfeatiam hujus f^lis iniapidibus nopnuUis, indicat noa folum eoruadem elixiviatio^ fed & humidi aerei attraftlo cfr. Obf€rv. circa Calcarcoi lap. okf* r. & obf. circa Nitrum i* Nro. 5. .
^tio. MuRiA in lapide arenario. Keperitur In iis arenariis lapidibus, qvi facile 4eftruuator a^re apertb. cfr* Ohf. circa aten. tapidis s*
4to. MuRfA In /axo in aerc delitjvefcente. In eodem faxo, (eu granite ^ qvo oltrum reperltUN cfr- Obf circa nitrum t. 4-
Contendit Urb. Hibrnb in parafceve , & alit » fal marioum reperiri in argento^ arfenico^ cobalt 0 ^ forfan &c mercwrio^bd hoc in foedium relioqvimus^
Obf. «• In vegetabilibus plurimis reperiri Xi/ commtme demon- . ftrarunt Dodaro 10 mem. pour fervir a rbifi. des pknu U^» t' KiiHNST in aH, N. C. vol. f^ Model, de Borrace p. 08* LiCHT de fale communi ; inptimls obfervatum eft to kali geniculatOj ebamomilla , carduo benediHa^ galeopfide ^ ve- fonica &c. An vero (il hoc commune in plantis fit ge- Deratum , vel cum aqvd e terca abfocptum % certitudioe qvadam determioare oon poflUmua.
to
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MCo)K| 59
In amwitlihuf adefl fd muriatictm , non f n lis folum qvi fale communi vefcuntar, fed & in lis qvi eodem fale noa otuorur, ia eorundem urina, fingvine, (Udore &c. cfr. Pott //« /i/r romoi*, p. ft, HiBRNB paraieeve, p' 83. I?e generatioae hujus falis in aoimalibus , probabile nobis vi- detur id geneirari acido zegetaHH^ per meatus circulatorios mutaco.
Ott . 3. Sal mursaticum compofituoi eft,
(a( Aeidd peculiari & appropriato, qvod acidum feu fpiritut salis vocatur, cuius inc^plem &originem defcripfimusvipec- • 38. & i^ 0^'« ^i^c^ 'dia acidii min. s* A^« B. V Oh. 4. Hoius spiritut sttftaiumabUe .indicant ejusdem odor^ sapor ^ i;o- Utilitat & corro/ivUas,
(b) SjI alkalino^ qvod diftlrvantn eft a sale alkali no nitri^ & uberiiis in" J. /^ft;* deferibendum,
fc) His bin'rs principiis eflentialibus, affociatur \nsale msrtno & fontano. terra qvsedaiti, qv^ ab impure fale praeci pita- tar, peculiar! irtdole , utpote qv» bene elixi viata, cum act- dis mineralibur ^ ante ignitionfem cffervefcit , non vero poft i^nitionem vel calcinatibnem , cum aqva forti getatinam format, in igne facile fluVt in vitrum Chrysolithi colore, cfr* Brandt in AH. Stockh, 1749; p« 154. I753» P« ftQ. I??^. p. 309. HsNCKBii \n flor> SiUurniz. p. 2-71* Congruit ita- qve plurimum cum terra alummi^ ut & cum ilia qv« a nitro impufO feparatur , ea vc^a cum difiereatia , qvod ab hac terra, ab acido vitrlolico foluta, producitur,juxta cxpe- rimeata Pot.ti veruro sal mirabik^ qvod eum pufvere carbomtmi ip Vf^ni sal alkalinum^ q vale in ^ale communi re- peritur, commutatur in igne* Magis evidens teftimonlum mutabiUtatM l'^^ ra/care^, in combinationecum addo^, in /ai ajj^f tfUNi vix defiderari poceft; unde &, fi bis circum- flantiisaddatur, qvod p^ius attuUmus ip 0^^/-. oVr^ nigrum 5. 1** A nullum remanet dublum , qvin atkall falls com- munis a terra calcarea in aqva marina prxfente, actio falis foIuta,& routaUy fuam habeat originem.
Obs. 4. De oriiine salis muriatici ia mari^ diverfae funt opi- niones.
imo* Plurim exlftimant id ipfum derivari debere a sale gem* ma in plurimis montibus , non folum in litore marino ejus*- qvcftindo praefentibus , fed & in ipfogremio teme, qvod aqva fohitum per flumina in mare transportatur,
(bj Lbibnitivs in Protogaa contendit globum terraqveunt ipitiQ toturo fuiflfe fufuro, pofteaqve,ab humore, poftrefri-
gera-
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gerationem » globum bune irrdrante^ lal in cioeribus pra^^ fens fuilfe folutum, idqve lixivium originem prabuiHe fal* stdim maris , iogeoiore cpojiciu
re) Eandem cum Urb. Hi3rnb In P^ssc p. 96. nbs fove- mus fententiam^ fal nempe marinm in mart C^ qvidem conti-^ nue giverari ; fiqvidem (a) eadem 61is ijvantitas "in aqva warioa Iiodierno reperitur die |C olim. {hj Aqva pura> plu$ falls omniao pilvere & retiioere poceftqvam in aqva mari- na reperitur; nil ergoimpedit, qvin reipfamagis foWeret. fi tanta (alls gemmae adeifetcopia, confeqventer aqva ma- rina qvo diutiuseo magis iklfa redderetur* (c) Sal wmi-* num a sale gemma nonnullis in proprietatibus indicatis eft dKlinftum^ qvae differentia a fimptiei foiutione depeodere noQ poteft
Fit^autem live TaUt muriatici continua generation ant aeida atreo^ cum an vis communioato , aut peccdiari acido in & ex aqVis marinis produfto, axm terra qvadam fimiliter ab aqvaritiotq vel atcritu genetata , vel a depuflit concbu & cakarea materia fundam maris, pluriibis in locis cooperien-* te, combinato, aqvibus, accedente inflammabUi produ* . cantur $: alkali & acidum murlaticum. Huic theorix/tf/aw moniachm pxum , in aqva praefcns marina, fa vet, q vod ibidem generatumnemon^arepoteft, qvod & prima incunabula faU mmno forfan praebet,- ejr. Ob/l s.lit, ^* . . -
Obf.s. Vfui liujus flills magnus omnino in cbemltis. [ioiim^ flicif^ed maximuf &;inevitabilisinvitacommuni,ob grat^m filfedlnem , qvam allmentis conciliat ; & ob yfrtutam, qva gaudet, putrefaSlionefA pifcium & carnium avertendi. Probe vero notandum V qvod juxta experimenta reeeatio- , rum, ioprimisa Painqlb ^ Oardanb idfti^ica, majori copia putrelaftionem avertit . minoii veto proaov^ ' qvo tcfpedu fufrefiere didtor.
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|w ) o C «f lEfl
S» 95-
6. ALKALI MINERALE. natron.
Gen. 37^ Nttrunu pLiNir Baurach. Veterum Natrum. v/ Li^nc 84* 14. ♦
jilcali mimrak jixum. Cronstedt 136,
Sveth, Alkaliskt Salt, MiKeraliskt alkalt. Gall. Sel alkali. Alkali mineral Germ. NatOrliches Laugen - Salz, Alkali- scHEs Salz
imo. Sapore eft lixiviofo , amaro^ in aire humido non
dcliquefcitns , aire auteai ftcco fatifcit & farinaceuin
rcdditur. ado. Cum omni acido effervefcit , & cum eodem in
fal medium unitur; omnein asruleum & violaceum co-
lorem vegetabilem in viridem mutat. gtio. j4qva duplo, dum purum eft, folubilc- 4to. Crijt',llifatur figura prisniatica polygona , interdam
& parallelipippcda. 5to. In i^ne fluit &l perfiftens ac fixum nianet ; fluit
qvoqve eum arena vel pulvere filicum aut quarzi
in pellucidura vitrum, .,4 „u>^. s. 6to. Cum fuipbure colliqvatiira facit hepar fulphurisi cum
eleis exprejfis coaum facit fapones^
§. 95. /
I. ALKALI MINERALE , impurum terrefire. Na- tron. Spec. 547. Natrnm nudum terreflre. v: Linn^ 84* i-
Mali falis communis proprie minerale diaum. CRojt^-
STEDT 136^
5^/ perjtcunu Model. Voge^
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A> l>< ) o C «J
SvCth. JORDBLANDAT MlHERALISKT ALKALI
GalL Le Natron ou sel alkali terreux , ou souDE blanche d'Egypte, v. De Bomare 318. 19$.
Germ. MiT Erde vermischtEs Laugen-Salz.
Pleruraqve eft terra vcl falc communi vel utrisqve mixtum , ea^amen puritate, uc cum acidis femper ef- fcrvefcat , atqve ad Japoniflcationes , utrificalioms alioiqvc ufus ut verura fal alkali adhiberi poflit.
(a) Natron in majfa aut gleha concretum.
Hoc, ni fallor, vix reperitur, ni& in fiagnis vcl /b- veis^ qvae ealore folis exCccantur, earundem fuudp aut lateribus accretum. Gvinea.
Oif. In JEgypto bini funt lacu^, qvi aeftivo tempore exficcan- cur, JisgfM, nitrofj appeliata, ia qvorum fundo & lateribus hoc fal accretum reperitur r^votannii &extrahlrnr, ut com- memorate v. Dh Bomarb 1. c. Refert qvoqVe Kolbbrq in Befcbr. desf^orgeb. der ^uten Hojfnung^ qvod in illis locis, ab aqva lo certis puteisac tbveis ftaj^naate, poft aiiqvas routati- ones geaeretur tandein p/ /ilkalinum. Gmblin la Flot. Sibcr. ffitf. p. 48. & iiiitt}t in Merk'n}. R^ijen^ T. IV. comme-. ,roorat in Siberia effelacus. in qvibus'aeftate exficcatis, ve- xwm fal iixtviofum reperitur fuado accretum & crillallira-" tum^t SmI per/icum afqvalem agnofcere locum natalem in- dicat MoDiiL de fak amm. If da Borrace ; fal vcro d/- lali Ochozkcnfcy dlcic, idem Auftor, in Cbym. Nehtnflun* dan^ /)• 151. Vc. in rimis montium, magna 'copia reperiri. Flura qvi defiderat leftimonla, reperire poteft Car* Clusic de Ex4)t. L. ir, Bbllonii Obf. c. a. Tournbfokt l^oyMg^ de Levante li. Pomet, M^t. Lexic. P. 11 i. c^ 35. Urb, Hi^KNES Patafcive. p. 71. ejufdem Tentctnf them. IT, Fr, Hoffmann I opuf. Pi- Med. p. 15ft. &c. & p. ty?. C. Neumanni Pral* Ch. p, i6iy. Gbopfkoi Mat* Afti. 1. 112. Pott de JUorrace p. 59. Joh. Otto Hsbbiguy in M. JV. C. am. 9. if 10.. Oij\ i*^6.
(b^ Natron in fuperjicie tena effiorefcens.
BaumerMh A/m. T. j.'p. up. dicit, qvod in ilfe-
' dia cffloreftit ficco tempore vocari Halmyrha^a,
in Tbram efflorcfccns , jpropc urbcm Pbilippi appcl-
lari
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lari Agrium; in Macedonia qvod invenltur nuncupari Chalastricum ab urbc Chalaflria^ cfr, Hamb. Ma- gaz^ VqL ^S* P- -^' P^S* ^^i- Dicit qvoqve Heng- KEU in Chem. Rediv, p. 17. in loco qvodam in Ahrk Brandenburg repcrlri alkali minerale crcfcens, qvod ab aqvis ibi dcpofituai fufpicatur^
OpJ* Hanc , qvani defcriplimuf aikalini mineralif falii fpecl- ] em, tuiiie ViiTBRurii nMrmi & nitYim Plinii, exiftima- *' verim ab allatis circumftantiis elfe perfpicuuni. Si etenim conterantuc qvae DtoscoRiDES L, 1^, cap. .f^, Plinius L. ^/. r. JO, Tacitus L, y* f. 7« ae nitro & natra attuleruot, cum iis qvae de hoc alkali na'nerali attulimus, clarum evadic , eosdem hoc fal intellexiffe, plus minus cum jale communi mixtum, Refecuut namqve id ipfum ad fapq* nificMiones & vitrificationcs fuilfe adhibitum ; com me mora nt id ipfum in a*ivii & flagnit reperici, &c. qva? omnia cum hoc Idle cungcuun*". <Sal commune hulc veterum natro fu- flTe plus minus admixtum, patet a defcnptione PtiNii, qva elucec, id ipfum- loco ///// communif fwiife interdum ufur- picum. Hodieruo qvoqve .die, qvod obtinetuc ab his meri- dionalibus locis tutron^ ciim fale communis unqvam fua matrice, plus minus eft commixturo.
1. ALKALI MiNEPvALE in acidulis &? thermis bo/pi- tans* Alkali acidulare. Spec- 248*
Sveth. ALKALiSKT Brums -Salt .^, ^jih . - .
Gall. Sel alkali de fontaiNe .1- r '•■.
Germ, Alkalisches Brunnen-Salz
Plurimis in acidulis &c thermis reperitur, plus mi- nus purum , cum acidis etFervefcens , fyrupum violarum viridi colore tingcns , cum acido viiriolico in fal medium^ 11 igftc facile fufibilc , abiens.
(a) Alkali Acidulare purum.
Hoc plurimis in acidulis occurit, utpqte feltzerianiSy
fcbwalbacmfibus , ibplizenfibus , pluriinisqve fveci^
cis & anglicis Sic. a qvibus per evaporatimem obti-
netur purum , cum acido vitriolico coaftituens fal
0)
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C4 p^ ) o ( ^
(b^ Alkali AciDULARE wixfaw. F^os salis. . Hoc fal fapore gaudet falis muriatici, fed acre humido deliqvcfcic ^ cum acidis effervef it , parti ipans de alkali mmrali&Lfale muriatico. Ucponitur ad parie- tes in Tbermis ad Mcben.
3. ALKALI MINERALE calcarea terra mixtum, cor. jjoribus fuperfifialUer adbarem. Aphkokitrum. Sp^
249* J^atrwn nudum calcareum^ v^ Lmn^ 88* 2.
^ jllkaHfaHs communis terra calcarea parva portion^ combi-' natum. Cronstedt 137.
Svcth. MuRSALT. Kalkblandat mineraliskt alralu
Call. Sel mural^ Aphronatron. v. de Boma-
RE 321. 200.
Germ. Mauersalz. Mit kalchbrde vEaMiscHxEs
MINEHALISCHES LAUGENSALZ.
Eft fal fapore lixiviofo , indeterminata figura vcl ftria- tum muris am lapidibus ab humido aSreo conteftis adfixum f calearca terra non foluta participans, non exficcatum in ignc fpumefcens , non vero poft exficcatlonera , criftallifa* bile figura rbomboidali aut prijmatica vel pardlelipipeda qvadritetera.
(^) Aphronitrum , magis compaElum. Invenitur in crufta vel maffa muris aut lapidibus adfi- xum, fragile, fapore ingrato lixiviofo. Rcptritur vel murarium vcl gypfeum.
