OF THE I IV

UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL

BULLETIN No. 6,

OENEKAL INDEX

INSECTS OF MISSOURI.

AND

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE

NINE REPORTS

ON THE

BY

CHARLES V. RILEY, M. A., Ph. D.

J

WASHIJS^TON

'GOVERNMENT PRINTING MARCH 24, 1881.

,- r •

OF THE INTERIOR.

UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION.

BULLETIN No. <>.

ENEPxAL INDEX

AND

SUPPLEMENT

TO THE

NINE REPOKTS

ON THE

:NSEGTS OF MISSOURI

MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.

Received

Accession No. ../ 4

Given by

Place,

***No book OP pamphlet is to be t-emovad fpom the liab- OPatopy tuithout the pepmission of the Trustees.

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. MARCH -24, 1881.

INTRODUCTION

The present Bulletin lias been prepared in response to frequent sug- gestions from those having occasion to use the nine Annual Eeports on the Insects of Missouri, made by me, as State Entomologist, to the State Board of Agriculture, during the years 1868 to 1877, inclusive. These Eeports contain a good deal of matter aneut the Cotton Worm, the Chinch Bug, the Eocky Mountain Locust, and other insects which the Commis- sion has studied, and were published, as required by law, in the Annual Eeports of said State Board of Agriculture for the years mentioned. That method of publication was always regretted by myself and by many others, inasmuch as the reports of the Board were generally vol- umes of such bulk as to delay publication and render mailing expensive. By virtue of the fact that they were distributed only to members of the State legislature and to State societies, access to them by persons out- side the State of Missouri was extremely difficult ; while the State print- ing and press-work were, as a rule, of a very unsatisfactory character. To avoid some of these difficulties it was my habit to have about 300 separate copies of the entomological portion printed on better paper, at my own expense, for distribution to correspondents both at home and abroad, and it is through these, principally, that the Eeports have been accessible outside the State.

The demand for the Eeports and the manner in which they have been used and commended by subsequent writers can but be gratifying to the author, who feels that whatever of commendation they deserve is due to the fact that they embody results of original investigation. They contain some matter that, with present light, he would expunge, and the earlier volumes, more particularly, contain imperfections which no one appre- ciates more fully than himself. Many of these are attributable to isola- tion from other working entomologists at the time, as well as to the almost absolute dearth of entomological works of reference in any of the libra- ries of Saint Louis.

The general plan of the Eeports, which were addressed to the intelli-

5

6 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

geiit cultivator of the soil rather than to the naturalist, is set forth in the following passage from the introduction to the first :

Fully aware that I write for those who, as a rule, are unversed in entomology, I have endeavored to treat of each insect with as little of the nomenclature of science as is consistent with clearness of expression. Yet, as much that is of scientific inter- est, such as descriptions of new species, must necessarily be inserted, I have had such descriptions printed in a type of smaller size than the text, so that it can be skipped jf desirable, at the time of reading, and easily referred to for comparison, with speci- mens which one is desirous of naming,, I have also endeavored to illustrate, as far as possible, the insects of which this report treats, believing that good illustration forms the basis of successful teaching in a science with which the general husbandman is not expected to be acquainted ; for the eye conveys to the mind, in an instant, what the ear would fail to do in an hour. The practical man cares little to what genus or family an insect belongs, so long as he can tell whether it be friend or foe. He must become familiarized with the insects about him without having necessarily to over- come scientific detail and technicality.

I have made no effort at a systematic arrangement of the insects treated of. Indeed, that were useless for the purpose in view ; but, in order that the reader may refer the more readily to any particular insect which interests him, I have separated them into three series — Noxious, BENEFICIAL, and INXOXIOUS — and attached a very full index. For the benefit of those who are making a study of entomology, I have also given, with each species, the Order and Family to which it belongs, in parenthesis under each heading.

So far as possible, I have used a common name for each insect, knowing that the scientific name is remembered with greater difficulty, and is, consequently, distasteful to many. But as popular names are very loosely applied, and the same name often refers to different insects, in different localities, a great deal of confusion would ensue without the scientific name, which is, therefore, invariably added, for the most part, in parentheses, so that it may be skipped without interfering in any way with the sense of the text.

