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CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A FLORA OF NEVADA }

NO. h.0

PINACEAE, RUTACEAE,
MELIACEAE, ANACARDIACEAE, TAMARICACEAE, CORNACEAE,
OLEACEAE, BIGNONIACEAE OF NEVADA
by
ELBERT L.|LITTLE, JR.

June 28, 1956

A series prepared through the cooperation of
the National Arboretum and the Section of Plant Introduction
Horticultural Crops Research Branch
Agricultural Research Service
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Plant Industry Station
Beltsville, Md.

Address all inquiries concerning this series
to W. Andrew Archer, Plant Industry Station,
Beltsville, Maryland.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Pinus monophylla. . ...+...... . «Frontispiece
PimaGGa e's ne) ie ote! 6 MA paaths MIRC Aes Neils) votes lu
Rutaceaesstdeo.. sageewatet. dhs iateneee «campos
Meliaceae. 2 Misys. Wa GasOArivoes. sagas. ly = 16
ANAICAPGIACCAC s: elo ay on Voubel ces eteidinlel mies le “lel eutelucemantveu fe aoe
Tamariicacese.. 7s i.) otf) seen ol Lie 6s lo ae 8) SO
Cornaceses, sy ee.2 6 lo sc Oe SAS RENE ot oc ells ol ere ae DIL EOS
ONEACEAGS ai ss elt lures ol. Orta viehheyl oli ereMi eu eS onli en mereOL lot
Ba cMmOnwaCedgis: st tctues csi te, weilis prs ceuikern ot oy oi Gell ehinoumts lee ome amTaT

INDEX. © ° e e a o o o ° ° e e e ° e s ° e e e e 78 per, 81

PIMAGKAE OF wEVATA+
(Pine Fawtly)

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Singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla Torr. & Frem. ), the State tree

of Nevada. Photograph by Elbert L. Little, Jr.

PINACEAE OF NEVADA,
(Pine Family)

By Elbert L. Little, Jr.@

Resinous trees (rarely shrubs), mostly with a continuous unbranch-
ed axis, the secondary wood without vessels, with scaly buds (some-
times naked), evergreen (in all Nevada species) or sometimes deciduous.
Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, linear, often needlelike, or
scalelike, rarely lanceolate, sometimes of 2 forms, estipulate. With-
out true flowers or fruits, the pollen and naked seeds borne in uni-
sexual cones or strobilis; monoecious (mostly dioecious in Juniperus );

male strobili small and herbaceous, with many scales or microsporo-

Nevada specimens in the following herbaria have been examined:
United States National Museum, National Arboretum, United States
Forest Service, University of Nevada, and Nevada Agricultural Experi-
ment Station.

1 Taxus brevifolia Nutt. (Pacific yew), of the Taxaceae (yew family),
is native in the Sierra Nevada of central California but apparently
not also in Nevada. This species was recorded from Nevada by C. L.
Anderson (Rpt. Mineral. Nev. 1869 and 1870: 116-128. 1871) “in an ear-
ly list containing a few other species not recorded from the State by
later authors. One specimen in the herbarium of the Nevada Agricul-
tural Experiment Station is labeled as follows: "A.A.Heller, May 2,
1910, Morrillis Lake, above Verdi, Washoe Co." That lake has not been
located on maps and may be in California, since Verdi is less than 1
mile from the State line. These doubtful records are the only ones
of this species for Nevada. Billings (Nev. Trees, ed. 2, 8. 195i)
noted that Taxus baccata L. (English yew) is planted in western Nevada.

2 Forester (dendrology), Forest Service, United States Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

ope

phylls bearing on lower or abaxial side 2-6 sporangia mostly in early
spring; female cr ovulate strobili with numerous or sometimes few
scales, mostly subtended by a bract, typically bearing 2 (sometimes
several) naked ovules on upper or adaxial side. Mature female stro-
bilus generally a woody cone, ovoid or globose (in Juniperus fleshy
and berrylike); seeds naked, with or without wings, with endosperm,
embryo with 2-several caotyiedons.

Widely distributed in temperate and subtropical regions, best
represented in the north temperate zone, by some authors divided into
three families, Pinaceae, Taxodiaceae, and Gupressaceae. About 33
genera and about 350 species, with 13 native genera in the United
States. Of great economic importance, this family is perhaps first
in world production of softwood timber and lumber, pulpwood, and naval
stores. Besides forest plantations, numerous species and improved
horticultural varieties are grown for shade and ornament.

Seven genera and 21 species are native in Nevada. According to
Billings, 7 additional genera are represented by the following 11
introduced species, planted chiefly in Reno and southern Nevada:
Cedrus atlantica Manetti (Atlas cedar), Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud.
(Deodar cedar), Sequoia gigantea (Lindl.) Decne. (giant sequoia),
Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. (redwood), Metasequoia glyptostro-
boides Hu & Cheng (dawn-redwood), Cryptomeria japonica (L. f.) D. Don
(cryptomeria}, Thuja occidentalis L. (northern white-cedar), Cupres-
sus arizonica Greene (Arizona cypress), Cupressus macnabiana A. Murr.
(MacNab cypress), Cupressus sempervirens L. (Italian cypress), and

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. (Port-Orford-cedar). Other

ns

introduced species are mentioned below under their respective native
genera.

References -- Billings, W. D. Nevada trees. Univ. Nev. Agr.
Ext. Service Bul. 9), ed. 2, 125 p., illus. 195). (Includes culti-
vated species with keys for this family and other trees. )

Little, Elbert L., Jr. Check list of native and naturalized
trees of the United States (including Alaska). U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr.
Handb. 1, 472 p. 1953. (Contains additional synonymy with cita-
tions of synonyms and also ranges outside Nevada in greater detail for

this family and other trees.)

KEY TO GENERA
A. Leaves needlelike, more than 15 mm. long, alternate or in fascicles;
cone of many scales.
B. Leaves in fascicles of 2-5 (1 in Pinus monophylla), with sheath
at babe(atileasti when youny) te. wre .meets Loa SO te PINUS
BB. Leaves single, without sheath at base.

C. Older twigs roughened by peglike bases of fallen leaves; leaves
l-angled or semicircular in cross-section, shed in dried speci-
mens.

D. Leaves -angled, acute at apex, sessile. .... .. 2. PICEA
DD. Leaves flattened above and rounded or keeled below, rounded
at apex, with minute petiole. ........ 54.4 6 od TSUGA
CC. Older twigs smoothish or only slightly rough; leaves flat (\-
angled in Abies magnifica), remaining attached in dried speci-

mens.

he

E. Leaves with short petiole; leaf scars oval, broader than
long, slightly raised; cones pendulous, with 3-pointed
bracts, the scales persistent. ..... . «+ ). PSEUDOTSUGA

EE. Leaves sessile; leaf scars round, not raised; cones erect,
mostly on topmost branches, the bracts not 3-pointed, the
seaillesideciduouss te tude cicesteo”. Jey eee er oeeABIES

AA. Leaves mostly scalelike, less than 15 mm. long (awllike or needle-
like in Juniperus communis, a low subalpine shrub), opposite or
ternate; cone of few scales or fleshy and berrylike.
F. Twigs flattened with decussate decurrent scalelike leaves; cone
ofufewhscaless. <GeCAxe. Winde) eee ee EE, GO RER Ge HEYDERIA

FF. Twigs not flattened; cone fleshy and berrylike. . . .7.. JUNIPERUS

1. PINUS L., Sp. Pl. 1000. 17533 Gen. Pl. Ed. 5,al3heal7She

Apinus Neck., Strobus (Sweet) Opiz, Caryopitys Small. "pine"

Large or small trees, with bark mostly furrowed or sometimes

scaly, the spreading branches in whorls, evergreen. Leaves of 2 kinds,
the primary or juvenile leaves alternate, long, and green on seedlings,
usually reduced to scales bearing in axils she shoots with bud scales
and secondary leaves; the secondary leaves needlelike, in a fascicle
of 2-6 (sometimes 1) with basal sheath formed from the bud scales and
mostly persistent. Male strobili lateral, clustered at base of cur-
rent year's growth on twigs mostly in lower part of tree, mostly yel-
low, from scaly buds, with many scales bearing 2 sporangia; female
strobili subterminal or lateral, the many scales each subtended by

a small bract and 2-ovuled. Woody cone maturing at end of second year

ate

(rarely third), the cone scales often becoming thickened at apex and
often bearing a protuberance or spine; seeds mostly paired at base of
a scale, mostly with long wing, sometimes wingless, embryo with ))-15
cotyledons. Derivation.--The classical Latin name. Type species.--
P. sylvestris L. About 90 species widely distributed in northern
hemisphere, including a few tropical.

With 10 native species, Pinus is the most important genus of
trees in Nevada for lumber and the largest in number of species except
for the mostly shrubby genus Salix. Seven additional species have
been introduced for shade or ornament, according to Billings: Pinus
griffithii McClelland (Himalayan pine), from Himalaya to Afghanistan;
Pinus halepensis Mill. (Aleppo pine), from the Mediterranean region,
planted in Boulder City; Pinus mugo Turra (Swiss mountain pine), from
Europe; Pinus nigra Arnold (Austrian pine), from Europe; Pinus parvi-
flora Sieb. & Zucc. (Japanese white pine), from Japan, planted in
Reno; Pinus strobus L. (eastern white pine), from eastern United
States and adjacent Canada; and Pinus sylvestris L. (Scotch pine),

from Eurasia.

KEY TO SPECIES
A. Leaves 5 or 1 in a fascicle, sheaths deciduous (except No. 5; soft
pines).
B. Leaves 5 in a fascicle; seed winged (except No. 1), body 12 mn.
or less in length. |
C. Leaves }-10 cm. long, spreading; cones without prickles.

D. Leaves )-6 cm. long, entire; cones not opening at maturity;

“6

seed Winglesssy sowheomn. wae © w tet eceoe « 2. Pe eALBICAULIS
DD. Leaves mostly longer; cones opening at maturity; seed winged.
E. Leaves entire; cones short-stalked, mostly 8-13 cm. long,
with thick rounded scales; seed wing only 1-2 mm. long.
2. P. FLEXILIS
EE. Leaves serrulate at least toward apex; cones long-stalked,
elongated, mostly more than 13 cm. long, with thin scales;
seed wing 20-28 mm. long.
F. Cones mostly more than 25 cm. long, hanging from long
horizontal branches. .. . .« « « « » « « 3-« P. LAMBERTIANA
FF. Cones less than 25 cm. long, not on conspicuous horizon-
talsbranches.a:ctommd en el epane same yee el en liteePee MONDICOLA
CC. Leaves 2.5-h cm. long, curved and pressed against twig, form-
ing brushlike or "foxtail" mass; cones with prickles.
5. P,. ARISTATA
BB. Leaves 1 in a fascicles; seed 15-20 mm. long, wingless.
6. P. MONOPHYLLA
AA. Leaves 2 or 3 in a fascicle, sheaths persistent (pitch or hard
pines).

G. Leaves 3 (sometimes 2) in a fascicle, more than 8 cm. long; cones
more than 5 cm. long, symmetrical, opening at maturity and soon
shedding.

H. Twig with piney odor; bark with yellowish layers; cone with
relatively few scales, the prickles turned outward.
7.- &, PONDEROSA

HH. Twig with citrus odor; bark without yellowish layers; cone with

aif.

many scales, the prickles recurved.
I. Leaves 13-25 cm. long; cones 13-30 cm. long; Sierra Nevada
from southern Washoe County to Mineral County. 8. P. JEFFREYI
II. Leaves 10-15 cm. long; cones 5-8 cm. long; rare and local on
east side of Mount Rose, Washoe County. . . .9. P. WASHOENSIS
GG. Leaves 2 in a fascicle, 3-7 cm. long; cones 2-5 cm. long, asym-
metrical or oblique at base, remaining closed on tree many years.

10. P. CONTORTA

1. PINUS ALBICAULIS Engelm., Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans. 2: 209. 1863.
Apinus aibicaulis (Engelm.) Rydb. 'whitebark pine"

Small tree to 10 m. in height and 60 cm. in trunk diameter, some-
times larger, with open irregular or broom-topped crown, or shrubby
at timber line. Bark grayish white, scaly, thin. Wood light brown,
soft, light-weight. Twigs orange brown and often puberulous when
young, becoming dark brown. Leaves clustered at ends of twigs, 5 in
a fascicle with deciduous sheath, needlelike, l-6 cm. long, stout and
rigid, entire, dark green, marked on all sides by rows of stomata.
Cones short-stalked, ellipsoidal, l-7 cm. long, dark purple, with
thick acute scales, not opening at maturity; seeds 10-12 mn. long,
wingless, dark or reddish brown, thick-shelled, edible. Pollen shed-
ding in July; cones maturing in August of next year but remaining
closed. Derivation.--wWhite-stemmed.

High mountains to timber line often with Pinus monticola, 2600
to 3200 m. elevation in western Nevada, principally in northern Sierra

Nevada south to southern Washoe County and in Humboldt County (Pine

Forest Range), Storey County (Cedarhill Canyon near Virginia City),
and Mineral County (Wassuk Range). Also northeastern Nevada in Elko
County (Jarbidge, Pine Mt., and Ruby Mts.). High mountains of south-
western Alberta to central British Columbia, south to Washington,
Oregon, and in Sierra Nevada to central California and western Nevada

and east to western Wyoming and central Montana.

2. PINUS FLEXILIS James, Exped. Rocky Mts. 2: 27, 35. 1823.
Apinus flexilis (James) Rydb. "limber pine"
Other common name--white pine.

Small to medium-sized tree 8-15 m. tall and 50 cm. in trunk diam-
eter (larger in a southern variety) with broad rounded crown, sometimes
a low shrub at high elevations. Bark on small trunks smooth and whit-
ish gray, on larger trunks becoming deeply furrowed and dark brown or
gray. Wood pale yellow, soft, light-weight. Twigs orange green and
often puberulous when young, becoming darker, smoothish. Leaves clus-
tered near ends of twigs, 5 in a fascicle with deciduous sheath, need-
lelike, -9 cm. long, slender, entire, blue green, marked on all sides
by rows of stomata. Cones short-stalked, cylindric, mostly 68-15 em.
long, yellow brown, with thick rounded scales; seeds 10-12 mm. long in-
cluding minute wing 1-2 mm. long, mottled brown, thick-shelled. Pollen
shedding in June-July, the cones and seeds maturing and opening in
autumn of the second year. Derivation.--Flexible, or limber.

High mountains at elevations of 2,000 to 3,300 m. through most
of Nevada except extreme western part. This is the common 5-needle

pine of eastern and central Nevada for which White Pine County was

named. Collected in the following counties; Clark, Elko, Esmeralda,
Humboldt, Lander, Mineral, Nye, Pershing and White Pine. Rocky Mount-
ain region, chiefly, from southwestern North Dakota, Montana, south-
ern Alberta, and southeastern British Columbia, south in mountains to
southern California and Trans-Pecos Texas. Also in northern Mexico.
The wood is sometimes used for lumber (mostly for rough construc-

tion and boxes), poles, and fuel. The seeds are edible.

3. PINUS LAMBERTIANA Dougl., Linn. Soc. London Trans. 15: 500. 1827.
"Sugar pine"
Large to very large tree to 5 m. tall (rarely to 60 m., or only
12-15 m. on poor sites) and 1-1.5 m. or more in trunk diameter, with
narrow crown becoming flat-topped, and with long horizontal branches
bearing giant cones. Bark smooth and greenish gray on small trunks,
becoming reddish brown and furrowed into irregular scaly ridges. Wood
reddish brown, soft, light-weight. Twigs brownish, pubescent when
young, becoming glabrous and gray. Leaves 5 in a fascicle with decid-
uous sheath, needlelike, 5-10 cm. long, rigid, often slightly twisted,
serrulate at least toward apex, bluish green or gray green, with rows
of stomata on all surfaces. Cones long-stalked, much elongated, cyl-
indric, 20-45 cm. long, pendulous, yellow brown, with thin rounded
resinous scales usually with sweetish resin; seeds about 0 mm. in
length including body 12-15 mm. and long broad wing, dark brown or
blackish. Cones opening in October of second year. Derivation.--
In honor of Aylme: Bourke Lambert (1761-18)2), of England, author of

a classic illustrated work on the genus Pinus and also a patron of

=) Q=

botany.