(b) AvHRomrRvM ftriatum . fcstens. Halimtrum* fruina inftar muris antiqvioribus & tegulis adfixum, vel aliis in locis exhalatum , plerumqve , fi non fcm- pcr, cum fale alkalino volatili mixtum, qvod tamcn cum tempore avolat , exficcato fale.
Obf.
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Ohf. I. Jiixta experimeuta qV3& his Cum varietatibus inflltQi, depretiendi haec lalia, fu) cum na'dir fortiter eliervefcece, fed fme praecipltationev (b) Jyrupi violarum colorem in vU lidem mutare (c) mer curium in /pirtin nitri roIiicu(n praeci* pitare Colore ^a-uo, aliqUjndo& mtiil ab codem praecipitare, <d) cum folutiont: falu ammoniaci fixi integre coagulari & in geUtiaaro pelluciiam abire ; (ej Bh oko tartavi ^. d ho- rum falium folutioncs opacas tied ; (tj igni impofitos falej recerKes Ucile liqvefcere cum fpuma , & carboni i^nito iu- jeftos , aeqvaliter fe habere, ctu^din catcare/im carboni adft- xam relioqueates; rarde vero led bene exficcatos, inline nee rpumefcere nee tumare oec fdcile liquefcere. DeJUlh- xnm hdlinitrum dat phlej^ma^ in^rato odore praedlturo, cuiu Jyrupo vioittrum parum viridefceus , cum acidis vero no i eft'er\refceus« cum oi€o t&nm p. d. album relinquens prae- cipiumra, Refiduum polt deftillationem, qoIoxq fufco, liai odore, igni in crucihulo impolitum, liqvefcit cum TjJttW.-- ftentia^ ac lateribus fie adherens, fapore cauftica^ ^
6i/. 3. DifferenftM, qvam ante haec adtulimus, ab experiment'n <bemicif, iu regno mineraii J'vec. inter haiinitrum & ^pircr. mtrum , ex eo ad maximam (> rt^m dependet, qvod ptiar limul fU alkali urinofmn & volatile coiuinet. po/iaiui vera oitiil de hoc f ;le participat.
OhI. 5- Ut evitetur <imnis contufio, heic indicate debemu^ i - "brmttri oomiae veniunt, effe oranino tripiicis
(mJ Aphranitrum veitrttm^ qvod eft alkali nfioerale defcriptuia cum cerm calcarea mixtum.
(b> Apkr^mtfum acidv nitrofo participatis , qvod vocayioius nurum taUarfom, & defcrlpfiinus. Spec s^a.
(C) Aphfonitrum scidfi 'oUrioKco participaris, proxhne ad tti- tanm falir mr^ilis accedens , qvale eft apbromtrum jea«i- fi^ qvod defcriplit Fr. Hoffmat^n in Obf H. Cb. L. ill, Okf. IX. &L la feqveatibus indicare volumus«
Obfervatimes de alkali mineraii jfixv.
Ohr, I. Rarhis hoc alkali mimrale fcparatum occaitit, fre. qventius vero deid$ falif, intetdum & %itfioli ool&biaicuiP reperitur,
Tom. II, E . i?o>
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66 l« C O ) K| .
%:0f AxKAX.1 JuIviSLALB inbumQtt tertAftftiU*
Hujuf falls prsrenciain io bis terris demonftravit KUlbil , dfif caufa fertiU tcrr. $. 83,
»}0f, AtXALi «jiiiKBRALB iQ file cimmm.
tloc alkali minerde^ idem elTc qvod cnnflituit ^^« alkalituun Jalis communis (Ohf. circa fal comm. 3. ///. h) demouftrant cbemici ab sqvali utriufque indole 19 ii^r^ , iix aqva^ cum acidify in igne &c.
3:0, Alkali mctvB^AtB in/(i2( mitabili naturals* Hoc ial mox defcribeodum.
4;o) Alkali Minbralb in Jale perjico borecbm fidam hoc in (bqiientibus defcribendum.
Ohf t. Praeterea ^ prctparari qvoqve poteft hoc/5/ tfft/i//\ per incincrationem^ ab ^^r^// martnis^ in prim is i A!j// geniculato^ iinde forfan nomen habet, qvod fal, p^ft incine raeioni^ impufom, eft fufficienter Scro^ nomine notum, facile vero per folutionem & criftallKationem ab impuri tatibus liberari poteft.
Vbf. s. Differentia intet hoc alkali rfiinerale ^ & illiid, qvod ab alils vegecabilibus per incineracionem praeparatur , /i/- kali vegetabile diftum, in co confiftir; (a^ quod aere non
- ut vegetabilia deliquefcat, fed calori foils expofita hae:^ nideralia alkalina aqvam & pelluciditatem perdant & in-
, Aar(arlnae fian( (bx gaudeut icaqve minor! ad a^vamattn" ^ione, unde & plus aqvm ad fuam folutionem reqvirunt qvara alkalis veeetabilia ; (c) qvod b»c miner alia alkalina actd(h MitricMcd (aturata* producanC ial mirabik Glauberi^ aqva & igne facile folubile, vegetabilibus veto atkalims fa. iibusfxis^ producatur cum eodem acido^^t4r«xtri^rxo//tr«/y aqva & igne difficulter folubilis; (d) cum fpiritu mVr/con- fiiCUiiiQt alkalia mineralia ^ nitrum cubicum; alkalia vegetabilia vero nitrum regeneratum ; fe) aqva foluca haec falia fixa mineralia facile criflallifm pofTunti qvod cum Cilibus /• xis vegetabiltbtts pur is fteri noa poteft.
Ob/' 4* Circa originerH hujus f^Us atkalim mineralisy Xnfaleeom- muni praefentis, antea noftram dixicnus opinionem , cfr, Obferv* circa fal commmte lit. e^ fed hinc qvaedio rngveri poteft \ an boc alkali fixum adbuc dum in natura a priacipiif fuis generator ."vel generari p(^fit 9 nudum 'i Annon potius /xrr dfftruSiiimem ^ndam faiii communis naturalem product
fcjjit^
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daci pojftt ? Priorem leDtentiam licet impugnare non pof- fumus?, ma^is tamen pronr ad pofteriorem ampleaendam, ft confideremus 4 fate communi vel fate Glauteri^ per incinera- tionem herbarum marinarum, reipfahoc falin cineribus feu fodi reperiri produdlum ve! edudum, infupcr & hoc fal plerumqye cum faU marim, uti indicavimus mixtum re- periri; licet nobis adhuc ignotum, qva via naturahaac fe- parationem partium in iale commnni perficiat.
'• ¥
*•/'■
^5M
E %
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69. |xC«>)«t
7 ALKALI VOLATILE. Gen. 38.
Sveth. Flitgtigt alkaliskt Salt* R($tsalt
Gall Alkali volatil
Germ. Pluchtices AlrALU Harksalz
I : c Hepericur hoc fal nullibi per fe fubfiftens ^ fed unice corporibus immixtum, ab iisdem namque fe* paracum, pededentiin in a^rem diflipatun
It : o , Odore gaudet ford & penetrant! , fimul & oculos pungente.
3:0, Cum acidis cffervefcit , & cum iisdem in fal mCf dium volatile abit ; colorem vegetabilium caruleum & violaceum in viridem mutatj mercurium fublima^ turn prxcipitat colore albp, & cufrtim folvit colo^ re pulchre csrt^uleo.
'4^0, In igne prorate avolat; claufo fublimatur; cum nitro mixtum ^ in igne detonat.
§* 98.
Ut hoc fal nullibi per fe exiftens reperitur,, nul* lam ideoqud ejus fpeciera fingularem defcribere poflu- mus ; indicare folum voluraus id reperiri*
1:0, Alkali volatilb nudum terrisff lapidibusin* barens^
Hoc deraonftrarunt Urb. Hierke in Tent. Cbetn. IV. 73 &c. Henkel in Ja. N. C. Vol. K p^ 3 If. &c. Brandt in jict. Stockb. 1747. p. 30i^ &c. in bumo^ creta^ diverfis argillarum fpeciebus, nee non in diverfis lapidibus; ut in nigro marmo^ re, lapide fuilto, fchijio nonnullo. In incru/lato gcet^ tingenfi demonftravit Vogel in Tr. de Incrufl. Goif- ting.
a:o, Alkali volatile cum acido falk mixtum. In (sdo ammoniaco naturali^ inferius defcribendo.
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tw r 6 > «i 69
3tio. Alkali volatile aliis falibus mixtim aqvis inba-
rcns. Rcperitar in nonnullis acidulis ^ ut in lauchftadienWus.
giesbubclienfibus ^ &c. Detexit & Malquin in acidulis
gallicis. cfr^ ^cl. Pflrf/:i746.
Obfervatio circa alkali volatile^
Mali volatile minerdle eat fiqvidem poflidetproprIetate5 , qvae alkali fixo coiBpetunt , praeterea vero in igae cum nitro de- tonat, videtqr hinc concludi poffe, hoc uil compofitum e£e alkali qvodam mimrali , iotime cum inflammabili materia com- bioato , qvam noftram hypothefin confirmarc videotut noa folum hujus Talis prafentia in terris & lapidibus, qvi ah kalina font natura^ &fin)nl qvidpiam *;>»wi»o/?coutiaent; fed & experimencum , qvod adfert Malouin 1. c. dicens ab alkali minerali cam eleo tetne mixto fe pei^ deftillatio- om obdouiila ^ritum votatiUm , aec non vQldtiltJalto tat- tari , qv9 cliemicis oota,
Hinc concludimus 9 hoc (al, a natura , J) iisdem principiii^ flempe alkali fixo^ &* pingvi materia gencrari Cr product pofle. Scd, ut ficnul ab cxperientia iompertum, qvidpiam fiGs -volatilif geneutri per de/lruSlionemfalir cmmunii, dum id hwusmodi caia materialibus combinacur, qvs vel materiam ii^ammabilem continent & ad patrefaftioneni prona ftint, v^l alia ratione &l commune immutare poiFuntt ficpatet, du- flirem dari nobis notam viam , qva natura hoc alcall vola- tile producere poteft Podibile & eft, plures adhuc nobis ignotas dari vias; qvibus k natura produci poceft. Urb. Hi ^rnb m Teni. & Luoolfp conf^derant alkali vo- latile ut (al primogenium, Stakl, Nbuhian, Pott alii- qve cxiftimant hoc fal unice aut pefignem. aut putrefaclio- nem product, k particularum determiaata traaspoticione & combinatione , q vam originem impugnare non poffumu<* c- tiam in natura (bum locum habere, dubitamus veri, an ubi- vis, Hbnckrl 1. c. deducit k putrefado fale communis Qvidqvid fit, exiftimamus nullo reali fundamento, vel Tuffi* cientecauila Impugnarl exiftentiam lalls alkalini volatilisna- turaleia in corporibus.
E 1 S-99.
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70 |x C o ; >^
§• 99-
8. SALTA NEUTRA. Gen. 39.
NatTum. V. Likk£ & aliorum V Sveth. Medelsait
GalL SeL KEUTRE
Gerrn^ Mittelsalz
1:0, Sapore hac falia neutra naturalia funt divcrfo , pic- rumque vcro auc ainaro iiigrato , aut fali'no.
^:o. In aire plerumqve facile itiutantur,' fiunt etenim aut opaca, vel farinacea, aut deliqvefcunt.
3:0, Jlqvafoluta^ plerumqne, ab alkali fixo vt^jHtdhWl addito, terrain ad fundum deniittunt. iramixtain; cryftallifationi expofita, diverfimode cryftallifantur^ pro diverfa quancitate terras & pro diverAtate a- cidi; nonnuUa in cryftallifationcm redigi non pof- funt, figura funt ut pluriraum prifmatica f. 3 a.
4 ;o ) I^ iS^^ £AciIe fluunt,
§• 100. I. SAL NEUTRUM compofitum alkali minerali (^ acido vitriolico. Sal mirabile. Spcrc. lyo.
\Acidum vitrioUcum alkali minerali fiUuratum. Cron-
STEDT I25»
Sveth. Glaubers Salt
Gall Sel admirable. Sel de Glauber
Germ, Glaubers Wundersalz
£11 hoc fal fapore falino ainaro, in aqvae dupio facile folubile; cryilallifatur figura oblonga prifmatica; in aCrc fit farinaceura & fatifcit; folutura dimittit qvid- piam terras prscipitats ab alkali fixo vegetabili- ^dfufo i in igne facile fluit & cum pulvere carbonum mixtum, bepaticum in igne fpargit odorem; compofitum ab alka-- li minerali puro, & acido vitriolico. Reperitur naturale in a^ marina & in nonnuUis berbis marinis.
a. SAL
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24 SAL NEUTRUM compojitum terra fdlubili alMina (f ' acido vitriolico. Sal neutrum acjdulare.
Spec. 251. Natrum nudum fontanuniy faturatum^ v. Linn6 89- 3-
Sveth. SURBRUNS SVLT, BiTTERT SaLT* KALK*
ARTIGT MEpELSALT Gall.^SEL NEUXKE CAtCAiRE, V. PE BoMARE 324.
204.
Gcfm. Sauerbrunnen - Salz. Bitter - Saw» Kalkartiges M^ttelsalz
/Sapore eft maxirae amare & ingrato ; in a6rc fetifcit in pnl veretn \ in aqua calidae dujplo folubilc , qvas fo- lutio cum acidis mincralibus non eflfervcfcit; ab alkali fixo vegaabili addito praecipitatur terra rtba; cryftallifatur figura vcl prifmatka vel paralUlipipeda j mitiori ignc cal- cinatur in pulvercra album, fortiori ignc fluit inftar aqv«, nifi nimium terras admixcum fuerit ; cum pulven carb'onum commixtura in ignc hepaticum fpafgit odorem ^ carboni ignito injeftam immobile pcrmanet, & vpftigiura calpis al* bs rclinqvit. .
(a) Sal neutruivi acidulaRb anghqanum* Sal
..; EbSHAMEKSE
^•jrEft figora oblonga quadrilatera, in aSrc non fatifcens,
cum oleo vitrioli fumans & cffervcfcens ; praecipitans
yargentum aqva forti folutum; cum ^^ alkalino fixo
^ coagulatur , multara pra5cipitan$ terram ; in igne fluit
.in materiam tenacero; cum carbonibus hcpatizat,
puDgentem fulphuris odorem emittens j aqva folutum
i^^^cryftallos prasbet duplices , cubicas , quae funt falis
" '^ communis 61 prifmaticas ^ qva accedunt ad naturam
"^-'^aUs mirabUis. Obtinetur a magmate rejiduo poft cry^
-^^^Itallifationem falis marini.
^ ^Wl I, Duplex omnino eft ial angKcanum ; , a»«« compoli-
•^tum qvod defcripfimus in aqxa marina przfens ; alterum
^jifi^pl^^i^^f compofitum k terra calcarea alba, feu magnejia
^^i$iba & acido vitriolieo: ab his namqve hujusmodi fal arte
j^ praeparari poteft, fi refiduum poft deft lUtionem lixivii pri^
mi nurofi ex ipla terra nitrofa ; vcl rcjiduum poji criJtalH.