Sierra Nevada at elevations of 1,500 to 2,100 m. in western Nev-
ada (Washoe and Douglas Counties) around Lake Tahoe, in mountains west
of Washoe Valley, and Truckee watershed west of Reno. Mountains from
western Oregon south to southern California and in Sierra Nevada to’
western Nevada. Also in northern Lower California, Mexico.

The largest of the pines, important for lumber and also planted
for ornament. Indians used the big seeds as food. A sugary resinous
exudate on the bark, pinitol, also eaten by the Indians, is the origin

of the common name.

). PINUS MONTICOLA Dougl. ex D. Don in Lamb., Descr. Genus Pinus. Ed.
3 (8°), v. 2, unnumbered page between p. lj) and p. 15. 1832.
Strobus monticola (Dougl.} Rydb. "western white pine"
Other common names.--Idaho white pine (lumber), white pine.

Large tree to 25 m. or more in height and 80 em. in trunk dia-
meter, with narrow pyramidal crown. Bark on small trunks smooth,
light gray, becoming checkered or furrowed into squarish scaly plates.
Wood light brown, soft, light-weight. Twigs orange brown and puberu-
lous when young, becoming dark purple and glabrous. Leaves 5 ina
fascicle with deciduous sheath, needlelike, l|-8 cm. long, stout and
rigid, serrulate toward apex, blue green, glaucous, with rows of vent-
ral stomata and often also 1 or 2 rows of dorsal stomata. Cones long-
stalked, elongated, cylindric, 13-25 cm. long, yellow brown, scales
thin, acute; seeds about 30-35 mm. in length, including body 6-8 mm.

long, and long wing, mottled brown. Cones maturing and opening in

Salil

autumn of second year. Derivation.--Inhabiting mountains.

Mountains at moderately high elevations of 1,600 to 2,800 m. in
Sierra Nevada (southern Washoe County), Storey County, Virginia Moun-
tains (Washoe County), and Pinenut Range (Douglas County). Western
Montana and northern Idaho to southern British Columbia and Washington
and south to Oregon and in Sierra Nevada to central California and
western Nevada.

The State tree of Idaho and an important timber tree for lumber
for building construction, matches (the leading match wood), boxes,

and millwork.

5. PINUS ARISTATA Engelm. in Parry & Engelm., Amer. Journ. Sci. and
Bets, oer.-c, 342-331. 1662. "bristlecone pine"
Other cemmon names.--foxtail pine, cettail pine, hickory pine.

Small to medium-sized tree 5-18 m. or more in height, with short
tapering trunk to 90 cm. in diameter, and irregular broad bushy crown
of erect to drooping branches. Bark on small trunks and branches
smooth and whitish gray, on larger trunks becoming irregularly fis-
sured, scaly, and reddish brown. Wood brownish red, soft, moderately
heavy. Twigs stout, puberulent, orange brown, becoming dark brown or
blackish, covered with crowded needles. Leaves 5 in a fascicle with
more or less persistent sheath, needlelike, 2.5-) cm. long, stout,
entire, dark green, with rows of stomata on ventral surfaces but none
on dorsal, curved and pressed against twig and not spreading, remain-
ing attached 10 to 15 years and forming a brushlike or "foxtail" mass.

Cones short-stalked, narrowly ovoid, 7-10 cm. long, dark purplish

-12-

brown, each scale with a slender prickle 2-5 mm. long; seeds about

15 mm. long including body 6 mm. long and large wing, mottled brown.
Pollen shedding June-August, the cones and seeds maturing and opening
in early autumn of the second year. Derivation.--Awned, in reference
to the long slender prickles on the cones.

High mountain peaks, often with Pinus flexilis and Abies concolor,
near timber line at elevations from 2,300 to 3,300 m., eastern, cen-
tral, and southern Nevada, recorded from the following localities:
Elko County (Indian Creek, Spruce Mt.), Pershing Co. (East Humboldt
Mts.), White Pine County (Mt. Moriah, Snake Range, Sherman Mt. at S.
end of Ruby Range), Bureka County (Monitor Range), Nye County (Grant
Range), Esmeralda County (Boundary Peak in White Mts. and Silver Peak
Mts.), and Clark County (Charleston Peak and Sheep Mts.). Very local
and widely scattered on high mountains of Colorado, Utah, Neveda, and
eastern California, south to northern Arizona and northern New Mexico.

As the trees are small, uncommon, and not accessible, the wood

is seldom used except locally for mine timbers.

6. PINUS MONOPHYLLA Torr. & Frem. in Frém., Rpt. Explor. Exped. Rocky
Mts. 319, pl. h. 185; as "monophyllus . " “singleleaf pinyon"
Caryopitys monophylla (Torr. & Frem.) Rydb., Pinus cembroides var.
monophylla (Torr. & Frém.) Voss.

Other common Banos temit pine. (Frontispiece)
Small bushy tree mostly 3-8 m. tall, sometimes 12-15 m., the short
trunk 30-50 cm. in diameter, with broadly conical to rounded spreading

crown of gray green foliage commonly extending nearly to ground. Bark

age

on small trunks smooth and gray, becoming furrowed into narrow scaly
ridges and dark brown. Wood yellowish brown, moderately soft, heavy,
resinous. Twigs orange brown, becoming brown. Leaves 1 (rarely 2) in
a fascicle with deciduous sheath, needlelike, 3-6 cm. long and about 2
mm. in diameter, terete, stout and stiff, sharp-pointed, usually slight-
ly curved toward twig, gray green, marked by whitish rows or lines of
stomata. Cones almost stalkless, ovoid, 5-8 cm. long and broader than
long when open, light brown, with resin; cone scales relatively few,
thickened, unarmed, only the middle scales seed-bearings; seeds several
to many in a cone, large, brown or mottled with yellow, narrowly ovoid
and blunt-pointed, 15-20 mm. long and 7-10 mm. broad, wingless, thin-
shehled, edible and with mealy taste. Pollen shedding in June-July,
cones and seeds maturing and opening in autumn of second year. Deri-
vation.--One-leaf, alluding to the solitary needles in a sheath.

A dominant species of the pinyon-juniper woodland with Juniperus
osteosperma on desert mountain ranges at elevation of 1,300 to 2,700
m,; throughout Nevada except northern border and in northwest, extend-
ing northwest of Reno but not recorded from Pershing and Humboldt Cos.
Chiefly in Great Basin region, from ap tern Idaho and northern and
western Utah to Nevada, central and southern California, and north-
western Arizona. Also in northern Lower California, Mexico.

The State tree of Nevada. The edible seeds, known as pine nuts
or pinyon nuts, harvested annually by the Indians for food, are also
marketed locally. However, the pinyon nuts or Indian nuts of commerce

are from Pinus edulis Engelm. (pinyon), of New Mexico and Arizona.

The

7. PINUS PONDEROSA Laws., Agr. Man. 35). 1836.
P. brachyptera Engelm., P. ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm., P.
scopulorum (Engelm.) Lemm. "yonderosa pine"
Other common names.--western yellow pine, Rocky Mountain yellow
pine, blackjack pine.

Large to very large tree 10-)5 m. tall and 1 m. or more in trunk
diameter, or a small tree on poor sites, with mostly narrow cylindrical
open crown of spreading branches. Bark on small trunks less than 30 cm.
in diameter (known as "blackjacks") blackish and furrowed into ridges,
on larger trunks becoming yellow brown and irregularly fissured into
large, flat, scaly plates. Wood yellowish with whitish sapwood, hard,
moderately heavy. Twigs stout, glabrous, orange becoming brown, with
piney odor, bud with resin droplets. Leaves 3 or 2. (§ in a southern
variety) in a fascicle with persistent sheath, needlelike, 8-25 cm.
long, stout, serrulate, green, with rows of stomata on each surface.
Cones short-stalked, ovoid, 7-13 cm. long, reddish brown, the scales
with slender prickles turned outward, leaving several basal scales on
twig when shedding;sseeds 30-35 mm. long including body 6-8 mm. and
large wing, mottled brown. Pollen shedding in May-June, cones maturing
and opening in autumn of second year and soon shedding above basal
scales. Derivation.--Ponderous, or heavy, referring to the heavy wood.

Mountains of eastern part (White Pine and Lincoln Cos.) at 2,300
to 2,700 m., Charleston Mountains (Clark County) as low as 1,200 m.,
and in Sierra Nevada (Washoe and Storey Counties) at 1,500 to 2,300
m. Widely distributed, chiefly in Rocky Mountains and mountains of

Pacific Coast region from southwestern North Dakota and Montana to

-154

southern British Columbia and Washington south to southern California
and Trans-Pecos Texas. Also in northern Mexico.

This species has one of the greatest ranges of all the trees in
the western mountains and includes minor geographic variations that
intergrade. Trees of eastern Nevada (Snake Range south to Charleston
Peak) have short needles 8-15 cm. long and largely 2 in a fascicle
and are referred by some authors to a separate variety, var. scopu-
lorum Engelm., while trees of the typical variety in Sierra Nevada
of the western border have longer needles 15-25 cm. long.

The most important western pine and second to Douglas-fir in
total stand in the United States, producing lumber for many uses.

Also planted for ornament and in shelter belts. State tree of Montana.

8. PINUS JEFFREYI Grev. & Balf. in A. Murr., Bot. Exped. Ore. (Rpt.
Noe O92, pl. 1653.
P. ponderosa var. jeffreyi Balf. "Jeffrey pine"
Other common name.--western yellow pine.

Large to very large tree 10-5 m. or more in height with tall
massive trunk 1-1.5 m. or more in diameter. Bark dark reddish brown,
often tinged with purple, becoming fissured into large plates. Twigs
stout, rough, brown, with citrus odor when broken, buds without resin
droplets. Leaves 3 in a fascicle with persistent sheath, needlelike,
13-25 cm. long, stout, serrulate, dark bluish green, with rows of
stomata on each surface, usually with citrus odor when crushed. Cones
short-stalked, ovoid, pineapple-shaped when open, 13-30 cm. long,
light brown, the many scales with stout or slender recurved prickles,

leaving several basal scales on twig when shedding; seeds 30-35 mm.

ails

long, long-winged, the body 10-12 mm. in length, mottled dark brown.
Pollen shedding in June, cones maturing and opening in autumn of se-
cond year and soon shedding above basal scales. Derivation.--Named
for its discoverer, John Jeffrey (died 18537), Scotch botanical ex-
plorer who collected seeds from British Columbia to California for in-
troduction to Scotland.

Mountains of western Nevada at elevations of 1,),00 to 2,)00 m.
from southern Washoe County to Lyon, Ormsby, and Mineral (Bodie Creek
and Alum Creek Canyons) Counties. Here this species is more abundant
than Pinus ponderosa and often in almost pure stands. Mountains from
southwestern Oregon south in California through Sierra Nevada to west-
ern Nevada and to southern California. Also in northern Lower Cali-
fornia, Mexico.

Closely related to Pinus ponderosa and by some authors regarded

as a variety of that species. The lumber is sold as ponderosa pine

and has similar uses.

9, PINUS WASHOENSIS Mason & Stockwell, Madrono 8: 62. 19))5.
"Washoe pine"

Tree 15 m. or more in height in cutover forest, perhaps becoming
somewhat taller at maturity, with strongly tapered trunk to 1m. in
diameter and with pyramidal crown. Bark thin, becoming rough fissured
or occasionally plated, without yellowish layers. Twigs stout, rough,
brown, with citrus odor when broken, buds without resin droplets.
Leaves 3 (occasionally 2) in a fascicle with persistent sheath, needle-

like, 10-15 cm. long, stout, gray green, finely serrulate, dorsal sto-

=172

mata in about 12 rows and ventral stomata in about 6 rows. Cones
short-stalked, ovoid, 5-8 cm. long, brown, with many scales, each with
slender slightly recurved prickle; seeds about 25 mm. long, with body
8 mm. long and wing 15-20 mm. long. Pollen shedding in June; the cones
maturing and opening in autumn of the second year. Derivation.--The
name commemorates the Washoe Indians who hunted in this forest.

Rare and local, known only from moraine 7 miles long on south
Side of Galena Creek canyon, elevation 2,100 to 2,400 m., on east side
of Mount Rose, Carson Range of Sierra Nevada, in southern Washoe Coun-
ty, Nevada. Associated tree species of the cutover forest here are
Abies magnifica, Pinus monticola, and Pinus contorta.

Closely related to Pinus jeffreyi and also to Pinus ponderosa and
possibly of hybrid origin from those species. The large trees were

cut many years ago for mine timbers.

10. PINUS CONTORTA Dougl. ex Loud., Arb. Frut. Brit. 4: 2292, figs.
2210-2211. 1838. "lodgepole pine"
P. contorta var. latifolia Engelm., P. contorta var. murrayana
(Grev. & Balf.) Engelm., P. murrayana Grev. & Balf.
Other common names.--"tamarack," shore pine.

Medium-sized tree 8-20 m. tall and 60 cm. in trunk diameter, or
larger (or a small tree in the coastal form), with narrow pointed pyr-
amidal crown. Bark brown, thin, with many loose scales. Wood light
yellow, soft, light-weight. Twigs orange when young, becoming reddish
brown. Leaves 2 in a fascicle with persistent sheath, needlelike, 3-7

cm. long, stout, often twisted, serrulate toward apex, yellow green,

18

with rows of stomata on each surface. Cones often clustered, almost
stalkless, ovoid, 2-5 cm. long, asymmetrical or oblique at base, light
yellow brown, the thin scales with long slender recurved prickles, not
opening at maturity; seeds about 15 mn. long including body h mm. long
and wing, mottled brown. Pollen shedding in June-July, cones maturing
in autumn of second year but remaining closed on the tree many years.
Derivation.--Contorted or twisted, alluding to the irregular crown of
the typical, scrubby shore pine of the coast.

High mountains, often with Pinus ponderosa and P. monticola,

western Nevada at elevations from 1,700 tc 2,700 m. Common in Carson
Range and sparingly in westernmost Basin Ranges from Virginia Moun-
tains of southern Washoe County southeast through Ormsby and Douglas
Counties to Brawley Peaks west of Aurora in Mineral County. Possibly
also in northern Elko County, according to Billings (Nevada Trees, ed.
2, 33. 1951), but not yet collected there. Rocky Mountain and Pacific
coast regions from southwestern Saskatchewan and Alberta to Yukon and
southeastern Alaska, south to southern Californie and western Nevada,
Idaho, northern Uteh, and Colorado. Also in northern Lower California,

Mexico.

2. PICEA A. Dietr., Fl. Berlin 79). 182), "spruce"
Large trees with thin scaly bark, whorled branches, and pyramidal
crown, evergreen. Twigs with peglike stalks (sterigmata) bearing
leaves. Leaves alternate, sessile, linear, entire, l-angled or flat-
tened, stiff, sharp-pointed at apex, shedding from twig upon drying.

Male strobili lateral, mostly long-stalked, with many scales bearing

15s

2 sporangia; female strobili terminal, the many scales subtended by a
small bract and 2-ovuled. Cones mostly in upper part of tree, pendu-
lous, ovoid to cylindric, with persistent scales; seeds mostly paired
at base of a scale, with long wing, embryo with l-15 cotyledons.
Derivation.--The ancient Latin name (from pix, picis, pitch) of a
pitchy pine, probably Scotch pine, Pinus sylvestris L. Type species.--
P. abies (L.) Karst. About 35 species in cooler north temperate re-
gions.