Digitized by
7» J« C 0 ) «J :
tttianem pHinain , vel terra a tak eammtni prccipitata, au* Ui lixivio, poft cryttaUifttioDem Cilis marini, materno dl! ao praefeos folvatur oUo vhrioli, eadeniqve folutio dilua- tur aqva, fiUretiir & criftallirctur. Eft itaque mapoefia alba,
, • qnx eft terra alkalina folubUJi, & aeidum vitriolicum. ayx
; hoc fal proprie conftltuunt.
OtC. a. Hoc fal anglicanm primlhij nt Maturak, qvod in fon- te ioteno la. AngliA, Eptan sppelltto. 15 milliaria a Lob- rfjBa m .Sbwm diltante , reperiebatur , confideratiini & ha- ^tum fliit. Refert fit Dai. b in Pbarmcol. hoc fal reperiri Burnetino! xti MiddelCexia , Nortball in Hardfirdia, &c.^ed hoc naturale vix eft venale. Poftmodum reUtum fuit, hoc iprum InJngha ab Hankbwitz praparari, ae omni- no artijiciale effe. Hinc variae de ejusdem compoQtione or t» funt conledur?. Phiritni hoc ipfum noDnifi (al mira tile ene poftuUrunt, peculiar! aliqvo modo prcpantum- e^r. Epb. AT. C. Centur. III. V ih Obr. 173. Caspak. Wbumawn, qvi jpcr aliqvodtempm penes Hattekevhz com. HiOratus eft, refert, iltud pr«parari a erajfiore manute, qvod port evaporationein & cryftallifationem agva mari- ■ 'TJ'^^-V^^'^' * ^^ *'"■'"'" '"l^^'ntto, vel a catnte mortuo - poft deftiUaHonem o/« rimotf relifto. Hifee'autem t*fr. ' !>""•>"»♦ qvibus accurariori texaraini fubjeduro fuit mans t//«i. port cryftallifationem filis abaqvamarioa relidum. deprehennitn tuit , hoc Cal anglicanm, ia eodeni magmate naturale rfp^rtrt & obtin-^ri dum magmi hocce ulterlori evaporatiooi & criftallilationi expoaitur ; vel, dum In- IpUatur hoc ma^mi, & inrpiffttum aqua pura folvltur,
"n<?'^*";^,***'"'^®^^*P°""'*** cryftallifanda. Kit ifaqve W anfltcanum naturale, ut taroen eo faciliug inajoricopia obtmeatur, atqve i reliqvis falibus, in eodef^ magmate exifteatibus feparetur, adhiberi folet vuriolu-n
• '"«'«?*"«; licet, uti diftum. fine vitriolo ctiam obtinem poteit*
(b) Sal keutrum aciditlare, Sedlitzenfe^ vet Seid- fcbutzenfe &c.
Hoc, n^ur^ pri,nnatica ^ m co kfale anglicano dlffert, qvod fit fimplicius^accedat propius ad indolcra falis mirabUU ^ utpotc coinpofitura magmfia alba & acido * yitriolico, fulpbureo^ undo fyrupi violarum colorcm itUcrdum in viredincm raotat , & in igne fluit tc- •uiter inftar aqv«. Rcpericur in Jontibus plunms
5otc-
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t>4 C o ; Kf 73
Soteriis, Sedlitzenji^ Seydjchi'uzenjty Egrano^ acnon- nullis tberwis^ tarn in Gernmnia^ qvara alibi.
Obr. Sulphureum acidum, his falibus ineiTe, concludhnus, i
volatiiitate hujus fpiritiis, qvi ab his falibus per retortam
'i?ftiUari poteft, nee non a lulpbnre, quod Seipius id
Trafl. mm Pyrmonter Stahlbr^ p..li4- commemorai ab his (a-
libus, per fublimationein, fiae additdmeato obthieri poffe.
(c) Sal neutrum acidulare , Umeamfe, Hoc cryftalllfatur, figura paraUelipipcda ^ lateribus inseqvalibus ; in acre fit farinaccuin. Reperitur ad nrbem Umcd ^ defcnptum in Act* Stockb. ij^o, p.
3. SAL NEUTRUM compofltum terra cakarea^ (f acido vu triolico. Sal NEtxTRUM calcareum, 5p, 25a.
Neutrum calcanum efflorefcens. M. R* Sp. ig7.
Sveth. KaLk-Salt. UtvittRAt Kalk-Salt Gall. Sel de chaux, v. De BomarE 324, 11, Germ. Kalk-Salz
Sapore eft amaro, ad parietes In nonnuHIs fodinis^ intcrdum & alibU aut in ftriis aut qvafi in lamellis vel cruftis adfixura ; in acre opacum redditur &l fatifcit , aqva folutum dimictit ad fundum oko tartan p. d. adfufo terrain alcaream aut fpathofain ; cum acidis non effervefcit; in igne non frcmit, nee detonat, nee fulminat, ncc facile li- quefcitj carboni ignito inje£ta;n non fumat, neqve fpu- mefcit.
Ca} Sal nectrum caLcareum, album.
(b) Sal neutr^um calcareum , flavitm. l-
O^f. Primuf qvi hoc fal defcripQt, eft,ni fallor, Fr.Hoff- .MANN in Op, Pb. Chym. Tom. z- p. 343. Scd fateor, non- dum plene effe examiuatum, in refpeftu ad fuam compofi- tionem Forfan apbronitro Spec. 949. & acido vUriolico compo/itum. Qrod ego poffideo truftulum cruftacemn, phu rimis noa fuSicere potuit experimentis, qvara qvae indi- cavi.
£ $ 4* SAL
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74 f><)o(Kj
4. SAL NEUTRUM compofltum terra cdcaria^ & acido
nitri.
NiTRUM CALCAREUM
Hoc dcfcripfimus .inter fpecies nitri $. pa. Spec. 141-
5. SAL NEUTRUM fale alMino mineral^ & acido falls
compofltum. Sal neutrum purum. Spec* 2$3.
SvctK Rent Medelsalt
Gall. Sel neutre pure. v. De Bomare aaj. i^
Germ. Reines Mittelsalz
Diverfa cryftallifatur figura, fcilicet infandibuli forma^ vel cubica, fapore eft falfo, in acre farinacconi cvadit, interdum vero claritatem rctinet, proximc ad naturam falh fontani acccdit, proporttona acidi %d fal alkali minerale diminuta , bine , aqva folutum , nuUam ab oleo tartaxi p. d. adfufo prascipitat terrain, nuUaxmivQ liiutationcm infert folntioni mercurii fublimati^
(a) Sal hcutrum puRum , pyramidale cavum^ Conftat cryftallis pyramtdalibus , qvadrilateris, ci«
vis, unde formam infundibuli qvadrilateri cavi ha»
bet. Reperitur in nonnollis fontibus ia OJlrobotb"
nia & alibi. Fig. 33.
Obf. Saepe obfervavi fal commune c ylalUfatum banc figuram furcipere, pr^cipue fi prius cum carbooibus calcioatum nieric,
(b) Sal neutrum purum, cuhicnm^ cavum.
Hoc k priori fale pyraniidali qvafi comporitum, ita ut quilibet cubus , qvi intrinfecc eft cavus , 6 py- ramjdibus conftarc videatur. Reperitur ad Baden in Helvetia, cfr. AEla N. G Vol. II. Jpp p. ^6. Scheuch- ZER. nec non ex Sola gradata a^varum falioarum in fontibus Hallenfibm^
Obf Hoc M fyrttpi violarum coloretn mutsit 9 aqva Tolutum txhibet foluiio.em flavcfcentem, gu« diluta klpirituvolu tf/i uoa mucatur ; graviute fpecinca* duplo minore qvam lal commuae gaud^t , ob caviucem vacuam.
6* Sal
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iH'Co.)^ 75
6. SAL 'NEVTRVM terra calcarea^ (^acido falis cmpofi-^
turn Sal ammoniacum fixum* Spec^ 254. .
Jcidum falls terra calcarea faturatum Crpnstedt 12.8. i.
Svcth, Saltaska*
Gall, Sel ammoniac fixe
Germ. Scuep. Figirtbr salmiak
Eft fapore amaro , in aSrc dcliqvefcit liqvorom pras- bens flavum , aqva folutum non cryftallifabile prascipitatur falc alkaline fixo tam minerali qvam vegetabili; violartim fyrtipum tingit colore viridi ; ficcura cum oleo viirioli effer-' vcfcit; in igne fluit inftar aqvae ; aqva folutura, filtratum & infpiflatum gaudet vi phosphorefcente^ Reperitur in octoM & in aqvis fontanis falinis.
7. SAL NEUTRUM terra cretacea cumpirigvU (focido falls
compofitvm. Sal cRET-a» Spec, 25 5*
Svcth Kritsalt
Call. Sel de chaie
Germ. Kreidensalz. Eft fapore falino, amaro &naufeofo; cryftallifatur fi- gira oblonga pyramidally qvae cryftalli aSre fatifcunt in fa- rinam albam cum aeidis effervefeentem ; folutio hujus ab alkali fixo praecipitatur ^ ringit fyrupum violarum colore viridi & ^tB^zifit^i^mercuriurn fi^matum colore fufco ru- bcntc; in ignc fluit confiftentia 'crafla tenaci; C\xm fidphu-' re nullum producit hepar» Reperitur in ftatu feu agro fenen/i in Italia.
Ohf. Hujos fails defcriptionem dedifc git is* Baldassari in Oiftrvazioni fopra il fale delta Creta. &c.
Obfervationes circa /alia netrtra^
Ohf. Ut hapc ftlla antiqviori tempore non fufficienter copilta tuiflfe probabile eft , fie non minim qvod peculiar! ndmine generico deftituca, r^centiori tempore, sal i a NBx;TKA,a nonouUis Salia innominata fueriot appellata* Primus, ni fal* lor , qvi fpeciem adam feu fa} neutrum acidulare detexit« fiut 4«ISTBR JO Tr* de/ont. med^ anglia p. 8. qvi id
ipfum
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76
twCo)«|
^ ipflimSAL CALCARBunt appelUvit, & poft fonden'obftr. vavit Fr. Hoffman id Obf Pb.Ch. t.it.p. 5a Re- liqua heic enumerata fticceffive pottmodum abaliis deteifU flint, plcrumque in aqvblatentia, vclfuperficialiter aliiscor- poribus adfixa. Conftant haec falia, ft noiv Qiania. pleraque tameii hji calcarea indolis five alkaUhi mjnera- lis cum calcarea terra mixti, uode. ab his omnibus naturalr bus cum /ifciitttf//ii()/?r(> terra prascipltari poteft vel calca- rea, vel calcareae indolis. Acidnm in iisdera pr^efens non fo^ lum vitriolicum eft obrervatum , fed etiam in aliit nitrofum^ in aliis muriaticum, unde ratione acidi tripUcis omoino dtf- ferendx extftunt * fub uno tamen genere, ob bafin fefe eandenin coofiderari poffunt* Hinc & orizo borum fiiUuiB eft fatis aperta. ^
^ I0I«
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§. lOI.
9 SAL AMMONIACUM. Gen, 40.
^kali minerale volatile^ acido falis unitum C&oh'- ^
STEDT 141.
Sveth. Salmiak 0*11. Sel Ammoniac Genn. Salmiak
r.O) Sap&re eft falino, ingrato, uHnofo, pungente.
2 : 0 , in aere , immiitabile permanet ; quod vero perfeQe depuratum^ fimiliter & naturale , aere humido inter- dota d^qvirfcit. :
2:0 In igne tarn aperco, qvam claufo volatile.
4:0, Cum fale alkalino fixo tritom pungencem emittit odorera.
5:0^ Coinpofitam ocidQ falis c$mnims Si alkali voldtili
I SAL AMUOmACVM in jkres vet taminas concfi. turn. Saj. ammoniacum cRtJSTosuM. Sp» 4564
Sveth. Salmiak skaRKpa
Gall« SfiL ammoniac ek croutes* v. De Bo*
MARE 339. aiO«
Germ* Salmiaks blume^
Reperitur plus minus^ purutn^ & femipellueidum^ plerumque cum argilla^ terra, aiit lapide adfixo, locis ttlidioribus , vel in fupefficie terrae efflorefceiis , vel ru- pibas extrinfece adherens , facie porofa^ aut f ulverulenu lalina; figura vera incerta & inde termini* Perfia , Cal*
Ohf.
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78^ t^CoX^
Ohf, Primus qui hoc ftl defcripfft eft Model in VerfuAt undGedanken iiher einen natUrlicbenod^: g&wacbfencnSaimiak. An ab excrementis^oiiiKiliDin raliais £ uriuofi^; calore folis hocfsi, in regiontbu8caltdisnaturalicerpro(iucacur,ia medium reiiaqvo*
2. SAL AMMONIACUM in glebaSj igne fubtertMed con- cretum. Sal ammoniacum Vulcanorum. Sp# 057.
Svcth. Berg-Salmiak
GalU Sel Ammoniac des Volcans, v, De Bo*
mare 340. an. Germ. Berg-Salmiak
Repcritur circa montes ignivomos, ncc, no^ in fb- dinis lithanthracinis, heterogeneis plerumque miztum^ hiric colore difcrepans*
(a) Sal Ammoniacum VuLcANORUM, flavefcens. Hoc colore frequcntiffimum eft , a Stdpbure adiiiixto.
(b) Sal Ammoniacum Vulcai^orum^ ii^rwr. Colorem k bituminofa^ vel alia materia admixta. Jubct^
Cc) 5al Ammoniacum Vulcanorum , viridi^ Forfan a Vitriolico adraixto coloircm habct.
. Repcritur hoc fal ajnmoniacale' ad crones fere montes , ignivomos, ut in Sicilia^ Italia &c. cfr. BoccoM Recherche.' Edam in iod\m% litbatubracis in Nm CaJiU in Jinglia.
• ♦ . ■'
Obfervationes circa Sal ^mmoniacale.
Obf. I. Sal mmoniacak^ prsetereaTeperitur, (a) Sal AMMONrACUM in aqvis fontanis.
In t'untibus ad Gieshubel & LAucHgf Sdt to GirmamM;
Cfr. HENKBLy Kl^ Mineral. Scbrifien^ pag, 585.- ^ (b) Sal ammoniacum in terra nitrofa.
Cfr. Objetvat. circa nitrum 3.
Anetiam !n terra aut lapidibur mmixtum ^ i qutbus falvo.