Besides the single native species, the five following are planted
in Nevada for ornament, according to Billings: Picea abies (L.) Karst.
(Norway spruce), from Europe; Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce),
of northeastern United States, Canada, and Alaska; Picea polita (Sieb.
& Zucc.) Carr. (tigertail spruce), from Japan; Picea pungens Engelm.
(blue spruce), of the Rocky Mountain region; and Ficea sitchensis

(Bong.) Carr. (Sitka spruce), of the Pacific coast region from Alaska

to California.

1. PICEA ENGELMANNII Parry ex Engelm., Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans.

2: 212. 1863; as "engelmanni." 2 "Engelmann spruce"

Large tree 10-25 m. or more in height, with straight trunk to 1

me in diameter, and with narrow pointed pyramidal or conical crown and
whorled horizontal or slightly drooping branches extending nearly to
ground, or reduced to a stunted shrub at timber line. Bark grayish or
purplish brown, with loosely attached scales or flakes, thin. Wood
light yellow to reddish brown, soft, light-weight. Twigs roughened by

peglike bases after leaves fall, orange brown, usually puberulent.

EPO

Leaves linear, h-angled, 15-30 mm. long, acute but not sharp to touch,
slender and flexible, straight or slightly curved, with 3-5 rows of
stomata on each surface, dark or pale blue green, with disagreeable
odor when crushed. Cones pendulous, sessile or nearly so, cylindric
to ellipsoid, )-6.5 cm. long, light brown, with thin or papery flexi-
ble scales more or less rounded and erose at apex; seeds blackish,
about 10 mm. in length with body 3 mm. long and long wing. Cones ma-
turing and opening in autumn and mostly soon falling. Derivation. --
In honor of George Engelmann (1609-8), German-born physician and bot-
anist of St. Louis, an authority on conifers who first recognized this
species as undescribed.

Subalpine forest at high elevations from 2,500 m. to timber line
in White Pine County (Shell Creek and Snake Ranges) and perhaps other
high mountains in eastern Nevada. Reported from Charleston Peak re-
gion of Clark County by Billings (Nevada Trees, ed. 2, 35. 195) but
not recorded by Clokey (Flora Charleston Mountains, Nevada. Calif.
Univ. Pubs. Bot. 2h, 27 p., map. 1952). Rocky Mountain region, chief-
ly, from Montana to southwestern Alberta and central British Columbie,
and south in high mountains of western United States to northern Cal-
ifornia, eastern and southeastern Nevada, southeastern Arizona, and
southern New Mexico.

The wood is suitable for lumber, such as construction and boxes,
for mine timbers, railroad ties and poles, but the supply is limited

in area anc accessibility. The trees are planted for ornament also.

-21=

3. TSUGA (Endl.) Carr., Traité Gén. Conif. 185. 1855.
Hesperopeuce (Engelm.) Lemm. "hemlock"

Large trees with deeply furrowed cinnamon-red bark, nodding lead-
ing shoot, irregular horizontal to pendulous branches, evergreen.
Twigs with peglike stalks bearing leaves. Leaves mostly 2-ranked or
in the Nevada species radially arranged, alternate, with a minute pet-
iole, linear, usually flat and with stomata below or in the Nevada
species flattened above and rounded or keeled below and with stomata
on both sides, shedding from twig upon drying. Male strobili solitary,
lateral, with many scales bearing 2 sporangia; female strobili soli-
tary, terminal on lateral twigs with many scales subtended by a bract
and 2-ovuled. Cones nearly sessile, pendulous, ovoid to cylindric,
small, with sub-orbicular, thin, entire, persistent scales; seeds
mostly paired at base of a scale, with long wing, embryo with 3.6
cotyledons. Derivation.--The Japanese name for tia native hemlocks of
Japan. Type species.--I. sieboldii Carr. About 10 species in temper-
ate North America and Asia.

One native species in Nevada. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. (east-
ern hemlock), of eastern United States and adjacent Canada, is occa-

sionally planted as an ornamental in Reno.

1. TSUGA MERTENSIANA (Bong.) Carr., Traité Gén. Conif. Ed. 2, 250.
1867: as to name but not description. "mountain hemlock"
Hesperopeuce mertensiana (Bong.) Rydb., Tsuga crassifolia Flous.

Medium-sized tree 10-25 m. in height and 1-1.5 m. in trunk diam-

eters; crown narrowly pyramidal or in age spreading, with leading shoot

=Cee

nodding away from “iia direction, and with slender pendulous branches.
Bark on small trunks grayish, becoming dark brown, thick, and deeply
furrowed into scaly ridges. Wood pale reddish brown, moderately hard,
moderately heavy. Twigs mostly short, slender, roughened by peglike
bases after leaves fall, light reddish brown, puberulent. Leaves rad-
ially arranged but appearing crowded on upper side, with minute pet-
jiole, linear, 12-25 mm. long, flattened above and rounded or keeled
below (semicircular in cross-section), rounded at apex, flexible, of-
ten more or less curved, with about 8 rows of stomata on each surface,
blue green. Cones usually pendulous when mature, sessile, cylindric,
2.5-7.5 cm. long, purplish but turning brown when open, with thin pap-
ery scales rounded and erose at apex and puberulous outside; seeds
light brown, about 12-15 mm. long including body h mm. long and large
wing. Pollen shedding in June-July; cones maturing and opening in
autumn. Derivation.--Named for Karl Heinrich Mertens (1796-1830), Ger-
man naturalist and physician, who discovered it at Sitka, Alaska.

With Finus albicaulis, Pinus contorta, and Pinus monticola at
high elevations mainly 2,00 to 2,900 m. in Sierra Nevada at western
edge of Nevada, abundant between Slide Mountain and Mount Rose in
southern Washoe County. Also Snow Valley in Ormsby County. Pacific
coast region from southern Alaska (Cook Inlet) and British Columbia
south to northern California and in Sierra Nevada to central Califor-
nia and western Nevada. Also east in mountains to northern Idaho, and
western Montana.

A handsome tree planted elsewhere as an ornamental.

238

l,. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr., Traite Gén. Conif. Ed. 2, 256. 1867.
"Douglas-fir"

Medium-sized to large trees with pyramidal crown, evergreen.
Twigs slightly rough, with raised oval leaf scars broader than long,
the buds not resinous. Leaves radially arranged or somewhat 2-ranked,
alternate, with short petiole, linear, flattened, grooved above, with
prominent midrib and 2 whitish stomatal bands below. Male strobili
solitary and scattered, lateral, cylindric, with many scales bearing 2
sporangia; female strobili solitary, terminal or axillary, the many
scales 2-ovuled and shorter than the bract. Cones short-stalked, pen-
dulous, narrowly ovoid, with rounded concave, rigid, persistent scales;
bracts distinctive, exserted, 3-lobed, the middle lobe longest and awn-
like; seeds mostly paired at base of a scale, with long wing, embryo
with 6-12 cotyledons. Derivation.--False hemlock; from Greek pseudo-,
false, and Japanese tsuga, hemlock, referring to the relationship to
Tsuga (Engl.) Carr. Type species.--P. Menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (P.
douglasii (Sabine) Carr.). About 5 species, 2 in temperate western
North America, and 3 in Japan, Formosa, and China. One species with
2 varieties in Nevada. .

Reference.--Little, Elbert L., Jr. The genus Pseudotsuga (Doug-

las-fir) in North America. Leaflets West. Bot. 5: 181-198. 1952.

1. PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII (Mirb.) Franco, Soc. Broteriana (Coimbra)
Boll., Sér. 2, 2: 7h. 1950. "Douglas-fir"
P. taxifolia (Poir.) Britton, P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw., P. doug-
lasii (Sabine) Carr.

Medium-sized to large trees 10-30 m. in height and 1 m. or more

aA)

in trunk diameter with pyramidal crown or becoming flat-topped in age,
and with many horizontal to drooping branches. Bark reddish brown or
gray, very thick, rough and deeply furrowed into broad ridges, some-
times corky. Wood yellowish with whitish sapwood, soft, light-weight.
Twigs slightly roughened by bases where leaves were attached, with
raised oval leaf scars broader than long. Leaves radially arranged or
somewhat 2-ranked, alternate, with short petiole, linear, 1.5-3.5 cm.
long, flattened, grooved above, straight, usually rounded and obtuse
at apex but sometimes acute, with prominent midrib and 2 whitish sto-
matal bands below, dark yellow green or blue green. Cones short-_
stalked, pendulous, cylindric, l.5-9 cm. long, reddish brown, with
conspicuously exserted 3-lobed or 3-toothed bracts, the middle lobe
longest and awnlike, spreading or reflexed3; seeds mottled brown, 15-
20 mm. long including body about 5 mm. long, and longer wing. Cones
maturing and opening in autumn. Derivation.--Named for Archibald
Menzies (175-182), Scotch physician and naturalist, who discovered
it in 1791 at Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
Mountains at elevations of 1,900 to 2,900 m. in eastern Nevada in
northern Elko County (near Mountain City; also reported as introduced
in Ruby Mts.), White Pine County (Shell Creek and Snake Ranges), and
Lincoln County (Mt. Wilson) and in Sierra Nevada at western border of
State in Douglas County (east shore of Lake Tahoe near Glenbrook).
Widely distributed in Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions from
Montana, southwestern Alberta and central British Columbia, south to
California, New Mexico, and Trans-Pecos Texas, Also south in moun-

tains of northern and central Mexico.

-25-

Two geographical varieties both occurring in Nevada are disting-
uished. The typical variety (var. menziesii) or coast Douglas-fir of
the Pacific coast region to western Nevada is characterized by: twigs
pubescent; leaves thin, dark yellow green, with odor of pineapple;
cones 6-10 cm. long, with straight erect 3-lobed bracts. The inland
variety (var. glauca (Beissn.) Franco, Soc. Broteriana (Coimbra) Bol.,
Ser. 2, 2h: 77. 1950) or Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir of the Rocky Moun-
‘adn region including eastern Nevada is characterized by: twigs pubes-
cent or glabrous; leaves blue green, thickened, with odor of turpen-
tines cones )-7 em. long with erect or reflexed 3-lobed bracts.

First in total stand, lumber production, and production of veneer
for plywood among the native tree species of the United States, used
principally for building production as lumber, timbers, piling, and
plywood, and for many other purposes. Also planted for shade and

ornament. The State tree of Oregon.

5. ABIES Mill., Gard. Dict. Abridged. Ed. 4, Vo 1. 195k. WPejyt
Large trees with pyramidal sharp-pointed crown of whorled hori-
zontal branches, evergreen. Twigs smooth, with round leaf scars and
buds usually resinous. Leaves radially arranged or often 2-ranked,
alternate, sessile but contracted above base, linear, mostly flattened
and grooved above or sometimes )~angled, rounded and usually emargin-~
ate at apex, on upper branches often thickened, curved, and acute,
with stomata on lower surfaces or sometimes (as in the 3 Nevada spec-
ies) also on upper surface. Male strobili numerous, pendulous, later-

al, cylindric, with many scales bearing 2 sporangia; female strobili

~26-

erect mostly on topmost branches, ovoid to cylindric, the many scales
each 2-ovuled and subtended by a longer pointed bract. Cones sessile,
erect, ovoid to cylindric, with many closely imbricated thin scales
rounded at apex, the bracts exserted in some species; at maturity the
scales deciduous and falling from the persistent axis; seeds mostly
paired at base of a scale, ovoid or oblong, with long wing, embryo
with h-10 cotyledons. Derivation.--The classic Latin name of the sil-
ver fir, Abies alba Mill., of Europe, the type species. About 10 spe-
cies in northern hermigphere in temperate zone and mountains southward.

Besides the 3 native species, Abies pinapso Boiss. (Spanish fir),
of Spain, is planted in Nevada.

KEY TO SPECIES
Leaves flattened; cones 6-12 em. long.
Leaves of lower branches 2-l; em. long, dark blue green, with 2 med-
ial resin ducts in cross-section. .« . « « « « « « le A. LASIOCARPA
Leaves of lower branches 36 cme long, pale blue green, with 2 ex-
ternal (margin) resin ducts in cross-section. . . . 2. A. CONCOLOR

Leaves h-angled; cones large, 10=20 cm. long. . . © « 3. A. MAGNIFICA

1. ABIES LASIOCARPA (Hook.) Nutt., No. Amer. Sylva 3: 138. 189.
3 "subalpine fir"
Other common names.--alpine fir, white fir (lumber).
Large tree to 27 m. tall and 1 m. in trunk diameter ee dwarfed
and shrubby at timber lines; crown long, narrow, and sharp-pointed, with
branches extending nearly to base of tree. Bark gray, becoming fis-

sured and scaly (creamy white, soft, and corky in a southern variety).

DT

Wood light brown, soft, light-weight. Twigs gray, puberwlent to glab-
rouse Leaves radially arranged, crowded and pointing upward and for-
ward, alternate, sessile, linear, 2-) cm. long, flattened, grooved
above, rounded at apex, with rows of stomata on both surfaces, dark
blue green; on upper branches the leaves as short as 1.5 cm., thick-
ened, acute. Cones cylindric, 6-10 cm. long, dark purple, puberulent,
the scales rounded or truncate at apex, bracts not exposed; seeds light
brown, about 20 mm. long including body 7 mm. long and broad wing.
Pollen shedding in July; cones maturing in autumn, scales soon falling
from axis. Derivation.--Hairy—fruited.

Spruce-fir subalpine forest up to timber line at elevations of
2,100 to 3,000 m., common in Jarbidge Mountains of northern Elko Co.
and reported from other high mountains of northeastern Nevada. West-
ern Northwest Territories, Yukon, and southeastern Alaska south ‘in
mountains or Oregon, northeastern Nevada, southeastern Arizona, and
western New Mexico.

Suitable for lumber. Also an ornamental and shade tree.

2- ABIES CONCOLOR (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. "white fir"
Large tree to 30 m. in height and 60 em. or more in trunk diam-
eter, with narrow sharp=-pointed conical crown becoming irregular in
age.
Bark on small trunks smoothish, gray, resin-blistered, becoming
very thick, hard, and deeply furrowed into scaly ridges. Wood whitish
or light brown, soft, very light-weight. Twigs yellowish green, puber-

ulent to glabrous. Leaves spreading and pointing upward and forward,

Pom

alternate, sessile, linear, 3-6 cme long, flattened, rounded or acute
at apex, with rows of stomata on both surfaces, pale blue green, glau-
cous; on upper branches the leaves as short as 2 cm., curved, thick-~
ened, acute. Cones cylindric, 7-12 cm. long, grayish green, brownish,
or purplish, puberulent, the scales rounded at apex, bracts not ex-
posed; seeds light brown, about 25 mm. long, including body 10 mn.
long and broad wing. Pollen shedding in May-July; cones maturing in
autumn, scales soon falling from axis. Derivation.--Of uniform color,
referring to the leaves, which are pale green on both sides.

Mountain forests, often common, at elevations from 1,700 to 3,300
me in eastern Nevada in Elko, White Pine, Lincoln, Nye, and Clark
(Charleston Mts.) Counties and in Sierra Nevada and adjacent ranges
(Washoe, Storey, Douglas, and Lyon Counties) and Virginia Mts. (Washoe
Co.) of western part. Mountains from western Wyoming and southern
Idaho to southern Oregon, and south to southern California, southern
Arizona, and southern New Mexico. Also in northern Mexico (Lower Cal-
ifornia and Sonora).

Suitable for lumber and a popular ornamental elsewhere. Browsed

by sheep when small.

3. ABIES MAGNIFICA A. Murr., Roy. Hort. Soc. Proc. 3: 318, figs. 25-33.
1863. "California red fir"
Other common names.--red fir, Shasta red fir (var.), silvertip fir.

Large tree becoming 5 mt or more in height, with massive trunk
1m. or more in diameter, and with narrow irregular crown. Bark dark

reddish brown, thick, deeply furrowed into narrow ridges. Wood light

-29-

reddish brown, soft, light-weight. Twigs yellowish green, puberulent.
Leaves spreacing flat on lower side of twig, crowded, alternate, ses-
sile, linear, 2-l cm. long, l-angled, curved, rounded at apex, with
rows of stomata on all 1; sides, blue green, glacuous; on upper branch-
es as short as 1.5 cm., curved, thickened, and acute. Cones cylindric,
large and heavy, 10-20 cm. long, purplish brown, puberulent, the round-
ed scales 3-3.5 cm. broad; bracts not exposed except in var. shasten-
sis Lemm., which has exserted reflexed bright yellow bracts, spatulate
and pointed, about 6 iu. longer than scale, covering nearly half the
exposed portion of scale; seeds dark reddish brown, about 35 mm. long
including body 15 mm. and broad wing. Cones maturing in autumn, scales
soon falling from axis. Derivation.--Magnificent, referring to the
cone.

Dominant or with Pinus ponderosa or P. monticola, P. contorta,
and Tsuga mertensiana at elevations from 1,800 to 2,900 m. on high
mountains of Sierra Nevada of western Nevada (Washoe, Ormsby, and
Douglas Counties). Southwestern Oregon (Cascade Mountains) south to
north Coast Ranges of California and through Sierra Nevada to central
California and western Nevada.

Var. shastensis Lemm. (Calif. State Bd. Forestry Bienn. Rpt. 3:
145. 1890), Shasta red fir, differs from the typical variety only in
the conspicuously exserted cone bracts and has the same range. How-
ever, no specimens from western Nevada were found.

The largest native true fir of the United States. Used for lum-

ber, ornament, and Christmas trees.

=30%

6. HEYDERIA K. Koch, Dendrol. 2 (2): 177. 1873.
Libocedrus auth. in part. "incense-cedar"

Large aromatic trees with scaly bark, evergreen. Twigs flattened
in horizontal plane; buds naked. Leaves in )} ranks, decussate, small
and scalelike, decurrent at base, mich compressed, the lateral keeled;
on seedlings linear-lanceolate and spreading. Strobili solitary, ter-
minal; male strobili oblong, with 6a16 decussate scales bearing usual-
ly 4 sporangia; female strobili oblong, with several pairs of leaflike
scales at base, of 6 imbricate acuminate scales, the 2 middle scales
each with 2 ovules at base. Cones oblong, of 6 flat woody scales
mucronulate at apex, the 2 middle scales each with 2 seeds and the 2
upper sterile scales uniteds seeds with 2 unequal lateral wings, em-
bryo with 2 cotyledons. Derivation.--Honoring Ed. Heyder, German
horticulturist and councilor of the ministry of agriculture. Type
species.--H. decurrens (Torr.) K. Koch. Three species, 1 in western
North America, 1 in Formosa, and 1 in China and Burma.

According to Li, the 3 species from the northern hemisphere com-
monly referred to Libocedrus are more closely related to Thuja and
should be segregated as the genus Heyderia.

Reference.--Li, Hui-lin. A reclassification of Libocedrus and

Cupressaceae. Arnold Arboretum Jour. 32 17-36, illus. 1953.

1. HEYDERIA DECURRENS (Torr.) K. Koch, Dendrol. 2 (2): 179. 1873.
Libocedrus decurrens Torr. "4ncense-cedar"
Other common name.--California incense-cedar.

Medium-sized to large tree to 20 m. or more in height, with rela-

wale

tively thick trunk to 1.5 m. in diameter, enlarged and lobed at base,
and long narrow open crown of erect and spreading branches, irregular
in age. Bark orange brown or reddish brown, thick and fibrous, deeply
furrowed into scaly and shreddy ridges. Wood light reddish brown with
thin whitish sapwood, soft, light-weight. Twigs much branched in hor-
izontal plane, mostly shedding the second or third year. Leaves de-
cussate, scalelike, decurrent at base, oblong-ovate, 3-12 mm. long,
yellow green, adnate to twig except at apex. Cone pendulous, oblong,
2-3 cm. long, light brown, the 6 scales mucronulate, the upper sterile
pair united; seeds ); or fewer, oblong, light brown, 16-20 mm. long in-
cluding body about 6-12 mm. long and 2 unequal wings appearing as 1.
Pollen shedding in January-February; cones maturing and opening in
autumn. Derivation.--Decurrent, the scale leaves running down the
twig.

Characteristic of mixed coniferous mountain forests with Pinus
jeffreyi, Pinus ponderosa, and Abies concolor at elevations between
1,500 and 2,100 m. on eastern slopes of Sierra Nevada at western bor-
der of Nevada (Washoe and Douglas Counties); common around Lake Tahoe.
Mountains from western Oregon south eae Coast Ranges and Sierra
Nevada to southern California and to western Nevada. Also in Lower
California, Mexico.

The leading wood for pencils. Also for Venetian blinds, lumber
for rough construction, and railroad ties. Preferred for fence posts

because of its durability. Also an ornamental.

7. JUNIPERUS (Le) (Spo Pie eOR8 .QUP5areCensehi ied: 53 Newsrl7sine
Sabina Mili. "juniper"

Aromatic trees or sometimes shrubs, with usually shreddy bark,
scaly or naked buds, evergreen. Leaves opposite or whorled in 3's,
scalelike or linear and sharp-pointed, often of 2 kinds, primary leaves
or juvenile leaves in 3's, linear and awllike or needlelike, and sec-
ondary leaves scalelike, ovate, closely imbricated and appressed, often
glandular. Male and female strobili mostly on different plants (dioe-
cious), lateral or terminal on short twigs, smalls male strobili soli-
tary, oblong or ovoid, yellow, the many decussate or ternate scales
bearing 2-6 sporangia; female strobili ovoid, subtended by persistent
scaly bracts, of 3-8 pointed scales some or all bearing 1 or 2 ovules.
Strobili or cones (popularly "fruits" or "berries") maturing at end
of first or second year (rarely third), mostly globose, berrylike,
fleshy from the enlarged fused scales, indehiscent, closed or some-
times open at apex, blue, blue black, brownish, or reddish, glaucous.
Seeds 1-12, ovoid, often angled and grooved, brown; embryo with 2 or
)-6 cotyledons. Derivation.--The classical Latin name. Type species.--
J. communis L. About 50 species widely distributed in northern hemi-
sphere south to tropical mountains.

‘In addition to the ) native species in Nevada, Juniperus virgin-
iana L. (eastern redcedar), of eastern United States, has been planted

for ornament.

«332

KEY TO SPECIES
A. Leaves all spreading from twig, awllike or needlelike, mostly 10-15
mm. longs; low creeping subalpine shrub. . « o o « oe le J. COMMUNIS
AA.Leaves mostly closely appressed, scalelike, mostly 1-3 mm. long;
erect tree or large shrub.

B. Leafy twigs relatively stout, 2 mm. or less in diameters; older
twigs scaly or shreddy, gray or brown; scalelike leaves denticu-
late.

C. Mature strobili dark blue or bluish black, juicys scalelike
leaves mostly with gland on back; seeds about ); mm. long; cotyl-
edons 2. :

D. Scalelike leaves mostly in 3's; seeds 2 or 33 western Nevada.
i 2. J. OCCIDENTALIS
DD. Scalelike leaves mostly in 2's; seed 13 possibly in south-
eastern Nevada. o « o © « «6 «© © © © © © © tae Je MONOSPERMA
CC. Mature strobili brownish or whitish, dry and mealy$ scalelike
leaves mostly without gland on back; seed 1 (sometimes 2), 5-8
mme long; cotyledons a6. 0 6 © © © © © © © o Se Je OSTEOSPERMA

BB. Leafy twigs slender, about 1 m. aa diameter, often drooping at

end; older twigs becoming smoothish and reddish brown to dark

reds scalelike leaves entire. . . . co « e « © Me Jo SCOPULORUM

1. JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS L., Sp. Pl. 100. 1753.
Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. "common juniper"
Other common name.--dwarf juniper, mountain juniper.

Low shrub 0.3-1 m. high, usually low and mat-forming, the typical

“31

variety elsewhere and especially in Europe and in cultivation becoming
a small tree to 8 m. or more in height. Bark dark reddish brown, thin,
papery and shreddy. Twigs 3-angled and yellowish when young, becoming
brown, with scaly winter buds. Leaves in 3's, spreading nearly at
right angles to twig, linear, awllike or needlelike, mostly 10-15 mm.
long (only )-8 mm. in a variation), 1-2 mm. broad, stiff and spiny-
pointed, slightly curved and twisted at base so that the yellow green
lower surface is commonly uppermost, the upper surface with broad
whitish stomatal band. Dioecious or sometimes monoecious; mature fe-
male strobili or cones short-stalked, berrylike, globose, 5-8 mm. in
diameter, bluish or blackish, slightly glaucous, with mealy resinous
sweetish flesh and 1-3 light brown seeds )|-5 mm. long. Pollen shedding
in July; the berrylike strobili maturing the third year and persistent
a year or more. Derivation.--Commons that is, common to Linnaeus in
Sweden.

Subalpine forest with Pinus aristata and Pinus flexilis to timber
line and above or sometimes lower down to pinyon-juniper zone, mostly
at 2,100 to 2,700 m. elevation, also to 3,300 m., high mountains of
northern and eastern Nevada in Elko, Pershing, Eureka, White Pine, and
Clark (Charleston Mts. and Sheep Range) Counties. Also reported from
Sierra Nevada by Tidestrom (Fl. Utah Nevada 55. 1925), but perhaps not
in this State. A variable species with intergrading forms widely dis-
tributed from Greenland, Newfoundland, and Labrador, across Canada to
northwestern Alaska, south in United States, chiefly in mountains, to
central California, northern New Mexico, North Dakota, Illinois, and

Georgia, Also in Europe and Asia.

Sac.

Reported to be the most widely distributed tree species in the
northern hemisphere though seldom a tree in North America. The varia-
tion in Nevada is referred by some authors to var. saxatilis Pall. (Fl.
Ross. 1, 2: 12, pl. h, fig. A. 1788; var. montana Ait.), mountain com-
mon juniper, of high mountains and Arctic regions, characterized by
spreading prostrate habit and shorter, more crowded leaves. The typi-
cal, erect tree form (var. communis; var. erecta Pursh) as well as
shrubby and horticultural forms are grown as ornamentals. Elsewhere

the resinous strobili have been utilized to flavor gin and in medicine.

2. JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS Hook., Fl.-Bor. Amer. 2: 166. 1839.
Sabina occidentalis (Hook.) Ant. ‘western juniper"
Other common name.--Sierra juniper.

Small to medium-sized tree 6420 me in height with short massive
trunk to 1-2 m. in diameter, with low broad crown of large spreading
branches. Bark reddish brown, fissured into broad flat scaly ridges.
Wood reddish or brown, with thick whitish sapwood, soft, light-weight.
Leafy twigs relatively stout, 2 mm. or less in diameter, old twigs
reddish brown, scaly. Leaves mostly in 3's or partly in 2's, closely
appressed, scalelike, rhombic-ovate, about 3 mm. long, acute or acu-
minate, with gland on back, denticulate, gray green or blue green,
on vigorous shoots awllike and sharp-pointed, to 6 mm. Mature female
strobili or cones berrylike, subglobose to ellipsoid, 6-8 mn. long,
bluish black, glaucous, with thin dry resinous flesh; seeds 2 or 3,

) m. long, brown, cotyledons 2. Derivation.--Western.

Sierra Nevada and other mountains at elevations of 1,700 to 2,600

~36-=

me from northern Washoe County to Douglas and lyon Counties in western
Nevada. Mountains of Pacific coast region of western Montana, Idaho,
and Washington, south to Oregon and southern California and to western
Nevada.

The “berries" were eaten by the Indians.

2a. JUNIPERUS MONOSPERMA (Engelm.) Sarg., Silva No. Amer. 10: 89, pl.
522. 1896, op kere juniper"
Sabina monosperma (Engelm. ) Rydb., Juniperus gymnocarpa (Lemm. )
Cory e Other common name.-=-cherry=-stone juniper.
Much-branched, spreading, often scraggy shrub or small tree 3-8
mo tall, with several curved branches from the ground, usually without
& Single upright trunk but sometimes with trunk to O cm. in diameter.
Bark gray, fibrous and shreddy. Wood light reddish brown with whitish
sapwood, soft, light-weight. Leafy twigs crowded at ends of branches,
relatively stout, 2 mm. or less in diameter. Leaves opposite or part-
ly in 3's, closely appressed, scalelike, rhombic-ovate, about 2 mn.
long, usually acute, mostly with gland on back, denticulate, yellow
green, on vigorous shoots in 3's, awllike and sharp-pointed, to 5 mm.
long. Dioecious; male strobili 3-11 mm. long, pale light yellow brown;
mature female strobili or cones berrylike, subglobose, -7 mma. in diam-
eter, dark biue, glancous, juicy, with reddish bitter pulp, maturing
the first years seed 1, about ) mm. long, dark brown, cotyledons 2.
Derivation. =--One-seeded.
Pinyon=-juniper woodlands, apparently not Nevada. Colorado and

Utah, south to southeastern Arizona, southern New Mexico, Trans-Pecos,

= 37

central, and northwestern Texas, and extreme northwestern Oklahoma.
Also in northern Mexico.

Juniperus monosperma is not known to be native in Nevada but may
eventually be discovered in the southeastern part. It is sometimes
confused with J. osteosperma or other species. Apparently first re-
corded from Nevada in Charleston Mountains by Coville (Bot. Death Val-
ley Exped. 225. 1893: Merriam, No. Amer. Fauna 7: 33. 1893), accord-
ing to Sargent (Silva No. Amer. 10: 90. 1896). Sudworth (The cypress
and juniper trees of the Rocky Mountain region. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bul.
207, map 6. 1915) included eastern Nevada in the range. However,it is
significant that Clokey (Flora Charleston Mts., Nevada. Calif. Univ.
Pubs. Bot. 2h: 29. 1951) in his extraordinarily large collections in
the Charleston Mountains did not find J. monosperma. He listed this
species as reported there at an elevation of 2,800 m. in the Death Val-
ley Expedition. Upon examination this old Nevada specimen (Coville
and Funston 322) proves to be Je scopulorum with compact foliage; the
high elevation also agrees with that species. Billings (Nevada Trees,
ed. 2, 48. 195) restricted the Nevada range of J. monosperma to the
eastern and perhaps the southern counties, but specimens from those
areas are referred here to J. osteosperma. Moreover, Nevada is out-
side the range of J. monosperma as mapped by Whiting (Plateau 15: 23-
32, illus. 192).

In order that further search may be made for it in Nevada, Juni-
perous monosperma is tentatively retained here. If not collected with-
in the State, this species should be excluded from the final publica-

tion of this flora.

-38-

Juniperus monosperma may be distinguished from J. osteosperma

by the following characters: smaller size, habit usually a spreading
shrub with several curved branches from ground and usually without a
single upright trunk; leafy twigs crowded at ends of branches; dioe-
cious; smaller, dark blue, juicy strobilis smaller seeds and 2 coty-

ledons.

3. JUNIPERUS OSTEOSPERMA (Torr.) Little, Leaflets West. Bot. 5: 125.
1938. | ign.) Bg | "Utah juniper"
Jo californica var. utahensis Engelm., J. utahensis (Engeln. ) Lemme y
Sabina osteosperma (Torr.) Ant., S. utahensis (Engelm.) Rydb.

Small tree 3-12 m. tall, usually with definite upright trunk
(elsewhere to 90 cm. in diameter), branching at height of a few feet to
form a broad, rounded or conical, open crown with spreading branches
nearly to ground. Bark gray, fibrous and shreddy in long strips. Wood
light brown with thick whitish sapwood, soft, light-weight. Leafy
twigs relatively stout, 2 mm. or less in diameter. Leaves mostly op-
posite or also in 3's, closely appressed, scalelike, rhombic-ovate, a-
bout 2 mm. long, mostly acute, mostly without gland or sometimes with
inconspicuous gland on back, denticulate, yellow green, on vigorous
shoots in 3's, awllike and sharp-pointed, to 5 mm. long. Monoecious;
male strobili 3 mm. long, brown; mature female strobili or cones berry-
like, subglobose, 7-13 (17) mm. in diameter, brownish or whitish, glau-
cous, dry and mealy, the sweetish pulp greenish brown; seeds 1 or some-
times 2, 5-8 mm. long, brown toward apex and light brown toward base,

cotyledons )-6. The berrylike strobili mature the second year. Deri-

_392

vation.--Bone-seeded.