Utile obtlnetur rcfr. •$. 98), qvod cum acidofalii aut fa/-
fbufis combinatum , iisdem roiaeralibus Inexiftere AOonolU
opinantur? ctr, ASla N. C. VoU T. p. ss^*
Ini
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b PUntis Qoonolli3 adefle conteadunt Tovrkbfokt & Lbmbrt. /
Okf. d« Ssl mnumaam venak praepantur io Mgypto ab ex- efemaou ammabwn^ <)vae, absqve ulterior! praeparatione iiccmtur* comburuntur, deiode k fultginc^ hinc afceodeote fublimatur /a/ ammoniacum io furnb ac vafis idoneis, proue proUxius dercriptum eft & Lbmairb & Gkanobr in AFt. Farif. I73S & ab Ha5S£l qui it ia AH* Stnckh. VoLXlf. Ea vero bis lo relationibus depreheoditur differentia, qvod Friorci dicaoc id ipfura praeparari hfuliginc aomin^U, Jals & KMflii. HassElquist vero cdoteodit id Ipfum a Cola fu- ligine excreroeatorum aaimaiiuni praeparari , addens , fal marinum in iplis vegetabiiibus,^qux ab animalibus devo- rantur, adcffe, confeq venter. & iii excrementis. Sed, for- &Q uterque modus ufurpari poteft , pro di veriitate teinprv* m & iocf. In ipfo etenim modo ae apparatu defcriben- do, de cxteroy cooveniuatt adeo ut oullum UlUutis leom , judicare poflimua*
Oh/. 3. Origo talis ammoninci naturalis eft adbue maxime du- bia, fcilicet, an onme h vulcanis & igne fubcerraaeo depeodet , annon alio etiam roodo h natura produci po* teft. Quod in niontibus ignivorois reperituTf dubiuroqvo- qve eft. an ut produ^um ab acsdo Mis communis & alkali 'volatili in terris & hpidibus praefente* vi ignis expulfis coofiderari poteft ; an, ut in fuperficie produftum, a Lavdjler- cusammalium qvod jnoutes circumjacet, comburente '/ Ucram- qve banc cpinionem minus probabiiem reddit [al ammoniacum io todiois lithantracinis & io ooonuUis aqvis praefens. Aa ergo i talc communi fimpliciter originem babet i ctr. H£n« . KEL Rediv. p. if4# ^ *
Alio roodo, neinpe, line igne, naturam geouinum Xal am» moniacum producere , coorpicirous evidenter in (aU ammo' niaco in terra nitrotd prae&ote. cfr. Obi. circa nitrum j*
OhL 4. Salsa ammoniacalia illaio genere appeliari folent, qvs ^cooftant acido^ cum alkali volattli combinato. Proutitaqve difcrepaot falia acida, mineralia, vegetabilia, imo ftanima- lia, oec noo talia volatilia^ diverfa puritate, fic &diftin- Aa praeparari pofle falia amtnoni^caUa evideos eft* Hiac diveria (alia ammoniacalia artificialia exiftunt.
Oftf. 5* VeCerum Dioscokiois, SSrapioniSi AviCBtixfiS tal ammockiicumt videcur fuiife Ul gtmmM.
QK
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8o l«(o)K|
Obf. 6* Vaif Talis amiliDhiaefi. ut tbemicumSc medseum ref^ ceamus, eft infignis a variis artificibus, imprimis ad rii. frum ftanno obduceodum, ali^qve opera ffletalUca. Dici- cur addibeii k oonoulUs, cum fkiigitte^ ad iodiiranda & ni- gra teddeada ligoa* Eodem frigui arttficiale, produci polle uotum eft., dum m aqvam projicitur; idqye frigus magis JQteiifum reddu ft (al ammoaiacum mixtam cum aoatica TP^te. mcrcurii fuUinmti Tolvatur ia aceca deftillato*
0^f.7;His, de talibut miueraBuif ad typum transmits, ea mihi Contigit ioexfpeftaca felicitas f qvam heic reticere non debeo , fcilicet. non folum videre fed & examinare ^ Mutionem auri in acido vitriolico^ praeparatam k generof. &* noinliff. vifQ cbiliarcha locum tenente If cqwte ord. R Enpfeti^ J. J. AncharstrOm, qvi hi fuo ]()raedio /-inrfc* Inftrudif* fimo non folura gaudet laboratorlo , fed iz ipCe iadefefliis diu Doftuque cbemicis operatiooibuS opet^m navat, omat exaftitudine fimul & patieotia fuas pera^ens operatibneSt fuaqve fubjefta operationum , inprimis (alia^ Jofveta cer-, te methodo^ fed accnratifflma, purificans & cryftallifans- vnde, ab iisdem ea obtinet eduaa, qvs purlcate, tedui- tate atqve peoetratione gaudeat maxima. Initia htjtis fo lution!s auri in eodem vidi laboratorio , eandem yero deinde, poft aliqvod tempos, coofummatam & ad fineio perduftam cum oUo tartari p. d. examinavi , q vo, fub ma« ^a efTervefcentia. praecipitatus tuit tenuijjimui fiavefetni pul^ xis^ qvi debite traaatus, verum & punliimum erat aurum. Haac folutionem heic indfcare debuimns , iic limiccocur quse in antecedent! bus de (blutione auri in acido ^uitrioli^ di" Ximus, & qutdem jore, dum metbodo vulgari traAatur. Etenim, ft operationes chemicae plurimae cerus reqvirunc inanipulationes, tarn in roenftrui praeparatione « qvam in aiiH prdeparatione & trifura , nee non in iph folutionb deinde , debito fub retrimine & debito tempore pcrficicn- da. Hsc folutio inter arcada alcliemiftica haberi folet, ooa aliam ob cauftam , qvam q vod juniores cbemici, fimplicio- ribus folurionjbus & praecipifalionlbus occupati , hujusmo- di operationes fibi pr^fcriptas non habent- Hiac vero difcere det)ent alchemiae derifores immaturi, qvod alcbe- mici ea pracftare pofluntqVde illi ignorant, &a\rod non tarn in auTO praeparando, ut illi inepte opinantur, iinx occupati, qvam potius in naturae arcani^ detegendis. Gennini a 1- ctaemicir uno ore fateufur , fe majoris laomenti conftdera* re cogoltionem/trrri ab «ttr(».produceadi| qvaia^aria/erro
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Sed hac occafione fimul reticcre non debeo, genemfif^mum vU rum &f* eqvitim nominatiim noa adao chemicis operatloai- bus e\Te ibrepcum, qvia fitnal fuara cogcitionem in che- micis fvasqve operationes, juxta principia cheaiica, exten- dat ad conjmoda reipublicae promo venda* Hunc in fiDem primus Jn regno, fuo in prsedio Lindo^ officinam inftituic pro puherifitione qvarzi ^ tenuiflimum in alkohol, pro otficinis vUriariis & porcellana ad vitra & 'vitrificationeT nee vtoa ad encaufticA opera, Hsec operaiio igae &t aqva perfi- citur- Fro nitro couficiendo flc coqvendo , juxta iliatit quana chemia fubminiflrat theoriam, in maximuni acervum feu cumulum contedtum, habet congeftas diverfas terras, aliiscum materialibusartiftciofe & prudenter iiuxtas,aqvibus debiie trsftatis, nitrum non foluni majori copia cito exco* qvi poteft , fed ik coftura fatis purum obdaeri. Optamus luas manipulatioQes fuaqve iarenta cum publico commu- nicare vellet.
-f .
^m. 11
J. 103.
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lo.. BORAX, Gen,4r.
ChryfocoUa nonnullorum Capijirum auri
Sveth. Borax Gall« Borax Germ. Borax.
inio» Saport eft lixivlofo (ed obdi^o.
^do« jTn aere^ dum dcpuratum eft, humiditateni perdit Tea fatifcit ) non vero aere hamido deUqvefcit«
3tio.*'/n aqva ixjinima proportione folvi potcft fub cof^io* ne, aqvss vero frigid^e fedecupluin ad fuam folutio- nem reqvirit ; cryftalliratur figura indetenninata ; ru- dis vero figura prifmatica o£Iy) vel fex lateribus ; aat qvadrata oblotiga. Fig. 34. 35.
■ 4to. Cum acidis fpiritibiis non cffervefcit , ncqve cum fali^ bus atkalinis fixis , fy^upi violarum colorcm vero in viredinem mutat, & praecipitat omnes folutiones me- tallicas acidis fa£tas , nee non terras*
5to. In igne intumefcit, aluminis inftar, poftmodum li- qv^fcit in vitrum , qvod vero magna aqvae copia dc; coQum folvitur, ac in fal genuinum boracis iterura re- dit , hifi fortiori & ciont'muato igne vitrificatum fud* rit*
6to. Nondum in Europa eft repertum , fudc ex Indiis & orietualibus regionibus adfertur ^ qvod puriflcatur -^m- ftelodamL
!♦ BORAX ctudus faponaaus^ Tincal. Spec. ^58.
Jiorax nudus* v. Linn^ 94. i. Borax. Cronstedt 139. Nitrum nativum fci£ile^ Kei^tmak^
Sveth,
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SvCth. TlNKAL.
GalU Borax brut ou borax CRud, V. De Bo^a^
R^ 343. lid.
Germ. TiNKAL
Externa facie viridcfcentis aut eieridefcentis ftpo- nis apparet , fimul vero conftarc videtur aliqva pingve- dine, in qva involutas & abfconditae jacenc (TyT^aWf tcnuio • res, cryftaHis falinis aoqvalcs; fapore eft primum duici poftmodum ur cute ; in aqva difficulter fohutur ob pin- gvedinera, &: admixtas oarticulas terreftres,- fyrupuin vio* larum tlngit colore viridi & mercurium fuMimatuoi prae- cipitat colore aurantio , per dcftillationem prasb^t pbUgms ii oleum petroleo firnilc^ Brandt in ^cSt. Slockb. iTS6. P- 357-
Oh. u Hac brevi defcrintfone elucct tincst effe fil ^voidam aikalenum , cum pingveHne qijadam <ommixtum ; fed , aa udturaU vel drtificiaie 'i Aa io Cota compofitirme mkierale, yeU commixtuin pingvedine aninmli aut vegecabili, hoc ipfum certo dicere non poifumus.
V. Db Bomarb In Mintral p. 34^^ nota commemorat fe ex literis ab Hifpabun i liana obtinuSfle nocitiam, qvod tivtil ifi\xhnrax cTudus obtineatur /i/tfwrf/^«/grifeis, piogrioribus m Perfia & imperio Mogoi ad Golconds & i^ifaponr^ in confr oils flumlnum atqve ad radices montium prsfentibus, ubi & 0tjvs ladea acris & lixiviofa reperitUr^ Hi lapides^ diverfx iD)gnitudini8,acriexpofitiJnfuper^ieY colore rubente vel vindefcente aut obfcuro efflorefcunt , vocannir «/rtrj<tr ^o. f«n>; forfan Hdem lapides qvl ab HErmanno in Cyna. Mau Med. appellaotur lapidti nhrofi^ de qvibus c^lciiiatU & in aqva folutls boracem pr^xparari conteoditj Ms etenim nominatialapidibus lixivium paratur,qvod?vtporatur adcry* ftalUfationem , delode in tolTa terreftri per tres meafes^ te« ftum reIinqvjtur,qvo cempore elapfo€peritut foffa,&ex<ra- hitur crufta, qva jam conhat Boracb Pinovn Aliqvando hoc Cal extrabicur ab a<iva fing^ widt^me^ qve iofof* lis profuodis teperitur, in confinils miner» cupti in Perjiu Borax pinpit iterum folvitur fufiiciente aqva qvautitate, & alia ill tofla cry ft alii fa tur, unde borax crvovs feu tin. CAL obrinetur, qvi ideoqve non afuftciali$> fed inter felia nMtursita conaumerandus. Hoc fal in Buropam transporta-
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turn, jitttfielodami ulterius depuratur, unde soKACBit ax- bum feu boraccm depuratum album ^ plerumqve figpra irre- gular], interdum odaogulari, habemus, qviin aere extrinfe- ce fariuaceus cum tempore redditur, in igne iotumefcit, poft-. modum vero ia vicrum liqvefcit, qvod deaup aqva folubi- lei oift fortius fufum & vitri/icacum fuerit*
Ohj\ 2. piverfie exftiterunt adbuc & exiftuntde haracit indo- le opinioncf. Thboph&astus farAcblsus boracefflcon* fideravit UC compoAtum alumi^c ^ fak ammoniaco & tartaro calcinato. Lbmmbky in Hift. 6* Mem* Parif 1709. fta- tuit boracem UC pil alkalmum cotafiderari debere, qvam Tea- teotiam adoptaVit Bbrobk in '(^r. ie Tbermif. C, N£u- • akAN in flrak Ok pr«cipue vec^PoxT de borace^ aliiqve exillimaruat boracem ejfe fJ miium & qvidpiam acidi ^itriolici continere. Bakow db HbnouillE in Mem, de Matth.^tf Pb* T,f^ demonftrare adlaboravic in borace ni- hil de vitrioli acido reperiri , fed eundem conftare alka^ ii miueraii cum file ftdativo ; qvam fententiam etiam Mo- dbl in '/V» deboraee detendcre videtur Brandt in Act. StQckh. 1756. Hatuit ^/il'.W/ boracis e(fe diftindum ab alkali minerdlit idqve ad faponaceam accedere naturam.
Hanc fenteqtlam vedtati congrnam feqventibtiselucet momen- tis* C^} A fiponacea facie & indole falis tincal^ (b) ab oieo . q vod reipOi k fale tincal feparari poted , ^c) A pblegmate fiponaceo , qvod in deftillattonibus boracis cum acido vi* trioiico obtinetur* fd^ ^ dejiructione /zr/(for«m mineraliuoi, praecipue vitrioiici , qvae k mater^ inflammabili coutiugere foiet. CeJ Qvod borax turn agva q vam c^eo fit Dilubiiis, imo^fpifitu vinij fi actenuatus ac qvafi divifus cum eodem bene digeratur, cfn Brandt in Act. Stockk' 175^* p. 300^ Hujusmodi vero folubilicas nonnifi fdponaceis conipetcre pa. ted corporibus. CO Qvod. more faponaceorum corporum, addtta materia volatilifante, ad partem v6iacilifatur & fubli* matur. C^j Qvod in igne intumefcat in bulks ^ ut fapona- cea foleut corpora , ut conllat exemplis /^rcWi , yi/>(«/r artificidlis &c. His concludimus , boracem elfe fal fopmia^ eeuM^ compofitum alkalino fale ndnerali , mucato ab iotime & arftiifime coml)inata materia pingvi*
Obt. 9. Sal SBDATivuMi)Vod attinet, qvod cum acidis, a
'. borace feparari poted , ut in r^rnfiVi/ indicatur ; qvo, ut
peculiari princip/o [x>raceim componi notum eft, nos opi-
namur , id ipfum non folum boraci ejjfe inex{JUns , fed ipfum
^ fal\ boracu f \ qvocumqve^ modo mutatunif & ad acidam ma-
6»S
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gis inclioaos naturam. Occafionem huic conjefturae praebuit deftillado , qvam in hunc finem aliqvaado inftitiiJmus cum ficcbaro, qvod etiam faponaceum eft, cum oleo vitrioli di- iuto admixto, qvo in cafu, fimiliter , qvidpiam falls albidi in recipiente obtinuimus. Corroborari vero videtur noftra h*ec fententia feqventibus momenti?. imo. Qvod hocfalfe* iatimm etiam ad partem fpirttu vini feparari poteft , uc ob- fcrvavit Baron i>b henouillb in Mem. de Mathenu y Ptyf. 7". i. uode patet acida parum aut nihil ad ejusdem generation em contribuere* ado. Qyod aqvahbus cum bora* H gaudeat proprietatibux ^ nempe f^j in refpeftu ad folntio- nem in aqva calida & cryftalUfationem in triglda, {h) Qvod aeqvaliter ac borax hepaticum qvid noa producat cum phlo- gifto, (c) in igne aeqvaii^ exhibeat cum borace phaenomena, tarn vitrificatione qvar?!^ vitri folutione in aqva.fubcoftura. Cd) Cum falibui alkalinir mixtum '& deftillatum eadem ex- htbet produdta, qv3e a borace iisiem cum falibus tradatp obtioentur, nullumqve veftigium falls volatilis. (ej Idem & evenit in raixtura cum falibus medtit y e qvibus acidum, nitfi & iilii ad partem expeiluat *k/i/ /eiani/aw *i ^Jr^r. Non diffitemur aliqvam differenttam inter boracem 6t fd fedjtivum reperiri, qvam inprimis extra i^nem oui^rvi*mus, tam reageniibus ^ qvam praripitanithuf medtis ^ ut in chenii- cls indicatur, fed hanc diflerentidm ab admixta materia i;o- Istilifantet extra ignem adhaerente, depcodere pode exilti- mamus; unde & opinamur deduci polVe, qvod cum Mbur alkalinif corobinatum, eadem in fdlia neutra commutet , at- ^ve qvod dccomponat fal nitrfjum If mufiaticum* Sedn*c omnia hypothetice & problematice folum di£3:a fuuto# Dif- fipatur vero haec volatilifans materia in igne, & dum in fu . mum Mt^ qvidpiam Jalis Jimid voiatilifat. De caetero ,. qvi- bus Rotum, qvod falia non folum fed & terrae ab admixtts iorporihur aliqvam fubeant mutationemi illi non mirari de- bent idem boraci contiugere.