Common and characteristic desert mountain tree of the pinyon-
juniper woodland usually with Pinus monophylla or sagebrush or alone,
at elevations fron 800 to 2,400 m. on Great Basin mountain ranges al-
most throughout Nevada. Specimens seen from all 17 counties. Great
Basin region, chiefly, from southwestern iGoniag to southern Idaho
and Nevada, south to eastern and southeastern California, central
Arizona, and western New Mexico. Also local in southern Montana.

The durable wood is used for fence posts and also for fuel, while
the "berries" were eaten by the Indians. The trees have been grown

for ornament.

he JUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM Sarg., Silva No. Amer. ll: 93, pl. 739. 1902.
J. virginiana var. scopulorum Lemm., Sabina scopulorun (Sarg.) Rydb.
"Rocky mountein juniper"
Other common names.--western juniper (lumber), Rocky Mountain
redcedar.
Smal] to medium+sized tree to 12 m. tall, with straight trunk to
50 CMe in diameter, with narrow, pointed, open, conical crown, and
with slender branches often drooping at ends, or sometimes shrubby.
Bark dark reddish brown or gray, thin, fibrous and shreddy. Wood deep
red or purplish red with thick whitish sapwood, soft, light-weight.
Leafy twigs slender, about 1 mm. in diameter, often drooping at end,
older twigs becoming smoothish and reddish brown to dark red. Leaves
mostly opposite, closely appressed, scalelike, rhombic-ovate, about 2
mm. long, acute or acuminate, mostly with gland on back, entire, gray

green or blue green; vigorous shoots in 3's, awllike and sharp-pointed,

-)0-

to 6 mm. long. Dioecious (?); male strobili 2-3 mm. long, brown; ma-
ture female strobili or cones berrylike, subglobose, 5-8 mm. in diam-
eter, bright or dark blue, glaucous, juicy, resinous; seeds 1-3, usual-
ly 2, 4-5 mm. long, light brown. Pollen shedding in Mays; the berry-
like strobili maturing the second year. Derivation.--Of rocky cliffs,
or crags, referring to the habitat.

Canyons, streams, and ridges in pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine
zones in mountains at elevations of 1,700 to 2,800 m. in eastern and
northern Nevada in Elko, Eureka, Lander, Pershing, White Pine, Nye,
and Clark Counties. A variation called swamp cedar grows with grease-
wood and rabbitbrush in the wet, saline Spring Valley, northeast of
Connor's Pass, White Pine County. Western North Dakota and Montana,
northwest to southwestern Alberta, and eastem British Columbia, south
to southern Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Trans-Fecos Texas.

The wood is used for fence posts and lumber and is suitable for

cedar chests.

RUTACEAE OF NEVADA

(Rue Family)

Shrubs (in Nevada) or trees (rarely herbs), glancular-—punctate
and often strongly bitter aromatic; leaves alternate or opposite, sim-
ple or palmately or pinnately compound (rarely reduced to spines),
mostly gland-dotted, estipulate. Flowers mostly bisexual (sometimes
unisexual and the plants dioecious), mostly actinomorphic, in lateral
or terminal inflorescences. Calyx of 3-5 sepals or lobes; corolla
hypogynous or slightly perigynous, of 3-5 usually distinct petals,
rarely none; disk present ; stamens as many or twice as many as petals,
mostly distinct, anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally; pistil 1
or sometimes of 2-5 nearly separate carpels, 2-12-carpellate, ovary
superior, usually deeply lobed, typically h-5 celled (or 2-12-celled)
with axile placentation, ovules 1-2 or several in each cell, styles
as many as carpels or connate and seemingly 1. Fruit a capsule, of
nearly separate carpels, a berry, drupe, or samara; seeds l-several in
each cell, with or without enceSperme.

About 140 genera and 1,300 species, widely distributed in tropi-
cal and temperate regions but mainly tropical, with 8 genera native in
the United States. The citrus fruits (Citrus) are of great economic
importance, and other representatives are ornamentals.

A single native species in Nevada. To be sought here is the

genus Ptelea (hoptree), which is found in the bordering States of Utah,

Arizona, and California.

aye.

1. THAMNOSMA Torr. & Frém. in Frém., Rpt. Explor. Exped. Rocky Mts.

3138 10hSe | "desert-rue"

Small shrubs or half-shrubs, strong-scented, deciduous (in the

Nevada species) or evergreen. Leaves alternate, simple, small or re-
duced to scales. Flowers bisexual, solitary. Calyx l-~lobeds; petals
hs stamens 8, inserted on the cuplike disk; ovary stipitate, 2-celled,
deeply 2-lobed, style filiform, ovules several in each cell. Capsule
deeply 2-lobed, the segments subgloboses; seeds reniform. Derivation.-~-
From Greek bush and odor, referring to the strong odor. Type species.--
T. montana Torr. & Frém. Three species in arid southwestern United

States and northern Mexico.

1. THAMNOSMA MONTANA Torr. & Frem., Rpt. Explor. Exped. Rocky
Mts. 313. 185. "Mohave desert-rue"
Other common name.--turpentine-broom.

A low shrub 30-60 cme or more in height, much-branched and broom-
like, strongly odorous, soon deciduous and leafless most of year.
Twigs stout, yellow green, with raised gland dots, the apices dying
and often forming a spiny point. Leaves linear to oblanceolate, 2-12
mme long, gland-dotted, shedding early. Flowers solitary, terminal
and lateral, short-pedicellate, 8-12 mm. long, gland-dotted; calyx 2
mm. long, green, with ) rounded lobes, persistent; corolla cylindric
to funnelform, 8-12 mm. long, petals dark bluish purple, the slender
style exserted. Capsule with stipe 2-l mm. long, the 2 gland-dotted
globose lobes 5-8 mm. in diameters; seeds 1-3 in each cell, ) mm. long,

dark brown, smooth or slightly wrinkled. Flowering March-May and

Ane

fruiting April-June. Derivation.--Of mountains.

Frequent on rocky and gravelly mesas, slopes, and washes in creo-
sote-bush desert zone at elevations from less than 350 to 1,300 m.,
Lincoln and Clark Counties, southeastern Nevada. Southwestern Utah,
southeastern Nevada, southeastern California, and Arizona. Also in
northwestern Mexico (Lower California and Sonora).

The type of this species and genus was collected on Virgin River,
southeastern Nevada, by Frémont.

Not browsed by livestock. Reported to have been used medicinally

by the Indians.

=) dee

MELIACEAE OF NEVADA

(Mahogany Family)

Trees or shrubs with wood often scented. Leaves alternate (rare-
ly opposite), mostly pinnate (sometimes 2-3 pinnate, rarely simple),
estipulate. Flowers mostly bisexual, actinomorphic, commonly in axil-
lary panicles. Calyx usually small, of )-5 sepals or lobes, persis-
tent; corolla of l-5 (rarely 3-8) petals, free or connate at base or
adnate to staminal tube; stamens mostly 8-10 (rarely 5 or numerous),
the filaments connate (rarely free) forming a Sstaminal tube with an-
thers often sessile, anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally; disk
usually present, various; pistil 1, ovary superior, usually 2-5 carpel-
late and 2-5-celled, placentation axile, ovules mostly 2 in each cell,
rarely 1 or more, pendulous, anatropous, style 1 or none, stigma often
capitate, discoid, or 5-lobed. Fruit a berry, capsule, or rarely a
drupe; seeds often winged, with or without endosperm.

Tropical family of about 50 genera and 800 species, with 1 spec-
ies of Swietenia (mahogany) north to the United States in southern
Florida. Valuable tropical timbers, such as mahogany and Spanish-
cedar (Cedrela), and ornamentals, including the following single intro-

duced species in Nevada.

1. MELIA L., Spo Pl. 38001753: Gone Pl. Ed. 5,162. 17a.

"chinaberry"

Decicuous or half-evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate,

Age.

large, 1-3-pinnate, the leaflets entire or serrate. Flowers numerous

in lateral panicles; sepals 5-6; corolla of 5-6 petals, white or pur-
ples; staminal tube divided at top into 10-12 lobes, bearing 10-12 an-
thers between lobes on inside; disk annular; ovary 3-8-celled with 2
ovules in each cell, style long with -6-lobes capitate stigma. Fruit

a small indehiscent drupe. Derivation.--A classical Greek name for

the ash tree, and transferred by Linnaeus to this genus. Type species.--
M. azedarach L. About 10 to 20 species from tropical Asia and Austral-

ia, 1 of which is naturalized in warmer parts of the United States.

1. MELIA AZEDARACH L., Sp. Pl. 38). 1753.

M. azedarach umbraculifera G. W. Knox "chinaberry"

Other common names.--umbrella chinaberry, chinatree, umbrella-tree.

Small to medium-sized deciduous tree becoming 6-10 m. tall and 30

cm. in trunk diameter, with crowded, abruptly spreading branches form-
ing a hemispherical, flattened, or umbrellalike crown. Bark dark or
reddish brown, becoming furrowed. Wood light brown to reddish brown
with yellowish white sapwood, moderately soft. Twigs green, glabrous
or nearly so. Leaves 20-0 cm. or more in length, mostly 2-3-pinnate;
leaflets numerous, odd-pinnate, short-petiolulate, ovate to lanceolate,
2-5 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, acute to acuminate at apex, cuneate and
mostly oblique at base, sharply serrate or lobed, thin, glabrous or
nearly so, dark green above and paler beneath, with pungent odor when
crushed. Panicles 10-25 cm. long, lateral, long-stalked; flowers num-
erous, on slender pedicels, 5-merous, about 1 cm. long and 1.5-2 cm.

across, showy and fragrant; sepals 5, 2 mm. long, greenish; petals 5,

10 mm. long; spreading, pale purplish or lilac-colored; staminal tube
& mm. long, violet, with usually 10 anthers; ovary 3-6-celled. Drupe
subglobose, 1.5 cm. in diameter, yellow, slightly fleshy and becoming
wrinkled, persistent on tree in winter, stone with 5 or fewer dark
brown seeds 8 mm. long. Derivation.--From the Persian name (azad dir-
akht, literally "noble tree") for this species.

Escaped from cultivation in southern Nevada, where grown for or-
nament and shade, according to Tidestrom (Fl. Utah Nev. 30. 1925) and
Billings (Nev. Trees, ed. 2, 87. 190). However, probably not natur-
alized and to be excluded from the State flora, since no herbarium
specimens from Nevada were found, Widely planted and escaped and nat-
uralized in southeastern United States from Virginia to Oklahoma,
Texas, and Florida. Sometimes escaping in California. Native of south-
ern Asia, probably from Iran and Himalaya to China, but widely culti-
vated and naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions.

This species is poisonous and has insecticidal properties. Var~
lous parts of the tree including the poisonous fruits have been em-

ployed medicinally. A sacred tree in parts of Asia.

ANACARDIACEAE OF NEVADA

(Sumac or Cashew Family)

Trees or shrubs (rarely woody vines) usually with resinous juice
in bark; leaves alternate (rarely opposite), simple, 3-foliolate, or
pinnate, estipulate or with stipules obscure. Flowers bisexual or
usually unisexual, usually actinomorphic, minute, mostly numerous,
mostly in terminal or lateral panicles. Calyx of 5 (sometimes )) or
3) sepals united at base; petals 5 (sometimes ) or 3 or rarely none),
usually hypogynouss; a short hypanthium sometimes present; disk slight-
ly 5-lobeds stamens mostly 5 and alternate with petals or 10, fila-
ments filiform, anthers 2-celled, deniscing longitudinally; pistil 1,
ovary superior, usually 3-carpellate but l-celled (sometimes to 5 car-
pels and 5 cells), usually 1 ovule with axile or parietal placentation,
anatropous, style usually 1 (sometimes 3-5) with terminal stigma.
Fruit usually a drupe with resinous mesocarp; seed 1, with scant or no
endosperm.

Family mostly tropical and warm temperate, of about 70 genera and
600 species, with 5 genera, such as Rhus (sumac) and Toxicodendron
(poison-sumac), north into subtropical and temperate United States.
Members of the family produce fruits (mango, etc.), nuts (cashew, etc.),
resins, oils, lacquers, and tannin. A few are commercial timbers or
ornamentals. |

One genus and 2 native species in Nevada. Pistacia chinensis

-)8-

Bunge (Chinese pistache) from China, is recorded as grown in Clark
County. The genus Toxicodendron (poison-ivy, poison-sumac, and poison-
oak), with toxic juice irritating to the skin of most persons, fortun-
ately is not yet known from Nevada, though represented by one or more

native species in all the other 7 States.

1. RHUS L., Spe Pl. 265. 17533 Gen. Pl. Ede 5, 129. 175). “sumac”
Schmatlzia Desv. ex Small, Schmatlzia Desv. emend. Barkley & Reed.

Shrubs or small trees » mostly deciduous. Leaves alternate 9» Sime
ple, 3-foliolate, or pinnate. Flowers numerous, unisexual and bisex=-
ual, polygamous or dioecious, in terminal panicles or compound spikes.
Calyx of 5 sepals, mostly persistent; petals 5; stamens 53 ovary 1-
celled, sessile on the disk, styles 3. Drupes red, about as broad as
long, slightly flattened, with red glandular hairs, l-seeded. Deri-
vation.--The classical Greek and Latin name of Rhus coriaria L. (Sici-
lian sumac), which is the type species. About 100 species in North
America, southern Europe, and Asia, 2 native in Nevada.

Rhus typhina L. (staghorn sumac), of eastern United States and
adjacent Canada, is an ornamental shrubby tree planted in Nevada.

Reference.--Barkley, Fred Alexander. A monographic study of Rhus
and its immediate allies in North and Central America, including the
West Indies. Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. 2hs 265-198, illus. 1937.

Barkley, Fred A. Schmaltzia. Amer. Midland Nat. 2h: 67-665.
1910. oo

KEY TO SPECIES

Leaves pinnate, with 11-21 or more lanceolate serrate leaflets; flow-

-),9-

ers in dense terminal panicles, appearing after the leaves.
1. R. GLABRA
Leaves 3-foliolate (rarely simple), with ovate to obovate crenate
leaflets; flowers in terminal compound spikes, appearing in early

spring before or with the leaves. . » «© o « » o « « of@e Ro TRILOBATA

1. RHUS GLABRA L., Sp. Pl. 265. 1753. "smooth sumac!
R. macrothyrsa Goodding, R. cismontana Greene.
Other common names.--Rocky Mountain sumac, scarlet sumac.

Deciduous shrub mostly 1-)) m. high (sometimes a small tree in
southeastern United States), with relatively few branches, dioecious
or polygamous. Twigs stout, brownish, often glaucous, generally glab-
rous, with large pith and milky juice, without terminal bud; lateral
buds minute, brown hairy. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, 1-0 cm.
long; leaflets 11-21 or more, sessile or nearly so, lanceolate, 5-12
cm. long, 1.5-3 cm. broad, apex acuminate, base unequal and subcordate
to subcuneate, subrevolute, serrate, glabrous, green above, lighter
and glaucous beneath, turning red in autumn. Inflorescence a dense
terminal panicle 10-30 cm. long, puberulent. Flowers numerous, short
pedicellate; sepals 2 mm. long, greenish, hairy, persistent; petals
lanceolate, about 2 mm. long, whitish. Fruiting panicles erect; drupes
numerous and crowded, red or scarlet, about lh mm. long and broad,
slightly flattened, covered with short red hairs; seed 2.5-3 mm. long,
brown. Flowering after the leaves, collected with fruit in May.
Derivation.--Glabrous, or hairless.

Uncommon and local, open areas in canyons and foothills, 1,00 to

«5A

2kOOrmss southeastern Nevada (Lincoln County). Very widely distrib-
uted almost throughout the United States and apparently in every State.
Also southern Quebec, southern British Columbia, and northern Mexico.

A variable species for which many names have been proposed. The
type of R. macrothrysa Goodding (Goodding 988) was from Caliente,
Lincoln County.

The acid outer fruit coats can be eaten or made into a drink like
lemonade. Elsewhere planted as an ornamental for the red autumnal

foliage and red fruits.

2. RHUS TRILOBATA Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. No. Amer. 1: 219. 1838.
R. aromatica Ait. var. trilobata (Nutt.) A. Gray, R. utahensis Good-
ding, R. trilobata var. anesoonna de (Greene) Jeps., R. trilobata
var. quinata Jeps., R. trilobata var. simplicifolia (Greene) Bark-
ley, Schmaltzia hederacea Greene, s. trilobata (Nutt.) Small, S.
trilobata var. anisophylla (Greene) Barkley, S. trilobata var. quin-
ata (Jeps.) Barkley, S. trilobata var. simplicifolia (Greene) Bark-

ley. "lemonade sumac"

Other common names.--skunkbush, squawbush, squawberry, ill-scented
sumac.

Deciduous shrub 0.3-2.5 m. high, spreading and much branched,
dioecious or polygamous. Twigs slender, brown, puberulent, becoming
glabrate, with characteristic aromatic or skunklike odor and taste,
Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate or rarely simple, 2-7 cm. longs petiole
0.5-2 cm. long, often pink or reddishs3 leaflets sessile or nearly so,

subrevolute, crenate to crenate-dentate, usually 3-lobed near rounded

or obtuse apex, base cuneate, puberulent or nearly glabrous, dark
green above, paler beneath; terminal leaflet broadly ovate, 1-5 em.
long, l- cm. broad; lateral leaflets ovate to obovate, 1-3 cm. long,
0.5-3 cm. broad. Inflorescence a terminal panicle or compound spike
0.5-2cm. long, from reddish brown scaly buds 5-8 mm. long formed the
preceding year, opening in early spring before or with the leaves.
Flowers numerous, short pedicellate; sepals more than 1 mm. long, per-
sistent; petals obovate, 2.5 mm. long, yellowish. Drupe red, 6 mm.
long, 7 mm. broad, flattened, covered with short red hairs and longer
transparent hairs; seed 5 mm. long, brown. Flowering April-May, fruit
maturing June-August. Derivation.--Three-lobed, referring to the
leaflets.

Plains, mountain sides, and canyons in creosotebush, sagebrush,
and pinyon-juniper woodland zones, 1,200 to 2,100 m. elevation, east-
ern Nevada fa Elko, White Pine, Lincoln, and Clark Counties. Central
and western United States from Indiana and Iowa to Montana, Saskatch-
ewan, Alberta, and Oregon, south to California and Texas and northern
and central Mexico.

Many specific names and eight intergrading geographic varieties
of doubtful value have been assigned to minor variations, mostly
scarcely worthy of recognition, in this widespread species. Nevada
specimens have been referred to the four following varieties, which
are not accepted heres Rhus trilobata var. trilobata, with terminal
leaflet much longer than broad, leaflets glabrate, and with small i
drupes about 6 mm. in diameter; var. anisophylla (Greene) Jeps., with

terminal leaflets nearly as broad as long, not deeply lobed, lateral

a8o8

leaflets small and unequal, leaflets glabrate; var. guinatea Jeps., with
terminal leaflets nearly as broad as long, deeply 3-lobed, leaflets
large, somewhat pubescent, and appearing as ifs5y and var. simplici-
fotia (Greene) Barkley, with mostly simple leaves. The type of 5.
hederacea Greene was from Mica Spring, Clark County (Jones 506m).

As the common name lemonade sumac Suggests, the sour fruits can
be made into a beverage or also can be eaten. The slender pliable
twigs have served the Indians in basketry. Generally of no or low

palatability to livestock.

TAMARICACEAE OF NEVADA

(Tamarisk Family)

Shrubs or trees (mostly small, rarely herbs), with very slender
branches, halophytic or xerophytics leaves alternate, sessile, mostly
scalelike tc awl-shaped, appressed, entire, estipulate, Flowers bi-
sexual, actinomorphic, minute, in dense spikelike racemes or solitary,
y-5-merous. Calyx of l-5 sepalss petals l-5, hypogynous, persistent;
fleshy disk present; stamens as many or twice as many as petals, dis-
tinct or basally connate, anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally;
pistil 1, ovary superior, 3-5 carpellate, l-celled with parietal or
basal placentation, ovules 2-many on each of the 3-5 placentas, ana-
tropous, styles 3-5 or sometimes none, and 3-5 sessile stigmas. Fruit
a capsule, l-celled or sometimes falsely and incompletely 3-))-celled;
seeds hairy: (rarely winged), with or without endosperm.

Family of i genera and about 100 species, from Mediterranean
region to eastern Asia. One introduced genus with 2 naturalized spec-

ies in Nevada. A few species are ornamental.

1. TAMARIX L., Sp. Pl. 2¥0. 17533 Gen. Pl. Ed. 5, 131. 175). "tamarisk"
Shrubs or trees with very slender terete branches, twigs and leaves
punctate with salt-secreting glands, deciduous, the small twigs shed-
ding with leaves. Leaves alternate, sessile, mostly scalelike, often
sheathing. Flowers minute, short-pediceled or sessile, in dense spike-

like racemes usually in terminal panicles. Calyx of l|-5 sepals; l-5

petals; stamens )-5, rarely 8-10; ovary l-celled, on a deeply lobed
Gdisk, styles 3-5. Capsule 3-5 valved; seeds many, minute, with tuft
of hairs at apex. Derivation.--The classical Latin name, perhaps from
Tamaris, a river in Spain, according to some authors. Type species:
I. gallica L. About 75 species from the Mediterranean region to east-
ern Asia. ; ;

Tamarix aphylla (L.) Karst. (athel tamarisk, athel; T. articulata
Vahl), a tree from northeastern Africa and western Asia, is planted in
Las Vegas.

Reference.--McClintock, Elizabeth, Studies in California Plants

3. The tamarisks. Calif. Hort: Soc. Jour. 12: 76-63, i1)us. 195a):

KEY TO SPECIES
Racemes lateral on twigs of last year; flowers l\-merous.
1. T. PARVIFLORA
Racemes mostly in large terminal panicles, on twigs of current year;

FLOWeTS ESSMeTOUS ete oie, ebyreprel Pax ortse oer For 0 f shenclortye ad wey ence whe sGA bE kGA

1. TAMARTX PARVIFLORA DC., Prodr. 32 97. 1628. "smallflower tamarisk"

Shrub or small tree 2-6 m. high, much branched, deciduous. Twigs
long, slender, dark purple, mostly arching. Leaves scalelike, ovate,
1.5-3 mm. long, acuminate, green, with minute salt particles secreted
by dotlike glands. Inflorescences of numerous racemes 1.5-l em. long,
densely flowered, lateral on twigs of last year. Flowers numerous,
minute, almost sessile, 2-3 mm. longs sepals hs petals h, light pink
or whitish 5 stamens ), filaments inserted at angles of disk; styles

3-), short. Capsule 3-l mm. long, 3-l-valved, with sepals and petals

58%

persistent. Flowering and fruiting in April-May, before the leaves.
Derivation. --Small-flowered.

Escaped from cultivation and naturalized, forming thickets along
streams from less than 200 to 1,)00 m. elevation, southeastern to
western Nevada. Counties: Churchill (Humboldt Sink), Clark, Lyon,
Mineral, and Washoe. Naturalized also in southern California. Native
of southeastern Europe and western Asia.

Planted for ornament, being alkali-tolerant and hardy except in

the coldest parts of the State.

2. TAMARIX GALLICA L., Sp. Pl. 270. 1753. "French tamarisk"
T. pentandra Pall. (?) Other common name.--salt-cedar.

Shrub or small tree commonly 2-5 m. high, reported to become 10
me in height and 30 cm. in trunk diameter, with slender upright or
spreading branches and narrow or rounded crown, glabrous, deciduous.
Bark reddish brown, smoothish, becoming furrowed and ridged. Twigs
long, slender, becoming purplish. Leaves scalelike, lanceolate to
ovate, 1-3 mm. long, acute to acuminate, pale blue green, with minute
salt particles secreted by dotlike glands. Inflorescences of numerous
densely flowered racemes 1-8 cm. long, mostly in large terminal pani-
cles, on twigs of current year. Flowers numerous, minute, almost ses-
sile, 2-3 mm. long; sepals 5; petals 5, pink; stamens 5, filaments
inserted between lobes of disk; styles 3, about half as long as ovary.
Capsule 3 mn. long, 3-valved, reddish brown, with sepals and petals
persistent at base. Flowering in spring and summer, after the leaves.

Derivation.--O0f Gaul, or France.

ogee

Escaped and naturalized along streams, forming thickets in desert
zones, elevation from less than 200 to 1,500 me, from Clark County to
Pershing and Elko Counties, southern to northern Nevada. Widely nat-
uralized in soueseen and western United States from North Carolina to
Missouri, Colorado, and southeastern Oregon, south to California, Tex-
as, and Florida. Also escaped from cultivation northward to Massachu-
setts. Native of southeastern Europe and western Asia.

Planted as an ornamental shrub in southern and western parts of
the State. Along several rivers in southwestern United States this’
alkali-tolerant species has become abundant, consuming ground water
needed for irrigation and creating a problem of eradication.

A few authors have taken up the name Tamarix pentandra Pall. for
this introduced plant of southwestern United States. Further study

of the nomenclature is needed.

a=

CORNACEAE OF NEVADA

(Dogwood Family)

Shrubs or trees (rarely herbs), deciduous or overgreen, with bi-
sexual flowers or dioecious. Leaves opposite or alternate, mostly
entire, usually estipulate. Inflorescence terminal or lateral, a cyme
or head (catkinlike raceme in Garrya). Flowers small; calyx of usual-
ly minute sepals; petals usually )-5 (absent in Garrya); stamens }-
10; ovary inferior, usually 1-2-celled (rarely 3-10-celled), with us-
ually 1 style arising from a fleshy disk (2 styles and no disk in
Garrye). Fruit a drupe, l-seeded (1-2-seeded berry in Garrya) ; seed
with endosperm.

Heterogeneous and perhaps artificial family of about 15 genera
and more than 100 species in temperate and subtropical regions mostly
in northern hemisphere. Three native genera in the United States,
each often placed in a separate family but retained together here pend-
ing further determination of their affinities: Cornus, Nyssa (Nyssa-
ceae), and Garrya (Garryaceae). Ornamental shrubs and timber trees.

Two genera and 3 species native in Nevada.

KEY TO GENERA
Leaves thin, deciduous; flowers bisexual, in flat-topped cymes or
MESON ea 6) 6 0i0 0 6 6» «oe « 6 6 6 & 6 ee 6 ee « © DCORNUS
Leaves coriaceous, evergreen; dioecious; flowers in pendulous catkin-

like racemes ° se ° ° ° oO ° e ° ° ° °o ° e ° e e ° e e e ° e oe 2 ° GARRYA

age

1. CORNUS L., Sp. Pl. 117. 17533; Gen. Pl. Ed. 5, Si. 1754. "dogwood"
Svida Opiz ex Small.

Shrubs or small trees (rarely herbs), deciduous. Twigs ringed at
nodes; buds elongated, with 2 valvate scales. Leaves opposite (rarely
alternate), clustered toward ends of twigs, elliptic to ovate or lance-
olate, entire, usually with 2-forked appressed hairs; veins usually
arising near base of blade and curving parallel with margin. (Inflor-
escence terminal, a flat-topped cyme or in a few species an involu-
crate head with petaloid bracts. Flowers small, usually bisexual, hj
merous; calyx of ) minute sepals; petals ), valvate, mostly white or
yellowish, spreading or revolute; stamens h, alternate, exserted; o-
vary inferior, e-celied, style 1, arising from a fleshy disk. Drupe
usually 2-celled, with 2 or sometimes 1 seed. Derivation.--Latin name
of the type species, Cornus mas Le, Cornelian-cherry dogwood of Europe,
from the word horn, referring to the hardness of the wood. About )0
species in the north temperate zone.

Cornus ficrida L. (flowering dogwood), of eastern United States,
is planted as an ornamental in Reno. |

References.--Fosberg, F. R. Cornus sericea L. (C. stolonifera
Michx.) Torrey Bot. Club Bul. 69: 683-589, 192.

Rickett, H. We Cornus stolonifera and Cornus occidentalis.
Brittonia 5: 19-159, illus. 19)2.

Rickett, Harold William. Cornaceae. North Amer. Fl. 28B: 299-

311. 195.

-59=

KEY TO SPECIES
Under surface of leaves mostly strigillose; petals mostly 2-3 mm. long;
endocarp smooths; throughout Nevada. .o »« « »« © « « ele Geo STOLONIFERA
Under surface of leaves densely hirsute with spreading hairs; petals
3-5 mm. long; endocarp ridged; Sierra Nevada and vicinity.

2. C. OCCIDENTALIS

1. CORNUS STOLONIFERA Michx., Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 92. 1803.
C. instolonea A. Nels., C. interior (Rydb.) N. Petersen, C. sericea
L. (in part but not of most authors), C. sericea subsp. interior
(Michx.) Fosberg, C. sericea f. interior (Rydb.) Fosberg, C. sericea
subsp. stolonifera (Michx. ) Fosberg, C. sericea f. stolonifera
(Michx.) Fosberg, C. stolonifera f. interior (Rydb. ) Rickett, Svida
instolonea (A. Nels.) Rydb., S. interior Rydb., S. stolonifera
(Michx.) Rydb. 7 Bie be "red-osier dogwood"
Other common name.--basket dogwood.

Shrub 1-2 m. or sometimes a small tree to 5-6 m. tall, spreading,
with branches often procumbent and rooting at tips, and with bitter
foliagee Twigs dark red or purplish, strigillose, with large white
pith half the diameter. Leaves 5-11 cm. long; petiole 0.5-2 cm.long;
blade lanceolate, elliptic, or ovate, 4-9 em. long, 2-5 cm. broad,
acute or acuminate at apex, cuneate at base, veins commonly 5-7 on
each side of midrib, usually ) or 5 from basal half, above dark green
and nearly glabrous, beneath paler, strigillose, villose-tufted in
vein axils, and minutely papillose, turning crimson in autumn. Flo-
wers in flat cymes 3-6 cm. across; pedicel 1-5 mm. long; hypanthium

1.5 mm. long, gray strigillose; sepals 0.5 mm. long; petals mostly 2-3

-60-

mm. long, white; style 2 mm. long. Drupe globose, 6-9 m. in diameter,

white (sometimes blue); stone 4-5 mm. broad, usually oblique and long-
er than broad, smooth on the faces, furrowed laterally. Flowering May-
July; fruiting July-September. Derivation.--Bearing stolons; that is,
the branches often touching the ground and rooting at the tips.

Frequent on moist shaded soil along mountain streams often with
willows, poplars, and aspens, elevation 1,600 to 2,500 m., throughout
Nevada. Collected in the following counties: Clark, Douglas, Elko,
Eureka, Humboldt, Lander, Mineral, Nye, Ormsby, Storey, Washoe, and
White Pine. Very widely distributed from Newfoundland across Canada
to central Alaska, south in western United States to California and
New Mexico and in northeastern United States to Wisconsin, Indiana,
and New York. Also in northern Mexico.

The Indians make baskets of bark peeled from long shoots. The

foliage generally is not browsed by livestock.

2. CORNUS OCCIDENTALIS (Torr. & Gray) Coville, U. S. Dept. Agr. Con-
trib. U. S. Natl. Herbarium : 117. 1893. western dogwood"
C. sericea L. var. occidentalis Torr. & Gray, C. pubescens Nutt.,
not Willd., C. sericea subsp. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg,
C. sericea F. occidentalis (Torr. & Gray) Fosberg.