1. BORAX fale alkdm mimrali mixtus. Borech. "Sp.
Sveth. BoREK GalL BoRECH^ Cerm. Borech.
Externa facie eft album in majoribus vel minori- bus firaftulis | qvas maffae calcinates fimilia , cum ad-
F 3 mixta
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mixta materia percgrina, plerumqve tdrreftri aut arenofa; fapore eft acri pvngentc urinofo ; in ain poft cryftallifatio- nem fetifcit; in o&vif\o aqva folublle, cryftallifatar fi^ura paralellipipeda aut rhoraboidali; cum acidis mineralibus ef- fervefcit; fympi violarum colorein cingit colore viridi; /&- Jutiones metallicas acidis faftas prascipitat ; ^ falibus alkali- nis non mutatur vel turbatur; cum oleo vitrioli A\t fal ft- dativum; in ignc liqvefcit fine intumefccntia in maflam vitrcain.
Okr. Hoc fal aGatfcum Borbch qvod i Turcls Buracb nb Anhis vera ROra appellatur, ccmpofitam videtur k Bc^ race Vcl mtnera Bnracis & alkali minerali, ut demOnftravft Baron DE HenouifxE In Mem. de Mntbem £^ Phy/ic. T. //. Magnam hoc ipftjm habere convenientiam cuai natro feu alkali mineraliah allata defcriptione patet; nuUumqve eft dubium qvio ab hoc fale nbtiiieri pofflt borax; pre- babile hinc eft, h»c ftUa oHm fiiiOc confufa, vel utrisque hia nominlbus fbrftn appellata, ctr. Spec. a69. 0*f. u & Spec. 858, Obr. Forfan ideoqve hue pertinec nitri genus, dc qvo Boracem confici afleruat Cjesalpinus. Aldro- VANDUS & AGRICOLA.
Obfervationes circa falia.
O*''. r. Ab hac prapmiflTa falium mineralium defcrlptioni, pa- tet, ut brevtter difla recapltulemus. alia elTe acida^ qv« cum filibug alkalmis. effervefcuot ; alia alkalina^ qvae cum ^ ftlibu^ acidjs effervfiftuat ; iXxz neutra, qvae vel imperfe- cla, fcilicet qvorum bJfis non eft D Una, fed vll raetelli- ca aut terrea, qvafis reperitur in 'vitriolir^aluMine nee Doa In nonnulUs falibus neutrir, proprie fie diftls ; vel perftEU^ -qvorum bafis eft Ulina^ qvalis reperitur In nitro^ £ak cm^ muni puro, & (alibus neutrit puris. Alkalina {alia , fotft duplicia , pxa vel voUtilia in Igne ; de qv\h\i% priora compoUta funt ab acido & ttrratoluta jotime combrnata, qvae rerra k falibus alkalinis fixisarte foparari poreft, fo jgns fufibUIs. His principHs accedit materia in-- .fammihtlts ia Ulibus alkalinis volatilibu/j ut IQ cheaicis de- nicnftratUN
iHInc acid^i omnium firapliciffima, qvx tainen deprebendlmus compolita ab a^v'ol'a parte & fak fubtlliffimo Inhofpitapta Hoc aq vis imaixcuui fal vocatur primipiak. qvod, unde • ori-
Digitized by
origioem habet, noftram adtulimus coajefturam 5a Ohf^ circa falia acida mtneral obf, ^. Olf,^, Hue, 'mitt falia referunt noanulli, GypfQfhs lapides, inprimis/e/tf/«frm, nee non arjemcum^ fiqvidera haec corpora, more faiiuni , in aqva funt folubilia ; fed , cur feknttem atqve reliqvos Kypfofot lapides , ia online imo clajjii 2da alios inter lapides colloeavimus ♦ hoc indicatutn efl ia (^feftj. 4. circa gypS^fos lap, arfemcum qvod attiaet, ut fub^ limanone re^ulum prsbetfetni met alii cum^ qva in proprletate, ab omni fale diftinguitur, fic nuUara video ration-?!!!, cur 0on denominatio fiat a potior!, & hoc ipflira inter femlnie- tallica corpora locum habeat' Praterea obfervandum^qvod fi omnia corpora inter falia numeranda, qvae aqva fant fo- lubilia , certe gummata etiam inter falia locum Uabereat*
F 4 §♦ lOf-
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$♦ 105.
Ordo idus.
SULPHURA.
Tblogiftica mintrdlia^ Cronstedt 144^
Svcth. SwAFWEtARTER* BERGFETMOR
Gali, Substances inflammables. B i t u m e s
ET SOUPRES* BOMARE II. ^46- Gttm. SCHWEFELARTEN. EnTZUNDLICHE K6RPER
Sunt corpora , plus minus compofita ^ diverfa. con- fiftcntia , fluida aut folida , non aqva fed oleo folubilia^ qvas in igne aut per fe , cum fumo & odore flagrant , aut materiam in igne flagrantem continent^
Digitized by
, t>* ( o ; ►^ 89
BITUMINA. Gen. 42.
Svcth. Bergfetma. Jordfetma
Gall. BiTUMEs/ V, De Bomare Ii. 447.
Germ. Bergfechichte Korper. Bergfett
1 : 0 ) Sunt am/iftentia diverfa^ fluida tenacia , fragilix vd dura.
3 ;o , In igne flagrant, qvo magis liqvida eo fortius, cum fumo nigro, odore fortt minus ^rato & vapore fuf- foc^te.
3:0, Colore fluidius bitumen eft diverfo, tenacius vero & durum ut plurimum nigrefctnte.
450, jfqvis hasc bitumina, nifi hctcrogcneis gravioribua mixta fuerint , innatanc^
I. BITUMEN fluidijjimum^ levijjimum. Naphtha. Sp.
ft6a# Sitwnmfluidum albUons. v« Linn6 109. i* Naphta. Cron«tedt 147* A. i^ Sveth. Bergbalsam^ Naphta Oal!^ Naphte* V, De. Bomare 11. 153^ Germ. Naphtha, Bergbalsam
Eft purum ac tenuiflimum oleum mlnerale , tam llib* tilitate, qvam claritate, &puritate fpiritui vini fere asqvale, ca fimul & levitate) ut omni liqvidortiam fpirituofo inna- tet) in aqvam effufii guttula expanditur; odore non ingrato; flamraam e longinqvo attrahit, ctiam amum ex ^V^-regis^ dum in folotionem auri effunditur \ cum tempo/ rcodorem, confiftentiam & colorem perdit, fit flavefccns, craffum oleo fuccini aB(ivaIe , . qvo fimul iBfiammabilitatis i longinqvo potcntiam petdit.
F s OUT.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
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Ordo idus.
SULPHURA.
Pblogijlica mintralia^ Cuonstedt 144^
SvCth. SwAFWEtARTER* BERGFETMOR
Gall, Substances inflammables. B i t u m e s
ET SOUPRES. BOMARE II. ^46-
Germ. Schwefelarten. Entzundliche
K6RPER
Sunt corpora, plu^ minus compofita^ diverfa. con- fiftentia , fluida aut folida , non aqva fed oleo folubilia^ qvas in igne aut per fe , cum fumo & odore flagrant , aut materiam in igne flagrantem continent^
$. log^
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I- BITUMINA. Gen. 42.
Svcth. Bergfetma. Jordfetma
Gall. BiTUMEs/ V, De Bomare Ii. 447.
Germ. Bergfechichte Korper. Bergfett
i:0) Sunt amfift entia diverfa^ ^md^ tenacia, fragiliavel
dura.
J , 3 :o ^ In igne flagrant^ qvo magis Iiqvida eo fortius, cum
fumo nigro, odore fortt minus ^rato & vapore fuf-
foca^te.
3:0, Colore fluidius bitumen eft diverfo, tenacius vero & durum ut pluriroum nigrefctnte.
450, jfqvis hasc bitunrina, nifi hetcrogcneis gravioribua mixta fuerint , innatanc^
I. BITUMEN fluidijjimum^ Uvijpmum. Naphtha. Sp.
26a# BUtmm fluidum albicans, v. Li2^n6 109. i* Naphta. Cron«tedt 147* A. i* Sveth. Bergbalsam^ Naphta Gal!^ Naphte* V, De, Bomare 11. 153^ Germ. Naphtha, BergbAlsam
Eft purum ac tenuiiCmum oleum mlnerale , tam Aib* tilitatc, qvam claritate, &puritate fpiritui vini fere asqvale, ea fimul & levitate^ ut omni liqvidortiam fpitituofo inna- tet; in aqvam effufii guttula expanditur; odore non ingrato ; flamraam e longinqvo attrahit , ctiam aurum ex <iVM-regis% dum in folotionem auri cffunditur ; cum tempo/ re odorem, confiftentiam & colorem perdit, fit flavefccns, craffum oleo fuccini asqyale, . qvo fimul iafiammabilitatis i longinqvo potentiam petdit.
F s o«r.
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Obf. J. Maxima naphtha abundantia reperitnr in penm/Ua md^ ft I Cafpit^ quam KjemTFER in Ammit. Exa. Fafi. ic« Reh I. p.' 271. &c. ckrcribit& appelljat Okefra; Heni. Backer in Employm, for the microfcopy fecundum relatione^ Jac. Mounseu & Jon. Hanwaii, vocat ioCuUm S'wte^ ten , forfan in refpedu v^l ad diverfa notnina vel ad di- verfas lingvaf. In hac pcninftila & pcUucidlflima ac pu- ra naphtha & petroleum craffiM^ ac oi|;ruiD, diyer(» in locis, ex ipfa terra icaruriunt. CoUig^ncuc in cifternis, ea copia , ut ad relationem K^^Ml-FERr U c p. 879. qvo- tidie ultra 90000 libr. haberr & vendi poITiftt. Qvod & convenit cum relatione Backer communicata, qva con- Itar, petroleum ad 0 vel 9 ped* altkudioem alRirge^e Ac ultra, coslo nubilofo e-xiflenle.^
Repetitar etiam naphtha elara in monte Zibio in Modena Tta- liae« qvs parum fiavefcens • inodora, nee non in monte Ziaro in confiniis Plic^fL qvae albefcens ex mente ScK^ fiofo obtinetur. cfr* Franc. ArioSTI de oko numtis Zibini • &c PsiLaNDERHielM in Mem. de PAcai, des Scienc. de Pa^ fis 173^-
Olf, d« Spirittij vi'tti reFlifcattffimut 9 li^cum oko vMoS mSx- tus & digeflus deCtilletur prijdejiter, prxbet bxc mixcura. primo fpiritum anodjuum^ dehde oleum ittberetmy(\'VQA napbthm ^imo/< appeilari foletf, ji nonnulUs Co/, iisdeniqve g;au« det proprietatibus cum naphtha naturally fcllicet, fua levita* te, clarltate, inflammabilitatc e locginqvo, nee non po- tentia aumn ex aqva regis attrahendi^ An ergo naphtha naturalis fimiliter compofita aeido vitriolieo voTn^Ui^ & am* teria inflammabili'i
Olf. 3. Kampfer 1* c. conunemorat napltam i Petfis & Tar- CIS adhiberi ad conciliandum nitorem & fplendorem ver^ nijjis kfandaraca & oleo lini praeparatae, qvaro ▼erniffam diligenter cum naphtha agitant ut fpuroercat, fie aglUUAv & probe dtlutam fuper opera qvaevia llgnea vel charta- cea , coloribus prius pifta , ope penicilli moUlflimi (bbd* liffime extenduuc & ficcant
a. hlTUME^ ^ fiuidum Qraffius. Petroleum. Sp. ttfi^ Biumen iigvuliufcUlum , fufcQ rufefcens > . von Lihn6
109. a. Petroleum. Cronstedt 148* 1#
;Svcth.
Digitized by VjOOQ IC
t>^ ) o ( H^ ft
Sreth. Berg - oljA
Gall. HuiLE Petuole. v* De Bom^re ii. 254.
Petrole- Germ- SteinoL
Eft oleum minerale craifius , oleo craflt(M-i asqvale^ odore fete Terebmtbina ^ vel potins oleo fuccini aeqvale^ iapore acido ftnGtxznti^ fpiritui vim ^ dum purum eft, in- nacans , in Jgne flamma c»rulca ilagrans ; cuin tempore odorem, confiilentiasi) & colorem perdens , fit nigrefcens piceum.
(a) Petroleum flavefcens.
Eft levins , maxime volatile. Afodena ItalicB^
(h) Petroleum ruhefcens vclfiave rubens^
Eft gravius. Ad Gabian in Gallia , &: in Alfatia^.
Obf. De hoc priori oleo fcripfit Bovillbt in Memoirefur r Husk de Fetrolc en general if particulieremen$ fitr celle de Gabian. De pofteriori, Jo. Th. HbBFFEL in Hifloria Bah fimi mineralii Alfaticij C Pctrolei vaHii ftli Lamberti
(c) Petroleum mgr^/?«ny, vel fufce rufefcens^ Prioribus gravius, frcqvcntius & occurrit. Anglian Italia^ Gallia^ R'ittmkj Dalecarlia in &ueciay ubi in cavemulis lapidis calcarei hofpitat^ vel fub glohulis calcareis. cfr. Tilas in j^H. Stpcki?* ^740. p. ^oj.