Shrub 2 m. high or sometimes a small tree to 5 m. tall. Twigs
usually dark red and hirsute, with large white pith half the diameter.
Leaves 5-10 cm. longs petiole 0.5-2 cm. long; blade elliptic, ovate or
lanceolate, 4-9 cm. long, 2.5=5 cm. broad, short acuminate at apex,

cuneate, rounded, or subcordate at base, veins commonly 5-6 on each

side of midrib, usually ); from basal half, above sparsely strigillose,
beneath paler, tomentose, and minutely papillose. Flowers in flat
cymes lj-6 cm. across; pedicel Leeper long, villose; hypanthium 2 mm.
long, gray strigillose; sepals less than 1 mm. long; petals 3-5 mm.
long, white; = 2.5-3 mm. long. Drupe globose, about 6 mm. in
diameter, white; stone )-5 mm. long, broader than long, often oblique,
with 3 ridzes on each face and furrowed laterally. Flowering June-
July; fruiting July~August. Derivation.--Western.

Moist soil along streams at 1,400 to 2,200 m. elevation, Sierra
Nevada and vicinity in southern Washoe, Ormsby, and ee Counties, -
western Nevada. Southern British Columbia, Washington, and northern
Idaho, south to southern California and western Nevada.

Cornus occidentalis is closely related to C. stolonifera, with
which it intergrades: and also has been united. Intermediate varia-
tions occurring in the range of C. occidentalis and reported from
western Nevada are designated as a hybrid, Cornus x californica C. A.
Meyer (Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersb. Bul., Phys.-Math. 3: 373. 185;

C. occidentalis x stolonifera).

2. GARRYA Dougl. ex Lindl., Edwards' Bot. Reg. 20: No. 1686, pl. 1686.
183); Wsilktassel"
Shrubs or sometimes small trees, evergreen, dioecious. Young
twigs lj-angled; older twigs ringed at nodes. Leaves opposite, ellip-
tic to lanceolate, coriaceous, mostly entire, bitter, estipulate, with
petioles slightly connate at bass. Inflorescence lateral and terminal,

of pendulous catkinlike racemes with connate bracts; flowers small,

=622

apetalous. Staminate flowers in 3's, with sepals and ) alternate
stamens. Pistillate flowers solitary, sometimes with 2 small sepals;
ovary inferior, l-celled, 2-ovwled, with 2 filiform persistent styles.
Fruit a dry globose or ovoid blackish berry, breaking open irregularly,
1-2 seeded, with bitter pulp. Derivation--Named in compliment to
Nicholas Garry, secretary of the Hudson Bay Company, for assistance to
David Douglas during his travels in northwestern America. Type spe-
cies.--G. elliptica Dougl. About 15 species in western United States
and Mexico, with 1 in West Indies, often placed in 3 separate family

Garryaceae of uncertain position.

1. GARRYA FLAVESCENS S. Wats., Amer. Nat. 7: 301. 1873.

Other common name.--quinine bush. "yellowleaf silktassel" .

Shrub 1-2.5 m. or more in height, with gray to whitish sericeous

young twigs, lower leaf surfaces, inflorescences, and berries. Twigs
becoming glabrate and brownish. Leaves 2.5-8 cm. long; petiole 0.5-1
cm. longs blade elliptic to ovate, 3-7 cm. long, 1.5- cm. broad, a-
cute and mucronate at apex, acute at base, stiff and coriaceous, mar-
gin slightly revolute, yellow green (dull gray in a California variety)
and usually sparsely appressed pubescent above. Racemes 3-7 cm. long,
with ovate connate bracts h-7 m. long; staminate flowers with hairy
sepals mm. long; pistillate flowers with hirsute ovary | mm. long.
Berry ovoid, 7-10 m. long, with broken styles at apex, blackish,
densely sericeous; seeds 1-2, subglobose, 3 mm. long, black. Flower-
ing in early spring from elongate buds formed the pervious summer 3

fruiting May-August. Derivation.--Yellowish, referring to the foliage.

2674

Rocky mountain slopes and canyons in pinyon-juniper and ponderosa
pine zones at elevations of 1,300 to 2,200 m., Clark County (Charles-
ton Mountains and Bunkerville), southeastern Nevada. Southern Utah,
southeastern Nevada, California, and Arizona.

This species was described originally from southern Nevada and
Utah to Arizona and New Mexico. The bitter foliage is seldom browsed

by livestock.

OLEACEAE OF NEVADA
(Olive Family)

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines (halfshrubs in Menodora). Leaves
opposite (rarely alternate, as in Menodora), simple or pinnate, estip-
ulate. Flowers bisexual, sometimes unisexual, (as in Fraxinus), acti-
nomorphic, in axillary or terminal racemose or paniculate inflores-
cences. Calyx mostly )-lobed or h-toothed (rarely absent); corolla
gamopetalous, mostly l-lobed or l-toothed, sometimes of separate pet-
als or absent (as in Fraxinus); stamens 2 (rarely 4), often adnate to
the corolla, anthers 2-celled, cells back to back, dehiscing longitud-
inallys pistiil 1, ovary superior, 2-carpellate, e-celled, placentation
axile, ovules usually 2 (l or 2 in Menodora) in each cell, anatropous,
style 1 or none, stigmas 1-2. Fruit a drupe, berry, capsule, or sa-
mara; seeds with large straight embryo, usually with endosperm.

This famiiy of temperate and tropical regions has about 20 genera
and 500 species and 5 genera, such as Fraxinus (ash) and Forestiera ,
(forestiera) in the United States. The olive, ornamentals such as |
lilac and privet, and hardwood timbers are included.

Three genera and 5 species are native in Nevada. Olea europaea L.
(olive), of the Mediterranean region, has been planted in Las Vegas.
Three species of Fraxinus, listed below, have been intreduced for

shade.

KEY TO GENERA
Trees or shrubs; leaves opposites; flowers mostly unisexual, corclla
none or rudimentary (present in Fraxinus cuspidata); fruit l-seeded.
Leaves pinnate (except in Fraxinus anomala, which has broadly ovate
to orbicular leaves); fruit a samara with long terminal wing.
1. FRAXINUS
Leaves simple; fruit a black l-seeded drupe. ... . . 2. FORESTIERA
Low shrubs or halfshrubs 0.2 to 1m. high; leaves alternate and oppo-
Sites flowers perfect, corolla large; fruit a capsule of 2 subglo-

bose cells, each res or 2-seeded. e Ctl Saat oed -) e e o e ee 6 ) Bho MENODORA

1. FRAXINUS L., Sp. Pl. 1057. 17533 Gen. Pl. Ede 5, 77. 1754. "ash"

Trees or shrubs, mostly with furrowed bark, mostly deciduous, di-
oecious or polygamous. Twigs with rounded winter buds and relatively
large neariy semicircular leaf scars. Leaves opposite, unequally pin-
nate (rarely simpie), the leaflets usually serrate. Flowers in ter-
minal or lateral panicies in early spring; calyx minute, campanulate,
deciduous or persistent, or none3 corolla 2-)-parted or none; stamens
usually 2, rarely 3-\, inserted on base of corolla or hypogynous; o-
vary 2-celled, style with 2-lobed stigma, ovules 2 in each cell. Sa-
mara with elongate wing, usually l-celled, 1l-seeded. Derivation.--
The classical Latin name of ash. Type species.+-F. excelsior L.
About 0 ecies in the north temperate zone with a few species south-
ward to Guatemala, Cuba, and Philippines.

Three additional species have been introduced as shade trees:

Fraxinus americana L. (white ash), of eastern United States; F. mand-

-66-

shurica Rupr. (Manchurian ash), of northeastern Asia, planted as a
street tree in Reno; and F. syriaca Boiss. (Syrian ash), of western
and central Asia, grown in warmer areas of southern and western Nevada.

Fraxinus pennsyivanica Marsh. (green ash) widely distributed in
eastern and central United States, is recorded by Billings (Nev. Trees,
ed. 2, 97-99, fig. 1953 as var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg.) as an ex-
celient shade and ornamental tree and also seemingly native in the
side canyons of Meadow Vailey Wash, Lincoln County. However, a speci-
men from that locality is here referred to F. velutina Torr. The two
species are related, and the latter recently has been considered as a
subspecies, F. pennsylvanica subsp. velutina (Torr.) G. N. Miller
(Cornell Univ. Agr. Expt. Sta. Mem. 3352 0. 1955).

Fraxinus cuspidata Torr. var. macropetala (Eastw.) Rehd. (frag-
rant ash) is cited from Warm Springs, Clark County, by Billings (Nev.
Trees 81. 1953 Ed. 2, 97. 195). A sterile specimen with 3-5 leaf-
lets from that locality (Train 1853) is identified here as F. anomala
Torr.

Fraxinus dipetala Hook. & Arn. (two-petal ash) is indicated from
southeastern Nevada in a distribution map by G. N. Miller (Cornell Univ.
Agr. Expt. Sta. Mem. 335: 34. 1955). No Nevada specimens of that spe-
cies were found in the collections examined.

Reference.--Little, Elbert L., Jr. Notes on Fraxinus (ash) in

the United States. Wash. Acad. Sci. Journ. 23 369-380. 1952.

KEY TO SPECIES
Twigs h-angled when young; leaves simple (sometimes with 2-5 leaflets),

broadly ovate to orbicular, rounded or acute at apex; samara obovate

=O fas

with wing extending to base. « 1 6 « 0 « « « «© « «© « o Le Fo ANOMALA
Twigs terete; leaves pinnate with 3-9 lanceolate to ovate leaflets
acuminate er acute at apex; samara oblong or oblanceolate, the wing

not extending to base. . . 6 ss 6 0 6 @ © « oe @ «© ote KF. VELUTINA

1. FRAXINUS ANOMALA Torr. ex S. Wats. in King, Rpt. Geol. Expl. Oth

Par. 53 283. 1871. "singleleaf ash"

Shrub or small tree 3-6 m. tall and 15 cm. in trunk diameter,

with rounded crown, deciduous. Bark furrowed into narrow ridges, cark
brown, reddish tinged. Wood light brown, hard, heavy. Young twigs l-
angled, often slightly winged, glabrous. Leaves simple or occasionally
with 2-5 leaflets (3-7 leaflets’ in a Southern variety), l-7 cm. long
including petiole 1-3 cm. longs; blade or leaflets broadly ovate to orb-
icular, 2.5-5 cm. long, 2.5-5 cm. broad, rounded or acute at apex, cu-
neate to cordate at base, entire or inconspicuously crenate-serrate a-
bove middle, coriaceous with lateral veins obscure, glabrous and dark
green above, beneath paler and pubescent when young, often with minute
gland dots. Flowers appearing with the leaves, in compact pubescent
lateral panicles, bisexual or unisexual, less than 5 mm. long; calyx
cup-shaped, minutely toothed; corolla none; filaments slender. Samaras
few, obovate and flattened, 12-25 mm. long, 7-10 mm. broad, light brown,
the wing extending to base. Flowering in April, fruiting June-July.
Derivation.--Anomalous, referring to the simple leaves in this genus
characterized by compound leaves.

“Canyons and hilisides, often on very dry rocky slopes, in creo-
sotebush upper desert and pinyon-juniper woodland zones, 600 to 1,800

m. elevation, southeastern Nevada (Clark and southern Lincoln Counties).

=60=

Western Colorado, southern Utah, and southeastern Nevada, south to
southeastern California, northern and central Arizona, and extreme
northwestern New Mexico.

Almost unique among the genus because of the simple leaves, which
are rare in other species. A variety in Arizona (var. lowellii (Sarg.)

Little) has 3-7 leaflets.

2. FRAXINUS VELUTINA Torr. in Emory, Notes Mil. Reconn. Ft. Léav.

Calif. 19. 18)8. "velvet ash"

F, coriacea S. Wats., F. toumeyi Britton, F. velutina var. coriacea

(S. Wats.) Rehd., F. velutina var. toumeyi (Britton) Rehd., F. penn-

sylvanica subsp. velutina (Torr.) G. N. Miller.

Other common names.--Arizona ash, desert ash, leatherleaf ash,

smooth ash, Toumey ash, fresno.

Small to medium-sized deciduous tree 8-15 m. tall and 30 cm. or

more in trunk diameter, with spreading branches and rounded crowns; di-
oecious. Bark gray, deeply furrowed into broad ridges. Wood light
brown, soft, heavy. Twigs terete, brown, glabrous or pubescent to
velvety. Leaves pinnate, 8-15 cm. long. Leaflets 3-9, varying great-
ly, lanceolate to elliptic or ovate, 3-9 embeilones 2-5 cm. broad, al-
most sessile to long-petiolulate, acute to acuminate at apex, rounded
Or cuneate at base, serrate to crenate-serrulate or entire, thin to
coriaceous, beneath often glandular punctate and glabrous or pubescent.
Flowers appearing with the leaves, numerous in lateral panicles, on
slender pedicels, small, 3-)) mm. long, staminate yellowish in dense
clusters, with 2 or 3 stamens; pistillate greenish; calyx cup-shaped,

less than 2 mm. long, minutely toothed; corolla none. Samaras many

-69-

in dense clusters, narrowly oblong, or oblanceolate, 15-25 mm. long,
-6 mm. broad, the long wing terminal and decurrent about to middle of
body. Flowering in April; fruiting in July. Derivation.--Velvety,
referring to the hairy leaflets and twigs of the typical variety.

Springs, streams, and drainages with permanent ground water in
the desert and woodland at 500 to 1,300 m. elevation, southeastern
Nevada (Lincoln, Clark, and Nye Counties). Trans-Pecos Texas, south-
ern New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Utah, southeastern Nevada, and
southern California. Also in northern Mexico.

A variable species with 2 or more varieties distinguished by some
authors, who refer the Nevada plant to var. coriacea (S. Wats.) Rehd.
(F. coriacea S. Wats.), characterized by 3-5 coriaceous, slender pet-
iclulate, often coarsely serrate leaflets. The type specimen was from
Ash Meadows, Nye County (G. M. Wheeler in 1871).

This species is planted as a shade tree in dry areas, such as

warmer parts of Nevada, southern Arizona, and California.

2. FORESTIERA Poir. in Lam., Encycl. Meth. Bot. Sup jh ol 325 4620s
2266). 1812. : "forestiera"
Adelia P. Br., not L.

Shrubs or small trees, much branched, with slender twigs and small
scaly buds, deciduous or rarely evergreen, dioecious or polygamous.
Leaves opposite, short-petioled, simple, entire or serrulate. Flowers
minute on slender pedicels in lateral clusters or racemes in early
spring from scaly buds in axils of leaves of previous year; staminate
flowers sessile; pistillate flowers short pedicellate; calyx of 3-6

unequal minute scales or none; ccrolla usually none; stamens 2-3 o-

ry (a ares

vary 2-celled with ¢ ovules in each cell, style slender, with capitate
or 2-lobed stigma. Drupe small, usually black, l-celled, ovoid or
ellipsoid, with thin flesh, l-seeded (rarely 2-Seeded). Derivation. --
Dedicated to Charles Le Forestier (died about 1820), French physician
and naturalist. Type species.--F. acuminata (Michx.) Poir. (Adelia
acuminata Michx.). About 20 species from southern United States and

West Indies to South America, 1 in Nevada.

1. FORESTIERA NEOMEXICANA A. Gray, Amer. fcad. Arts and Sci. Proc. 12:
63. 1876; as "Neo-Mexicana." "New Mexican forestiera"
F. acuminata Poir. var. parvifolia A. Gray, F. neomexicana var.
arizonica A. Gray, F. arizonica (A. Gray) Rydb.
Other common name.--desert-olive.