Obf. I* PetrokumrepQTitnt alibi in rlmis montium fluens; ut in Alodena halite ; alibi ipfis lapidibus vel faxis plus mi- nus infenfibiliter immixtum. In igne, Interdum & calora folari aut fubterraneo, exfndans; alibi terra mixtum & in eadem profluens , qvod oleum terra appellari, ft)let ; /tlihi aqvis ionataoscum iisdem profluens; ut xnfonte ardent^ fctce Catbarina ad EcoJJe in Scotia &c.
Olf. a. Per Deftilktionem^ qva referente ^J'eumanno Edit» Kcffel Fol. IK P. L p' 930. dlfficultcr inftituitur, tranftil- lat a petroleo aliqVod pblegma^ hoc feqvitur oleum ^ qvod non« fine additamento « colorem mutat* In retorta relin« qvicur outerta nigra terreflris ^ qvanticate differens, prout petroleum plus vel minus purum fuerir. Hsec reli^a ma« mia ooudufli plene ett explorata } ab Henckclio autem dtcitur
elle
Digitized by
92 t>* C ^ ) ^
cCTe calcareAf qv» poft deftillatloiwn omniuiti bitumlnum mineraihim relinqvitur* ctr« Henckel ia MetalL redh^
ObC* 3' Ufuf pctrolei eft vnrttm ad larppadea & ijnein alen- dum lib! majorl rcperitur copia, uc in Perfia, referente K^MPFER !♦ c. partim in artilUria ad igue* artificiofos coDcipieodos; an hinc Ignix gr^cur^ in roedium Velinqvi^ mus ; partim ad fumigatorta* KiVlEit dicic petroleum loco Uponii ufurpari pofle, & ad G^tum repenri truftula refi- nofa, qvibtis mulieres loco faponis utuntnr, fed reftejif. dicat VOGEL in M^ 5. p. SM- hujusmodi rcfinofii froftuU efle mixta, atqve nf purura petroleum confiderari non pofle* Van Helmont contendic hoc oleum gaudere v| infij^ni ven-js fngus, & nemtnem« hoc olea inunftum^ in- tenfiflimo licet firigore , frigefcere poflre«.
s Probe vero obfervandum , raro genuinum petroknm fit offi- cinis pl^armaceHticis repcriri ; qvod ibi occurrit plerum- qve eft adulteratum, atqve MEUMaNNO judice^ nonnifi oleum pini aliqva ratione in Hollandia mutatum , Vei aliud qvoddam mixtum, ab oleo athereo terehhthina cortl all. qva portione petrole?. n Adulterium veio fpiritu, vini de. tejci poteft, qvo folvitur oleum vegetabile noa vero .mi- nerale.
3. BITUMEN yigwe, crajfum , nigrum^ Maltha. Sp.
Kedria terreftris. j^xungia ternt^ BUumtn tenaxy nigrum, v. LiKwe 110. 3. Pefroleufn tenax. CuoNsrEDT 149. B.
SvctB. BergtiSra
Gall. POIX MINERALE OU MALTHA. V^ De BoMARB II. 2^7. .
Gently Bergtheer
Eft confiftentia cr afla , tardc vel non fluens , tenax, iiigrum. KedrifiB haud diflimile, in ignc flagrikns odorc forti ingrato, foam ob fegnitiem vel tcnacitatem corpori- bus adhsercns; infpiffatiiJne, qvcmadmodwra . & cum tempo- re in picem mutabile.
(a) Maltha , tarde fluens.
Eft craffa , tenax ad rubedinem indinans , tarde flu-
ens^ Darmemora in Uplandia.
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f>i ( o ) K| ' 93
(b) Maltha ,, unax. H«c non flucns, maxime vcro tenax, pici artjficiali omnino funili$. Norberg , in IVejimarmia^ Dannemo. ra. Helvetia.
OhL !• Maltha fluent rcpcritur in Auvergne in Gallia^ ut v.
lit BoMaRE /• C' rctcrt/ la Leberthalin Helvetia adhibetorad inuogeados currus, cfr. KOncg regn.mneraL p. 385. Pro- pe Btckal io biberia reperiuotur 4 iooces lea putei (ulpburei^ ubi a mari, in coulinio, evoraitur pix tenax , qv» colli- qvatur, & fub liqvacione defpumacur, poftmodum vero ad iampades conficlendas adhibetur« cfr* GmeliN fter Si* her. in SaPiViiung Het(e zu lVa£ir uni Lande. J\ l^L p* 516. Rdert d5r K/EMPFER 1. c. oleum nigrum qvod repc" YKur in Peninsula Ukefra ad ^osdem ufus adhiberi* Coid^ merooratur qvoqve, in locis orientalibus & domut & naxigia hiice oleis imiogi , «^vaiiter ac ut apud nos Ke stria fieri folet* Andqviores an maltha tenaci , loco cae- menti, vel in mixtura caementi ufi fuerint, & « an turrii
' £akelica bujusmodi camento exftruda fuerit, in medio re- lioqvimus- Makba^ qv2 ex infula Barbados In Angiiam transporcatur', vocatur pix harbatica. Conflat & ab iti- Derariis picem mari nwrtuo innatantem craflam & tenacem efle.
Oht a. Si maUU fluens cvaporctur & tenacior coUIqveiur, ad fundtim tieponitur ctauior materia qvs inftar picis Tub- fifiic, fuper eandem vero oleum purum, Mroleo obfcuriori qvani maxime a&qvale reperitur. Hinc elucet, maltbam eiTe petroUum craffms nigrum^ plurimis particulisferytfy?riiii/ cora- mixtuo , & ab eadem picem Cormari, unde & pleruroqve in unoeodemqve loco reperiuntur, Difftrunt itaqve mpbtba^ petroleum & maltha (a) ratione puritatis partis vleo(ii feu phic^i(tic£ materia?, (byratiooe materia* heterogeneas plus' iBious admixtae, (^cj xatione confillehtiae,
Ob{. ). Tarn foetidum ob odorem, qvam tenacitatem, eft hoc bitumen k Germanise Teufelsdreck^ h, e. Stercus Diabolic vocatum ; qvod non cum aja foetida contundi debet, qvae etiam ab iisdem Teuf'eUdreck vocatur, (k exinde a noftra- tibus Dyfveisdrcck.
4* BrruMEN ybWiiOT ^ coagulatum^ friabile Asphalt um.
Spec* ^63. Pifafpbgltttm NotN^au Bitumen judaicum, Karabe Sodoma.
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94 iw > o C «1:
Mumia mineralis. Fix montana.
Bkumen fubfriabiU piceum. v. Linh6 i io. 4, 5.
Petrokum induratUm. Crosstedt 150/ C^
SvetK Bergbeck. Judenbeck
.- Gall. ASPHALTE OU blTUME DE JUD^E^ V, De fiOMAa& . !!• 263.
Gerin. BEacpECH* Judenpech
Eft bitumen folldum , d fole , tempore vel igne coa* gulatum , nitens fradura, & atro colore fplendens , fragile & facile pulrerifabile , aq^vis innatans , in igne fumans & fiagrans odore faccinco.
(a^ AsphaLtum, purum.
Hoc , in tefta fcorificatoria in igne , vel carboni ignito inje£ium t>rinio fumat odore fuccineo ; mox liqvefcit & flagrat Clara flamtna, nihil refidifi, nullosqve cine* reS) veL impurhatis poft deflagrationem relinqvens» Damemora in Uplandia. Brmberget in Weftmannia.
(b) AsPHALTUM, iwpurmu
Minus nitcns , faepe & granulate apparet ; in igne /b« mat odore faccinco & flagrat ut prior varictas , poft deflagrationem vero relinqvit , qvafi coUiqYatam cru'- flam fcoriactam. Mosgrufvan in fTeftmannia^ ^fpbal- turn officinale ejusdem indolis dcprehendi. Qvod re- peritur in Comitatu Neufcbatel , fufcura, granulare, de codem traftavit Eirini de Heirimis in Diff. fur tAfphalte ou cament natural iiecouvert au VaHr avers dans le comth de NeufcbateL >
OJa '• Non negare volo, dari afphaUum . qvod referente Mbumanno edit. Zjmmerm^ p*ia5i ad ignem non liqvr- fcit, fed fumat, ac qv«fi in pulverem i^-mnf , tu mo facile ab igne admoto accenfibili , qvod &igoi imporitum,fuf/> vel/frn inftar ignitur, ab igne vero remotum & frige* faSum in pulvcrcm abit. Perfvafum etenim nobishabemus dati nmnino afphaltum aliis mifteralibiis ac terreiscorporibus plus vel miau2> Quxtunu Mefcio autetn aonoo hocce aNsu-
MAWNO '
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jffANKo dercriptum afphaltum, major! jure appellandun iuvfa bituminiSa vel terra Utuwsnofa^ qvam pix miner alts ^
Qvod 10 fodina d^nefaartnji reperitur afphaltum , poft de- flagiailoQem relinqvens materiam qvafi Brftfrnvel fiftulo- Jam, haiid diffimilem materiae^ qVam dcfcribit Schbuchzbk in bRucKMANNi Magn. D. T. It p> 59. videtur eH'e afpbaitum fubeti montano mmixtum ; faepiffirae eteuimia haic tbdioa/a^ mamoBum afphaUo mixtuoi repcritur.
Off. a. Keyeriixxr itfpbaltum^ vel 'afjvif imatani ut in' mart mof" tuo & plurimis lacubus in China; vel layidibus adfixum, ur in noftris fodinis fvecaais otiminat is ; vel terra mtxtum. qvae pofteriotefs Varietates nfpialta fnjjilia appellari folent!
A mai'i morttw olim ajphajti te vocgto y qvod hoc iitumini eft tere teaum , fuum nomen habet. IpfumVero hoc mare w locum deflagrata? terrae qVinqve urbium feu Pentapolis. cflc produauro, hiftoria tam facra qvam profana refert* cfr. Ger.XlK & Esdrnt 11^, Accolae hujus maris divea" dunt hoc bitumen ad Damnfcum, uhi ad tingendam lanam JdMbenar, cfr. Hassblqvist, ifiW. p>^;79.
Okf. 3. Cbemice examinacum a/pbalttim feqventi te hab?.t modo.
C^J ASpMtu wni Qon folvitur, Bill ille fpiritus cum qUo vu tTiob mifceatur.
(b^ Ab okfs deftillatif, utpolc ani/t^ ierelMina, nec n6ii ab ckir exprejjii^ ut oleo oihvaraiw folvitur, fed plus mintis, prout magts vel minus purutn & ab beterqgeneis admlxtis liberum hicrin Hinc & cum pice artificiali bene commf* fceti i oteft, |d licet ncga 1 1) a i. e c k a ai p i u s i n Muf. MetalU Jlirtruand' f. 369. qvae mix tura merho pififtbaltiwi voca-
. tur, iltqve k nounuUis Uinmen arahicum, cfr. AHi Nat^ Curioj: VoU !• Appendix p. 150* DifTerentia vero utrius- qvcpft:// detegftur/j>imtf viniy qv'o pix arcificialis adma- gnam partem dillblvi potcft ; pix vero naturalis flavum uantparcotem iaduCere eidem fpiritui cblorera , non vero ab eodem folvi.
(c) Per d<fiiUanon€fn praebet cfphaltum primo phlegma^ qvod ' (eeondum experimenta Urb. Hisrnb in Fentam. Chem. II' p. 83- urinofo fmdet faporc, praecipitat dercurium fubti' matum colore ^bo; t\nz\tffrupum violarum colore viridi ; deiode ptodit oleum ^S % partes totius maffae; refiduum. nec cum acidis elfervclcic ^ ^c jjrupum 'violarum tin^it*
Stcua-
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95 fc«ro)Ki ^
Secut&dum cxperimenta C. Nivmanni ed^ Zimmerm^ p, 5S«, prodit ab afphalto primum parum pblegmatis , deiode oleum. qvod abafpbalci uociis qvacuor oponid ad tres drachmas obcinuic, petroUo xqvsiie y Ced mvAtuta cmpyr^umaticum. Rt" fduum poodiere uociarum 3? igoe aperto calcioaCuin , pr»- bet f per elixivatioiieoii qvidpiam/a/fx alkalini^ fcihcec ad > noaaulU graaa« .Dacur vcro, juxta aUorum experiiAsnta etiain arpbdbnmqvoA odore fulphureo gaudet, & •leum praebet^ k qvo acida fe. parari poteft aqva , qvae cum iaU alkalino contrita, exbl* bet tar Ur urn vitnoUtum ; ipfum licet afphaltum cum fptritu nitri glaubehaao cffervefcat* cfr, VoObl Syfttm. Mineral.
His exp«riiDentis elucet, l:o, non omnem picem mtneraUm e«-
dem ejje puritate^ qvum alia varietas nihil refidui prabet,
alia aliqvid, alia porro plurlmum, oode & caufaeftma-
nlt'efta cur i diverfis .varietatibus dlvcrfa promanaac e-
. duda*
Elucet & ft: do u^laltwn nihil aliudeOe,. qVam yel petrekwm coagulatum • vel maltbam infpiflatam 0 reliqva vero per de- ftUlatiouem eduda cfle aecidentalia.
Obf* 4» Bnlfamatimet cadaverum apud antlqvos praecipuc JEgyptios ab ^f^alto puriorl & maltha vel pifdCpbalto fa, fta tuiffe indicant Mumla. Negari vero non poteft, qvas^ dam bAliamatioues nobilioruro & regum faftas fuifTe pecnliari Varictatc, qvae Mumia nativa perfica^ feu Mumia minerdif appellari folet , &, quae reperitur in Cancafi montis caverna in Perfia^ ubi ab imperantibus mlrifice cuftoditur. cfr. K^MPFBRi Amoenit. p. 516. Hassblquist It. p. 557 ' Qvin & aliqvae ball'amationes opobaKamOy mjrrba^ & Aloif nnt faftae, nullum eft dubiuni- De baliamatiombus Fete* rum. ctr. Mail let DeUript. de I'yEgypte.L.X. Roubdlb in Hift. de tAcadtm. des Sciences. 1750, Db CAYtus la \}\ Hijl. de rAcad. des Itifcript. T.XXllL B1BI.10THEQUB des Scienc. ^ des Art. 1. IV, p. 262. & T. IX. p. »79' GoTT. Skob, iV. C. l^ol. I. Appendix.
5. BITUMEN terra mitieralifatum ^ foHdum^ friabile. Terra bituminosa, Spec, 264,
Turfn ViOntana ^ j^mpelitis. VhoffrK^is. £ituvien buir.i turf a. v. Link^ ho. 6. legetatilia letrolcofeu aj^baUo impragnata. Cronst, 1S6.
5vcth.