Deciduous shrub 1-3 m. tall, perhaps rarely a tree to 5 m., with
smooth light gray bark, much branched, mostly dioecious. Twigs and
leaves usually glabrous or pilose. Leaves 2-6 cm. long, petiole 0.3-1
cme, blade variable, ovate, obovate, elliptic, or oblanceolate, 1.5-5
cme long, 0.5-1.5 cm. broad, acute or obtuse at apex, base gradually
narrowed to petiole, slightly crenulate-serrate, grayish green on both
sides, minutely punctate beneath. Flowers with or before the leaves,
mostly unisexual, minute, greenish, in lateral clusters, corolla none;
staminate flower sessile, of ) stamens 3 mm. long; pistillate flower:
with pedicel 3-5 mm. long, calyx of 3-5 minute scales, pistil 2 mn.
long, sometimes with 2-); usually sterile stamens. Drupe }\-8 mm. long,
dark bluish black, glaucous. Fruiting in May. Derivation.--Of New
Mexico.

Streams, springs and canyon slopes in desert (Atriplex-Ephedra)

ile

and pinyon-juniper zones, elevation 1,200 to 2,100 m., southern Nevada,
collected in Nye County (Buck Springs, 10 mi. SW. of Beatty) and Clark
County (Charleston Mts. and Dead Man Canyon, Desert Game Range). South-
western Colorado, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and southern Califor-
nia to Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. Also in northern Mexico.
Merging from the typical glabrous form through a pubescent form

into Forestiera pubescens Nutt. (downy forestiera). Perhaps only a
variety of that species, which ranges from Arizona and New Mexico east

to Oklahoma and eastern Texas.

3. MENODORA Humb. & Bonpl., Pl. Aequin. 2: 98, pl. 110. 1809.
"menodora" —

Low shrubs or halfshrubs woody toward base, 0.2-1 m. high, decid-
uous. Leaves alternate and opposite, simple. Flowers showy, mostly
in cymes; calyx with short tube and 5-15 mostly linear lobes, persis-
tent; corolla subrotate to funnelform, large, with 5 (sometimes 6)
lobes, yellow or white; stamens 2, inserted on the corolla tube; ovary
2-lobes, 2-celled with ) or 2 ovules in each cell, style filiform.
Capsule of 2 globose or ovoid membranaceous parts or cocci, circum-
scissile or indehiscent, each cell l- or 2-seeded. Derivation.--From
Greek force or courage and gift, in reference to the force or strength
it gave to animals. Type species.--M.-helianthemoides Humb. & Bonpl.
About 15 species, mostly in North America and South America but 2 in
southern haces 2 in Nevada.

Reference.--Steyermark, Julian A. A revision of the genus Meno-

dora. Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. 19: 87-176 p., illus. 1932.

ape

KEY TO SPECIES
Stems woody throughout, spiny; larger leaves 6-12 mm. long; corolla
white (or brownish éinzed) with lobes shorter than the tube; capsule
not circumscissile, with 2 seeds in each cell. . . .1. M. SPINESCENS
Stems woody toward base, not spiny; larger leaves 15-30 m. long; cor-
olla yellow with lobes longer than the tube; capsule circumscissile,

with usually ‘lj‘seeds in*each cells eo) 609s G2. oS ON 8220 oSCABRA

1. MENODORA SPINESCENS A. Gray, Amer. Acad. Arts and Sci. Proc. 7: 388.
1868. "spiny menodora"
M. Spinescens var. mohavensis Steyerm.
Other common names.--ground-thorn, greenfire.

Deciduous low spreading shrub 20 cm. to 1 m. high, irregularly
branching with numerous puberulent light green rigid stems, many stems
5-20 mm. long transformed as stout spines. Leaves mostly alternate or
fascicled, oblanceolate to linear or reduced to obovate scales, 2-12 mm.
long, 1-2 mm. broad, narrowed at base, entire, fleshy, puberulent. Flo-
wers numerous, solitary or clustered in short axillary cymes, short pe-
dicellate; calyx l-8 mm. long, puberulent, with short tube and 5 linear
lobes; corolla funnelform, 8-1); mm. long and 7-8 mm. across, white or
brownish tinged, the 5 obovate lobes shorter than the tube; stamens
slightly exserted; ovary with 2 ovules in each cell. Capsule 5-7 mm.
long, the 2 ovoid or subglobose parts about 6 mm. long and almost sepa-
rate, not circumscissile but afterwards breaking irregularly; seeds 2 or
1 in each cell, 5-6 mm. long, 3-) mm. broad, brown, finely reticulate.
Flowering March-June; fruiting June-Aug. Derivation.--Becoming spiny.

Frequent or rocky plains, mesas, and mountain sides in creosote-

bush desert zone, elevation 800 to 2,200 m., southern to west-central
Nevada in ieeroen Lincoln, Clark, Nye, Esmeralda, and southern Miner-
al Counties. Also in southeastern California (Mohave Desert) and
northwestern Arizona (Detrital Valley, Mohave County).

The type specimen was from southeastern Nevada (C. L. Anderson

in 1865).

2. MENODORA SCABRA A. Gray, Amer. Jour. Sci. Ser. 2, lh: 4h. 1852.
"rough menodora"
M. scabra var. glabrescens A. Gray, M. scoparia Engelm. ex A. Gray.
Other common names.--broom menodora, twinberry, twinfruit.
Deciduous halfshrub woody toward base, 10-80 cm. high, with many
erect, slender, slightly striate stems puberulous or scaberulent to
glabrous. Leaves opposite or alternate, sessile, linear to linear-
lanceolate (or obovate if very small), 1-30 mm. long, 1-); mm. broad,
puberulent or scaberulent to glabrous, the upper leaves often much
reduced. Flowers few to ety in cymes, pedicels slender, erect; cal-
yx 3-9 mm. long, puberulent to glabrous, with short tube and 5-12 e-
qual or unequal linear lobes; corolla subrotate, 9-1) mm. long and 11-
15 mm. across, yellow, the 5 lobes longer than the tube; stamens ex-
serted; ovary with ) ovules in each cell. Capsule about 6 mm. long,
of 2 slobose parts, each about 6 mm. in diameter, circumscissile;
seeds or fewer in each cell, angled, reticulate or smooth, l-6 mm.
long, 3- mm. broad. Flowering in June. Derivation.--Scabrous, from
the rough stems and leaves of the typical variation.
Apparently rare in southeastern-Nevada, collected in Lincoln

County (5 mi. E. of Deer Lodge, Pinyon Mt., 2,100 m. elevation).

Be

Central Colorado, southern Utah, and southeastern Nevada, and south-
eastern California to Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, and north-
ern Mexico.

A variation distinguished by some authors as var. glabrescens
A. Gray (in S. Wats., Wheeler Rept. U. S. Surv. W. 100th Mered. Cat.
Pl. 15. 187) and by others as a distinct species (M. scoparia Engeln. )
is glabrous or nearly so, with upper leaves much reduced and scalelike,
and with calyx lobes usually 5-6 or sometimes with smaller lobes to 7-
10 but intergrades with the typical form. The Lincoln County speci-
men (Desma Hall, June 28, 1935) is intermediate, being glabrous but
with normal leaves above and 7-10 calyx lobes. Another specimen
(Wheeler in 1872, Nevada; at US) represents this variation and perhaps
is the source of the southern Nevada record of M. scoparia Engelm. by
Tidestrom (Fl. Utah Nev. 13. 1925). This specimen was originally
labeled M. scabra var. glabrescens A. Gray and possibly is the type
collection which, however, was from Arizona according to the published
description.

Highly palatable to livestock and heavily browsed.

BIGNONIACEAE OF NEVADA

(Bignonia Family)

Trees, shrubs, or woody vines (rarely herbs); leaves opposite or
in a few species whorled or alternate, compound or Simple, estipulate.
Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic, large and showy, in terminal or lateral
racemes or panicles. Calyx tubular with usually 5. teeth or lobes; cor-
olla campanulate or funnelform, with usually 5 lobes, somewhat zygo-
morphic and often bilabiate, the lowest lobe largest; disk present;
stamens epipetalous, typically ). didynamous, with 1 staminode, an-
thers 2-celled, the cells usually widely divergent and seemingly one
above the other, dehiscing longitudinally; pistil 1, ovary superior,
2-carpellate, typically 2-celled with axile placentation (sometimes 1-
celled with 2 parietal placentas), ovules numerous, anatropous, style
1, long and filiform, stigma @-lobed. Fruit usually a 2-valved septi-
Cidal or loculicidal capsule (sometimes a berry); seeds numerous, flat,
usually winged, lacking endosperm.

Chiefly a tropical family of about 110 genera and 750 species,
mostly woody vines and trees, some with commercial timbers, and a few
genera, such as Campsis (trumpet-creeper), Catalpa (catalpa), Chilop-
sis (desert-willow), northward into the United States.

Nevada has one native genus, which contains a single species.

Two additional tree species native in eastern United States are plant-

ed, Catalpe speciosa Warder (northern catalpa) and C. bignonioides

~765

Walt. (southern catalpa).

1. CHILOPSIS D. Don, Edinb. Phil. Jour. 9: 261. 1823. "desertwillow"

The only species is described below. Derivation.--With the ap-

pearance of a lip, the corolla having a distinct lip. Type species.--
C. linearis (Cav.) Sweet (C. saligna D. Don).
Reference. --Fosberg, F. Raymond. Varieties of the desert willow,

Chilopsis linearis. Madrofio 3: 362-366. 1936.

1. CHILOPSIS LINEARIS (Cav.) Sweet, Hort. Brit. 283. 1827.

C. linearis var. arcuata Fosberg. "desertwillow"

Large deciduous shrub or small tree 2-8 me tall and becoming 10

cm. or more in trunk diameter, with spreading crown and willowlike
twigs and leaves. Bark ridged and scaly, dark brown. Wood soft, brown
streaked with yellow. Twigs slender, glabrous (elsewhere also puberu-
lent or sticky), without terminal buds; the minute puberulent winter
buds with several overlapping scales. Leaves mostly alternate, some-
times opposite or in 3's, simple, sessile or short-petioled, linear
to narrowly lanceolate, 7-15 em. long, 3-10 mm. broad, narrowed at
base and apex, slightly curved or straight, entire, glabrous, punc-
tate, light green. Inflorescence a terminal raceme 4-10 em. long,
usually cearsely woolly, several-flowered. Flowers large and showy,
fragrant, short-stalkeds; calyx about 1 cm. long, 2=-lipped, mostly
woolly; corolla 2.5-3 cm. long, funnelform-campanulate, slightly 2-
lipped; the upper lip 2-lobed and the lower 3-lobed, whitish and
tinged with purple, pink, or yellow, or dark purplish; stamens h,

included, and 1 staminode; pistil including filiform style about 2.5

-77-

cm. long. Fruit a linear terete brown capsule 10-25 cm. or more in
length and 6 mme or less in diameter, splitting into 2 walls and par-
tition; seeds numerous, flat, thin, brown, about 8 mm. long, with
long whitish hairs at both ends. Flowering from April to July; cap-
sules remaining attached in winter. Derivation.--Linear, referring
to the very narrow leaves.

Common long washes and drainages, forming thickets along bottoms
and banks, in plains, mesas, and foothills of creosotebush desert, from
about 200 to 1,500 m. elevation, Lincoln and Clark Counties, in south-
eastern Nevada. Central and southern Texas west to central New Mexico,
northwestern Arizona, southwestern Utah, southeastern Nevada, and
southeastern California, and south into northern Mexico.

A handsome ornamental with showy fragrant flowers and planted
along washes for erosion control. The durable wood is suitable for
fence posts. Generally unpalatable to livestock and not browsed ex-
cept in heavily stocked ranges.

As many as three varieties based on minor differences in leaves
and twigs have been distinguished. If varieties are recognized, the
Nevada plants would be referred to aes arcuata Fosberg, characterized
by very narrow curved leaves and foliage and twigs glabrous or nearly

so and not sticky.

Abies - ), 25.
alba = 26.

concohons= 12, 26,9275: 31%

lasiocarpa - 26.

magnifica - 3, . 78 26, 28.

shastensis - 29.
pinsapo - 26.
(Adelia) - 69.
(acuminata) - 70.
Aleppo pine - 5.
Alpine fir - 26.
Anacardiaceae - 17.
(Apinus) = l.
(albicaulis) - 7.
(flexilis). => 8.
Arizona ash - 68.
cypress - 2.
Ash = 6), 65.
Athel tamarisk - 5).
Atlas cedar - 2.
Austrian pine - 5.
Basket dogwood - 59.
Bignonia family - 75.
Bignoniaceae - 75.
Blackjack pine = ih.
Blue spruce - 19.
Bristlecone pine = ll.
Broom menodora = 73.

California incense cedar - 30.

red fir - 28.

(Caryopitys) - h.

(monophylla) - 12.
Cashew family - 7.
Catalpa

bignonioides = 75.

speciosa - 75.
Cattail pine = ll.
Cedrus

atlantica - 2.

deodara - 2,
Chamaecyparis

lawsoniana = 2,

Cherrystone juniper - 36.

Chilopsis ~ 76.
linearis - -76.
(arcuata) = 76, 77.
(saligna) = 76.
Chinaberry - hh, 5.
Chinese’ pistache - 8.
Common juniper - 33.
Cornacesze - 57.

Cornus - 57, 58.
x californica - 61.
florida = 58.
(instolonea) - 59.
(interior) - 59.
mas - 58.

occidentalis - 59, 60, 62.

x stolonifera - 61.
(pubescens) - 60.
(sericea) - 59.

(interior) - 59.

(occidentalis) - 60.

{(stolonifera) - 59.
stolonifera - 59, 61.

(interior) - 59.

Cryptomeria - 2.

japonica = 2,
Cupressaceae - 2.
Cupressus

arizonica - 2.

macnabiana - 2.

- sempervirens - 2.
Dawn-redwood - 2.
Deodar cedar - 2.
Desert ash - 68.
olive - 70.

raee=el2:

willow - 76.
Dogwood - 58.

family - 57.

Douglas-fir -/15;) 23.
Downy forestiera ~- 71.
Dwarf juniper - 33.
Eastern hemlock - 21.
red cedar - 32.
white pine - 5.
Engeimann spruce - 19.
English yew - l.
Fir-= 25,
Flowering deeeood = 58:
Forestiera-- 6h, 65, 69.
acuminata - 70. Ls
(parvifolia) - 70.
' (arizonica) - 70.
neomexicana - 70.
(arizonica) - 70.
pubescens - 71. .
Foxtail pine - ll.
Fragrant ash - 66,
Fraxinus - 6), 65.
americana - 65,

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Spanish fir - 26.
Spiny menodora - 72.
Spruce - 18.
Squawberry - 50.
Squawbush - 50.
Staghorn sumac - 8.
(Strobus) - ).
(monticola) - 10.
Subalpine fir - 26,
Sugar pine - 9.
Sumac - 7, 18.
family - 7.
(Svida) - 58.
(instolonea) - 59.
(interior) - 59.
(stolonifera) - 59.
Swiss mountain pine - 5.
Syrian ash - 66.
Tamarack - 17.
Tamaricaceae - 53.
Tamarix - 53.
aphylla - 5h.
(articulata) - 5h.
paldica = Sk, 55.
parviflora - 5h.
(pentandra ?) - 55.
(pentandra) - 56.
Tamarisk - 53,
family - 53.
Taxaceae - l.
Taxodiaceae - 2.
Taxus
baccata - 1.
brevifolia - 1.

Thamnosma
montana - he.
Thuja - 30.

occidentalis - 2.
Tigertail spruce - 19.
Toumey ash - 68,
Toxicodendron - 7, 8.
Tsuga - 3, 21.

canadensis - 21.

(crassifolia) - 21.

mertensiana - 21, 29.

Sieboldii - 21.
Turpentine-broom - ]2.
Twinberry - 73.
Twinfruit - 73.
Two-petal ash - 66.
Umbreila chinaberry - 5.

= Odea

tree - 5.
Utah juniper - 38.
Velvet ash - 68,
Washoe pine - 16.
Western dogwood - 60.
juniper - 35, 39.
white pine - 10.
yellow pine - 1), 15.
White ash - 65.
fir - 26, 27.
pine - 8, 10.
spruce - 19.
Whitebark pine - 7.
Yellowleaf silktassel - 62.
Yew family - 1.

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ye s WeMErawo :

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