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t« C O ) «}: 97
Sveth. Bergbecksjord* Bergtorpdj^ Bititminos
JORD Gall. BiTUME MELEfi A hK TERRE OU T£RR5 TOURBE BITUMINEUSE. V. De BoMARE II, -6 1.
Germ, Bergpecherdb^ Bergtorf. BitumincIsb EaDE
Eft terra diverfa indole , colore ftifco aut nigro , bi- toniine vel petroleo impraegnata , recens in igne mcVius flagrans , odore bitutninofo , minus vcro ficcata, multu:n '«leo& fub exficcatione perdens.
(t) Terra, bituminosa, bumacea^ piaoria. Umbra.
Mumia "oegetabilis. CroHstedt ^gy. lit. b. Eft haec terra defcripta in clajfe i ; ma ord. i : mo gentu
ixmo. Spec. J. Tom. L p. IS. fb^ Terra B1T17M1N0SA , bumacea^ putverulenta* Hsc non cohaBrens, nee piftoria, in igne flagrat, odo^^ re bituminofo, ficcata in pulvercra abit. Alfatia. cflr, DAViiA. Rujia*
^c) Teara BiTUMiNosA, tutfacea.
Gteba groLianopolitana. Wormii Muf. Twrfa par^o fiu afpbaUo irnpragntUa. CKomt tot
Eft limo aut turfs fimilis^ colore furco aut njgroi fplida^ granulari adfpeQu , interdum & cefpitofa^ tenax & itacohaerens, ut in fruftula qvadrata, aut alia, exficca* tione formara retinentia, ficcari poflit, recens me- lius in igne ftagrans odore bituminofo. Scania irt Svecia^ Zurich in Helvetia, cfr. BruckmAn Magn^ D. T. II. p 57^ in Ddphinatu ad GratianopoUm eft, WORMH Muf.
C^) Terra BitaMiHOSA , fijjtiis argillma, jlmptlitis AgRicola. Pbarmnciiis.
Eft terra fiflilis , porofa, argillacess indoUs , atrbl du* rior, alibi molliori in igne flagrans, odore bitu- Tim. H Q ' miuo*
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98 «« C o ) H^
Ininofo, plus minus, pro majori tcI minori qvanti-
tate petrolei inhasrentis; Baurin. cfr. Davila. II. p.
6o2. No. 9. In monte Hiblees in Sicilia i^dJEtnatn.
BoccoKE Reob. (c) Terra bitumikosa^ arenacea^ auifalulofa. £lt arena aut fabulum, petroleo velafphalto imprasgnai^
turn. cfr. Davila. i. c*
6. BlTlJMEl^ lapideum , Jchifto vel aliis terris tnixtum (f induratum. LithantRax. 5pcc. atfy,
Carbo fojfiliu Noi^NULtoRUM Bitumen fMftofum. v. Linn^ hi. 7. fhlogifton argilla mixtunh Cronstedt 158. Sveth, Stenka^l
Gall. ChaRbon de liERRE^ ou HoUiLLE. V. deBo- mAre II. 249.
Germ. StElNKOHLEN
Eft lapis ) plus minus duriis , ifaepius fragilts ^ colo^ re nigro vcl fufco, intcrdum folidus, interdum lamellofus, ignem tardc concipierts^ Ted diu rctincHs & intenfum produ- censcalorem, cum fumo & odore afphaltino; poft defla- grationem relinqvens aut cinerts ^ ^tit materii^m fpongiofam fcoriacedm^ aut maceriam nigram y^i/^moya;;^ ^ qvafi carbo- naceam^
(a) LiTHANtRAx ligneus.
Eft genuinum lignum vegctabile ^ fui$ fibris , cifcUiis concentricis , nodis^ cortice facile dignbfclbile, qvid petroleo eft penetratum. U^urttmherg. Boferup in i>cania^
Ohs" Hsc vatietas pf oprie ad eUffem ^^m referenda , fed at reliqvaa inter litb/iuthracis varietates in ftratis montiuoi occurrit , eandem iuqve heic nominate voluimus.
(b) LitHANTRAx terreus.
Eft levis , iragilii , ignem faciU coHcipt^ns ^ fed mU nus vivaciter ardens ; occurrit in ftratis rninu^ pro* fundis J galliee vocatur cbarbon de terre. Scania.
(c)
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^e) LiTrtANTRAx petrofus. Eft folidus, durior^ gravis , nitefls ^ fed ttiiilils pingvis^ tafdc atdcHs ; gallice vocatur cbarbon de pierre^ Oe* landia^ ff^e/tpbalia^ jiqvisgrani itt Germania^ 4n^ gUa.
Vocatuf p^oprie fchifius cathdnariut ^ conftat liirtlUi craffioribus vcl tchuioribus ^ fchifio qvam maxime fi* inili$) pleturnqvie .fimul almnmoAis. CullerifeH iii DalecarUa^ Scania.
CO LltHANtRAX ptVto^*
Eft maxima piiigvis & eompaftuj ^ diii ignem faftiflet^ eundemqvc magnum ^ pici flinili^ , pdlicuram ariqvan« da admittit; 4 nonnullis mpelites vocatur; ab jin* glis Kennel CoaU Lambaft&r k flintlhin in Jnglia.
Ob/erwiioms circa Uthanthraces ^ petrokm^ tnaU thorn & afpbaltm.
Oi/1 t* ReperiudtUf lithaothraces In ftfatU terranim & mon- tiura diVerfae Craflitiei, fcilicct albi cralTitie a aut 3 poll alibi 40 & ultra ped. plerumqve/ri&f/fo tefti alilsqve 7?ti* ti> iiuraeropluribus, /trf/!4^W/* dtgtilateis aliisqVCi rarlus, fi unqvam^ in ^,enis^ ovantum nobis notuni) dccurfunti cfr* TfelE\)«?'ALD in AB. Stotkk Aum 174O1
O^t ft» h Aift qvidpiam exhalant lithanthtae^^^ fitnut ^ perdunt de materia (\ia inhammabili^ ujide> li diu a^rifue* rint cxpofiti , ioprlmls lithAnthfacti tefrei ^ nod eadeAl vi* vacitate igaem Concipiunt & fuftinent ut recenieSk S«* pe iguemrponte concipiunt, ac fumnm praebent inflamma* bilcin* Ad lioc eXhalantfe/wwo, c^vi in fodinis lithaathri^ cum reperitur, producitur file ignh, qvi tartta cum cele- Htate^ Viotentia & exploRonei candela Vel Igde admo^ to , accenditur & moraentadee deflagrat > fumo vijt^ili re- Ijfto, qvstfi k litbantbtaeibus ComhuHi&^ck HeRGER in Btpb. KMCBH vott Steinkoblen. UkB-. HiltRlte de calbrc ^ i^m. p. i9h ftOT BiP. A- 111. pag. i4i»
O % Obi.
Digitized by ^
lOO fc>< C o ) wt
ObC. 3* Igm apertOf in tefta fiarificatofU^ in furmo docin^ ftico plurSoias lithantbracuoi varietates cxaiQiaavinius & feqveotia obfervavimus phsoomeaa.,
(a) LiTHANTHRAX UGKEUS, Scanenfis. de ligno Vcgetabill & qvidem yiif 0, qvod exail'e fua ftruftura retert, to igaet primo /«m/it, deiode vero ftadm flammain coacipit, fiinul vero tntumt^cit, eadem ratfone ut alumen vel borax^ particu* lis , asqvaiiter ut ifihs in Ikiibus , cohsrentibus ; deflagra. done fafta^ diu ignitae permaoeDt reliqvke, qvs fenlioi diminiuintur, urqve dum pauxilum dc eintre faXcoMmiffi* , mo refiduum fueriC Ab uncia Umis honim lictiaDtUracum, obtiDUimus noniiifi fijana a cinerupi^ qvi cam acidii miaera^ itbuj noQ effervefcuoc , qvod omoioo mirum videtur« H* qvidem in durioribus vegetabilibus praefens omaino terra calcarea , nee non magoa qvaaticis tdlu alkalint ab iisdem combuftis haberi folet.
^b) LiTHANTHRAX FissiLis, etlaitt Ccanenfif^ primo^- mat^ deind^ cum Hatnma flagrat, pofl deflagratlonem diu Ignitus pcriHanet, rolinqvens tandem terram dbamlcnem if [ubtsUm^ pandere gran, ig, eX'Uncia [emit litbanthracum, qvx cum acidii non effervefcit, licet qvam maxime (imi lii terrae calca%€a vel Cfetacca^ nec ab iiidea feafibiliter folvitur,
(c) LiTHANTHRAX PtTROSuS , eX Scotia \ fomat, flam-
mam coocipit, iutumeCcit ut litbanthrax ligneus, fed poft
deflagrationem & ignitionem relinqvit partim majfam nigrum^
porofam^ qvaii tcoriaceam ^ purftici fere (imilem, partim dm-
resgtikof^qvas refidua conianftinieranr poadere Ccfupuli
miuSf ex uncia temis lithanthracum; neutrum vero ex his
refiduiSf Cum acidis minerahbut movebatu^ KURELLa ia
Chem^ i^eri* dicit, k refiduo hocce (toriaceo cum aqva re
git Hz cum aqva farti , martiaUf extrahi polTe particulas, &
ab iisdem cum minfianmabili ateria mixtis & caicioatis, cum
magnete verum feparari pofle ferrum; cum vitro (aturnino
ea^^dem fcorias commixtas vitrum producere fufcum, falva .
[>eilucidate. £x hif exiftimat nominatus auftor, hocce re *
iiduum conriderari poiie ut argillaczum qVid, particulis
marcjalibus impraegoatum.
(d) LithaNTHRaCES boru/Jtci. relinqvuQt poftcombuftkuieni cinercf rubros fubtiles, ctr. BresL Samml* ijlS* ^ulii art. Xll^ qvi cin^res eUisdem efle indolis vidcatur cum illls qvi ^ litbantbrace fijjili r//>. b*) obcinentur, commixi cmn martiali materia, vude rubedinem babent.
e) Li-
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ie) tiTHANTHRAClS qvi io diftrlftu Naffaulenji reperiuntur, diciincur inr Hiji. de l^ Acad^ de Paris 1750, poft deflagrado- nem & ignitiooem relinqvere carbonem^ carboni vegetabilium omiuao «q\raleinf fed « an hi carbones debitutn & ad A- nem igaitioni^ luftinuariac igQem» dubito* .
CO CaSP. NeumaN ed. Zimmerm- p. 1^53. dicit litbanthracum
^ ,:i L.i. ^olt calcijiatiooem ponderafle uncmm unam, drachmas 6 & grana 16, a qvo refiduo per elixiviationem habuit falii fixi graua 7, Sed nee ego nee Kurella 1. c, qvoddam veftigium faJIs alkaliDi, repetitis experi- mentis iavenire potuinius, ne qvidem terrae calcarea?. Exi- ftiiDaiDus lithanthracem, qvem examinavit NeumanNus, neqvaqvam Urhanthracem fuilFe, fed vel pyrtten dertru- dum, vel fcbijli qvandani fpeciem, vel allum lapidem, fiqvidem deftillationti nihil oiei ab eodem obtinuit, fed ii- qvorena fulphureum & fulphur fiavutn fubllmatum*
Olf. 4 Actentione ^ntno aigna videtur eircumftantia, qva iionnullae g;audenc lithanthracuna varietates, in igne intu- mefcentety aJuminit injlarj qvam antehac nemluem obfervjfle deprebendi. Liccat heic noftram adfcrre hac de re proba- bilem fencentlam. Qyum fcbiflus aluminaris omnino iuiiam- nabilis ae faepius iguem coneipieos & alen^ exiftat, qvunn A Istbantbracff faepe alumlne irapraegnati, atqve tam Ikhan- fhraces qvaoi fchiftus aluminaris plerumqve in uno eo- demqve diftriau reperiantur; fiqvidem porro terra litban^ tbracwm^ in qvantum cxperiri potuimus, raaximam habeat convenieociam cum Urra lapidis fibifti & cum terra alumi* «f/, unde & in fodiois tegumentum Itthanthracum ilapi* defcbijlo efle folet; videtur his circumftant'is & momentis COQcludi pofie proprietatem illam tntumejt''.ndi ab eadm terra nemps aluminif vel lapid'is fcbijii dependere; eandemqve Urram effe c at ear earn ^ fed ab admixto pingvi^ if aJiis'materiif omnino transmutatam. iJaltem, hoc perfpicuum elle videtur ab lis litbanchracibus, qvi irrefragabilitertoriginem ducunt i duriortbos vegetabiiibus terram ealcaream reipfa conti- nentibus, a qvibus tamen nulla cum acidis eflfervef ens terra obtinetur. efr. Obferv* circa fcbiftum Clajf. 9. jj*. 6a. Okfi 2. tf Qbf. area tUumeu §. 90. Obf. 4.
Olf. 5. Quemadmodnm ftib deflagratione, & in igne aperto diverfinode ie habent lichaatbraces ; fic & igne claujh^ jo defiillatiombus.
x:o. Alii litbanthracef fyb deftiUationc prabent (a) prim fbkgma, fea fpirituofum qvid, indole alkalina^ utpote fa-
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pere acrl amaFO, odgre fpiritos fulig;in!i« eflfervefceos cum- ^fidii^ ioprhnia ciim fpititu nitric (yfupum violarum lingeoa colore viridi, cum calce viva cootritum volatilcm emit* tens odorem ; uode alkalina mlatilit hujus (^iritus natura fufBcicnter patet. cfr. HiEKNi^in Tentam. Chcm. T. II. f.7q. &c, Fkidr. HoFfMANNi Ohs. Pb. Ch. L.IL Obi. ^Xir. KuRELLA I, c. (b) Deindc oleum qvod primum ftillat tenue ac fubtile, flavefccns, pitroUo xqvale, fuc-^^ ceffive vero gravius & craflius prodit ♦ interdum cdore gaudens JUlpbureo, iDterdum cum sak tartars contricum, odo- rem volatilem fpargeos, (oj Tandem provenit okum tenax^ craffum & piceutn, qvod plerumqve collo retorts adbsret, edore g:audens empyreumitico velfulp^wreo^ maltha haud difli- mile. [d] Cum hoc oleo fubllmari folet/o/ volatile^ qvod syrupi vwlarum colorem non niutat« tamen cum W^o tart art f. d. qvodamnaodo cffervefcit , ftmllirer & cum ipirhu salts ammoniaci vinoso^ qvi & exinde rubrum fufcipic co- Jorem, cfr, Hier^ne 1, c, Fi^, Hof^ma>^ 1, c,
9 ; o . Alii UtbanthraceXi primo aqvam acidularem^ deinde jpiritum fulpbut€umUxg\wu\xt ^ qvl ftpore & odore fulphureo gau- det, & mxta eRatum ScnvLTzrt ia Gedanken vonStcinkob^ lenp.^& p. 96. Colvit omnia metalla eodem Qiodo ut fpiritus virrioli; pfflmodum oleum flavefiens yoUt\le\ tandem fortiori igne oleum grave nigrum, una cum sale acido volatili cfr, ScHULTZ 1, c, &L pR. Hoffman"!, c. p. «o4. qvi comparat Oil hocce cum/a/^^rr/nr, Hujusmodi lithanthra- ces pyrkicojm qvid & fulpbureum contioere, in aprico eft.
3 .-o, AHi litbatitbracest]ie^dem fere eduAa ut indicavimujiprs-
bcut, fed nnllum fd volatile acidum^ ut Kurella exper.
^ tus eft cum littianthracibus nonnujllis anglicanis, wettinen-
' fibur &; fiiefiacir. Contendit & Neu MAN fe nihil hujus
a^di folit iaveftigare potuifle,
4;o« Caput mortuum poft deftillationea reliftum, lofgoeapec* to ignitur, fed non fligrat necfumat; ulterius calcinatumt pra^bets per elixiviationem, aut alumen^ juxta experimentt Neumann f, & alionim, qvi obfcrvaTunty^rf/w^jrtfw qvod deponuQt a<jvat litbantkracina , feu in fodinis lithantbracum obviae, baftn alumints conilituere ; mt fal feleuiticum^ juxu experimenca Ukb. Hi erne 1. c, fcilicet cryftallos acu- minatas feu cufpidatas, aqva noa folubiIes«
Ab his experimentis & circumftantiis patet, omne saHmtm tana alMimmt qvaoA acidm vokHle, qQq qvam maxime tMiri>
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kUtt & qvafi alternare, (klva maneate lithanthracum natu- ra; adeoqve hxc falia oon aliter qvam vt accidentalh con- fidcrari poflc. Sal alkali volatile originem forfan habet ab aUcdi minerali^ qvod in terra vel lapide cum oleo combi- n%tiUD exiftic; sal actdum volatile ^ analogam cum sale sue* cfW habet origioem, & heic accideatalem ; acidum sulphtt- fcm dependet fine dubio \ pyrite admixto & vitriolico vel slwninoso acido. NoQ alia itaqve partes efjentiales lithan- thracum eSe po Hunt qvam o/(?ttOT combinatum ctim Jjiiori vel molliorl terreftri Cr lapidta materia^ vel lignum ve^etabile terra fubmerflim peaetraos^ «
OJ/. d. Oleum in litbantbracibus praefisns non cfle diftinftum i petroko vel oleo in maltha, & asphalto prapfente probata r, (a J abaeqvali tam adore qvaii\ /tf^or^^petrolei, cum tenuio- ri oleo qvod ^ lithanthrc^cibus obtinetur , & i petrolei degeneratione in maltbm^ atqve malthas in arphaltum* un- de & dependet, qvod petroleum , maltba £^ aspbaltum uno in loco plerumqve reperiantur^ (b) Ab bprum oleorum aqva- li indole & natuxa five deftillata five naturalia examiuen- tur,Srqvidem i :o., ab xqvali indole in spititu.vini ^ in qvo non folvuntur , fed eundem tingunt ffavo colore, t :o, xqvali & habitu in oleis exprejjis^ Inqy'ibus folvuntur, 3 :o» aeqvall n^tura in igne. in qvo flagrant odore gravi, f^d non iograto, fumo nigro, crafib. 4 ; o. Cum spiritu ni tri fumante flammam non ' concipiunt , nee ab eoclem aut rel^vis ^4is mjn^raUbm r^^niftcantietr^
Non itaqve ratione olei funt difllnfta. Petroleum , maltba aspbaltum^ & Ittbantbrax, fed ratione particularum admixta- rum, ac terra vel lapidia feu matricii , qvibus immixca& coojunfta reperiuntun
Obi. 7. De origine bujuf olei If litbanthfocum, non eadem eft j^yficoniiA i^uteotia^
Exiftimaot plurimi^ lithanthraces uihU alind eOe qvam Ugna vegetabilia^ qva ab acido minerali vitriolico fuerunt trans- mutata ; oleum qvoqve omne minerale , non aliud qvam vegetabile^ k qvo tam petroleum qvamreliqva corpora bltu- minoCi fuam habent originem. Hanc opinionem conftrmare Itudent [jk] i JlruElura litbantbracum Ugnea, fcillcet, fi^ bris, ramis & rami^it corttce aliisqvecriteriis vegetabUium
EroprJis. [b] A oarbonibus pod combuftiouem reli&is, car- onibus vegctabiliura fepe aqvalibns. [cj Ajitu If. loco uatali; Icilicet, qva4 in uno eodemqve monte reperianciir
G 4 limul-
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fimulfanef, vigetakilia ac hgita petrifcata, & lithMfhrnceu & plerumqve tenuiorum vegetabilium vefti^ia feu impref- liones, fi oca in lithantbrace, tamen iafcbiflo lafide^ qvo fodiu» lithanthracinae funt tcft^?. dr, Joh. Gottl.Kru- gbr von Suinkohlen p. 24. (d) Qvod i corporibus mioe- ralibus nullum produci qveat oieum^ qvum prinoipia oor- porum mineralium huic generation! Ant loidonea; tiinc i^e) nullum corpus vere & fine controverfia minerale re* peritur, in qvo qvidpiam oleofi demonftrari poteft* Ab his momentls tripiex oritur qvaedio,
1 ; o , An petroleum orighem haheat ah oleo vegetahili^ &* a f ar- knnihus vigetabilium , vel , vegetab'tlibut aut animalibut deffru* cliff annon a lit Bant braces / . ^ oUumi petrolio habent *{ Ad lunc qvseflionem refpondemus, oleum minerale ab oleo vcget^bilt viy 0mm U-Ahp.re originem |^a) qvia oleum minerale eft maxime diflinftum ab oleo vegetabili , non fo- lum odore & fapore , fed etiam particular! indole in igne^ Infolubilitate in /piritu vini ^ (blubilitate in oleis txpreffif &* ddffilhtis vejretabiliura, mifcella cum fpirku tdiri fu^ tnantf, ab^qve flanfim^ & absqve red nificat tone , uc ant- ea ipnuiraus (Obf, 6. [b] Reperitur ea qvantitate^ In lithan* thracibus , afpiialto, maltha, petroleo, imo gagate & fuc, ctno, ut now pofTibilc videatur, qvod a deflruaif vegcta- bilibus depecdere pofTit, inprimis A confidecemus fogenlem qvanHtarem, qvap qvotannis confbmitur, & hucusqve per qvater mille annos eft confumta. [c] Reperitur lis iq locis , utpote ajpbaltum in lacubus a/iatieis & alibi, in clau* ps mnntibuf & fodinif , tthi ne veftigium qvldam deftru- dae fylv« cujusdam apparet; imo, iis in locis, in men- tib'is ac fodinis nempe , ubi lapides & faxa^ ira cnm maltha vel afphalto combinata funt, ut facile perfpici poflit, cadem Amuitanee eflfe qvaft concreta , adeoqve ab ipfis tere incunabulis montis extitiflTe. (d) Per experlmenta cum fetroUo^ maltha^ afpbalto & litb^jntbracibus inftituta, nihil de- prehendi potsft, qvod proprium regni vegetabilis did po- teft. (e) Vegetibilia In terra fubmerfa fl in lithanthraces wutarentur, proprium retinendo oleum, id non fieri pof* fet Ane alia aliqva materia antecedente^ qvae banc transrouta* tionf m olei xef^etabilts perficeret ; cadem itaqve In omn' afpbalto, & //l^mr^r«ir<feflet Temper & ubiqve praelfens* qvod tamen experiaiantis allafts repugnat, qvibus elucct, & acida & alkalina elfe tantum accid^rualia & ad effcn* tiam ithiAthracum nihil contrlbuere icfr.(Mi^f.\ [f] Vi- gttHbilia proprium oleum perdere non aliter poffunt, qvam ^kX evufo/stioacn, qv4 oleum di(Iipattir& i terra adjacent^
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abrorbefur, node vcgctabllia non poflbnt non deftnif, nifi tibi acc^lTerinc bujusmodi materiae, qvibu/ vel hituminifan^ tur vel petrificantur. Saepe alias vegetabilia permaaere fu- lenC incorrupta^ terra fi bene fubmeria fuerlot.
ft • o , An omnes lithanthraces confiderari Pojfunt ut ^igetahiltA hituminifaU i Hoc ipfum eft qvod a pluriniis urgetur, qvi provocant ad obfervationes la antecedeacibus allatas. fed contra banc opinfonero obfervandum, [skj e^principia k lithanthracibus obtineri* qvs nunqvaai in vegecabilibus reperiuntur, ut patet ab aUo qvod non eft ve^etabile, & k hafitenea^ qvae non ubiqve vegetabilis cxiftit. [bj Utbantbracet reperiuntur, faltem ad partem, parum di- fiiafti kfcbi/lo pingviort\ vel fcbifto aluminwi^ qvi lapides vel In confialo reperiuntur vel obtcgunt lithanthraces* Cc] yena ^ pata lUhanthracum ejusdem indolis ac natu- rae reperiuntur cum alils venis & firatit metaliicis^ onde patet, priores non magis accidentales confiderari pofle,
3vam pqfierUreSi d'fl&culter & demonftrari poffe, venas & rata, ordinaria , a vegctabilibus conftife congeftis, produ^ cl pofle, Neminem qvoqve crediderim fundamentaliter explicare pofle, cur & qvomodo uno in loco, ad 40 pd. craflitiem fe extcnderet fylva fuhmerfa^ alio autem la loco nonnifi ad % vel 3 poUices, ut & uadenam fadtunu qvod in uno eoderaqve loco diverfa fint formata ftrata, Jliis ftratis lapidels interjedis. Kxplicatlones a repetita revolutione & mutatione geocofmi defurotas, qvis, fin- cere judicans, aliter qvara ut prccario aflumtas confide* nre poteft %
Partem veto litbanthrdcum deftruftls vegetaWHbu<? fuam de* bere orlgiaem, circumftantispriusallatae fufficienter indicant:
J ;o, Att oleum minerak a pmcipiss miner althus product pote/t Ad banc qvaeftionem rcfpondemus , naturae non magis ad* verCiri, in regno mmerali, oka producere^ qvam inreliqvis regnif naturs, a principiis cuicunqve regno propriis, unde & diverfitas olenrum promanat. OUa funtcompollta i materia qvadam hflammahsli. mediante acido cum 4^1;*. combinato, k qvibus principiis in regno vcgetabili olea producuntor ; cur ni etiam in regno minerali, ubl nemo negare poteft haec princlpiaadeflc? In at/va marina datur bi. tuminofa & pleoft materia qvpm Ludv. Barbbk lusin Rod coitafOppJ.Filo/: T. 41. exiftimat generari k faUmarino & tifilari (eufalh agendi W, nos vero exiftim?«mus producl ab ipf:i nqva^ fub putrefaftione, dum materia q-nrsdam in* fmrnbiliSfmodAB^tQaQlio combinator cum ^qva. Hlnc
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provenit, qvod, cum afv^ efflorefcunt^ feu fuim (bbeant transmutaf ioneiD , Temper oleum teoiie, aqvis inaatans ia- ftsr cuticul* reperiacur. Noq neceflTarlura itaqve arbi- tramur, oleum minerale a vegetabilibus deducere, nee neceflarium ut fupponacuc, omne oleum minerale, inpri- mo rerum flatu iuiire creatum, qvum hoc, aeqve ac alia corpora naturalia « fu^im & geaeracioaem cootiauam, fuamqve & deftruftiouem habet^
//;/ omnilfus cnncluiimus \ mphtham e;enerari ma.ter!a fubtllidi' ma inflitmmabili miner ali^ cum aqva^ median te acfda. combU naca* A napbthay fua acidicate terram qyandain» forfan r^i/- cavcam, folvente, & retinente , petroUum produci\ Ab hoc oUo cum admixta terra noh folubili, maltbAemttg\t^^q^^% interdum & a petrolea (bio infpiffato & exficcato, prove- nit afphakuniK Ubi vero petroleum hocce^ in vifcenbus terrae circulans, terram qrandam foecundarerit , oritur exinde terra bittminofa \ ubi major! copia, terram aut mate*- riam lapidcm yel (iinfioa^ penetrayerint «. oritui: Iftbambrax,
. diverfu, ,
Obf. 9^ De lithantbratihuf uUerius conAiIi pofTunt Joack. BiLLiNGER de bitumine if ligno foffill Math. Z, Bix^^In- Gius de Bitumine if ligno bituminofo. Biibnling fylva" fu't^rranea* Joh^ Gottl. Kkugrr von Steinkoblen SciiuLTZ'us von Steinkoblen. Tii^i^y exploration dnebarbon
7, BITUMEN durijfimumy purum^ polituram admUtmSy Qqyis innatans. Gagas^ Sfcc. a66i^
Succinum nigrum. Gemma Satmothracta. Pw>^u Gangitis. Strabokis. Lapii Tbracius. Diofcoridts.
Bitumen folidum^ purum^ natans. v. Link* Hi. 8. yegetabiUx ligneum^ litbantbrace imprt^gnatum^ Crqki STEDT £85[. Sveth. Gagas.
G31IU Jalis ou Jayet* y. D£ BomaRE U. 26(J. Sp". 318 Germ, Gagat
• Eft bitumwi maximc compaQum ^ absqvc rimis &; ifCans ^ non tragil^ fed inftar lapidU durum , fraQurt
ni-
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mtens , politnram admittens, aqvis fuam ob levitatem in- natans; igne flagrans fumo obfcuro* craflTo, odorc bitumi- nofo ; attritu bitumen qvoqvo rcdolet & inftar fuccini ele- aricum rcdditur. Anglia. ff^iirtemberg.
Obf.i. Eft Gragas roaxime fimilis acbata nigro ^ Ucile^vero ab eoden dignofcitur, pardm ioflammabilicate, partim levi- tate , pactim opacitate , partim & minori duritle chalybe exploranda. /Vr deft'tllationem praebet pblegma i& duplex oleum ^ tenuius & crafiiut , litbantbracuiD more.
Oif. 2- Di verfae de Gagatis origine funt opinloaes ; «/iV dl. cunt eundem efle bitumen minerale, purum , calote fub- terraueo induratum ; alii contendunt eundem fuam ori^i- nem habere a fuceino^ magna parte petrulei, a caloce fub- terraneo private, & exiade colore nigro imbutum effe, qvo fundamento gagatem ad (uecinum referunt ; alti porro exiftimant cuodcm efle lignm bitumine impra^natum, & materia terreftri admixta, induratum, qyo irefpeftu nil niG duritie, differt i litbantbrace ligneo. Forfan nonnuUis in locis litbantrax Utneut folidus , a qvo vafcula , moni- lia« allaqve utenfiha tornari pbiTunt, pro gagate habetur ; alibi vero bitumen minerale purlflimum, folidum, indu- ratum, k qvo itidem, qvemadmodum a fuccino, diver fa. tornari pouunt Yafcula & uteniUia, unice jpro gagate ba« betur*
i. loft.
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S* io8. ,. SUCCiNUM, Gen. 143.
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1:0, Eft confiftentia dura y fed fragile y friabilc atqve tornabile.
Z:o y In igne flagrat cum denfo fumo, odore