In order to add value to this general index, I have brought together tables of contents of the nine volumes and given corrections and some notes and additions. I have also reproduced the descriptions of new species, and added a list of descriptions of adolescent states, of descrip- tions of species not new, of illustrations by reports, of illustrations by classification, and of food-plants.

The Reports were independently paginated, and the separate copies were often distributed before the Agricultural Report was off the press. The date of publication and distribution is given for each in the tables of contents. The nomenclature of the Reports is retained in this Bulle- tin, the synonomy being indicated in the notes and additions and with the reproduced descriptions. The name of the author of the species and not of the genus was always given as authority, and in the later Reports I endeavored to indicate whether or not the insect was described under the generic name which it bears, by adding the authority without a comma when the specific name is coupled with the generic name un- der which it was first published — c . </., Plnjcita nebulo Walsh — but placed it in parentheses when a different generic name was used than that under which the insect was first described — c. #., Acrobasis nebulo (Walsh) — except where the whole name was already in parentheses when a comma

INTRODUCTION. 7

was used for the same purpose — e. g. (Acrobasis nebulo, Walsh). The same plan is adopted throughout this Bulletin.

It had always been my intention to publish a tenth volume and to end the decade with a review of, and general index to, the whole series. In- deed, an appropriation for the tenth year's work was made and the tenth report would have been duly issued had I not been called at the time to my present work for the General Government. This Bulletin is, in a measure, the fulfillment of that intention, and is issued in the hope that it will render the Reports more serviceable to the student of insect life and to those having to deal with insects injurious to agriculture.

My thanks are due to Messrs. E. A. Schwarz and W. H. Patton, agents of the Commission, for aid in its preparation.

C. V. R.

WASHINGTON, D. C., March 1, 1881.

TABLES OF CONTENTS.

Neither of the first five volumes contained a table of contents, tbe plan of giving such having been adopted with the sixth. Most of these tables are, therefore, prepared for this Bulletin, while those of the Sixth and Seventh Reports are amplified. Those of the last two volumes are reproduced as they were originally made.

REPORT I.

[Submitted December 2, 1808; published March, 1869.1

Page.

Introductory , '

NOXIOUS INSECTS.

The Bark-lice of the Apple-tree

Two species known to occur in the United States, 7 — Harris's Bark-louse

not numerous enough to do material damage, 7. THE OYSTER-SHELL BARK-LOUSE*

Difference in the scales of the two species, 7 — Introduction of the Oyster- shell Bark-louse from Europe and its spread in the United States, 8 — Precautionary measures to prevent its introduction into Missouri, 8 — Its habits studied by different observers in 1867, 9 — Seasonal notes on the development of the insect, 10 — Only one annual brood in Mis- souri, 12 — Formation and nature of the scale, 12 — Rare occurrence of males, 14 — Difference of opinion among observers as' to the mode of growth of the scale, 14 — Difficulty of explaining the spread of the insect from one tree to another, 15 — Its occurrence upon other kinds of trees, 15 — Natural enemies, Iti — Artificial remedies, 16 — Examination of young trees before planting, 16 — Washing with alkalies, etc., 17- Scrubb'mg the branches with a stiff brush, 17 — Fumigating. 17 — Ap- plication of sheep-manure, 17 — Washes in general ineffective, 17 — The insect can most successfully be fought during three or four days of the year only, 18.

The Periodical Cicada 18

Its singular life history, 18 — Seventeen and thirteen year races, 19 — The two races not distinct species, 19 — Two distinct forms occurring in both broods, 20 — Season of their appearance and disappearance, 22 — Natural history and transformations, 22 — Elevated chambers of the pupa, 22 — Thelarvse frequently occurring at great depth in the ground, 24 — The operation of emerging from the pupa, 24 — Only the males are- capable of singing, 24 — Trees in which the females deposit their eggs, 24 — Mode of ovipositiori, 24 — The newly hatched larva, 25 — The W on the wings of the Cicada, 25 — Enemies, 26 — Fungus infesting the imago, 26 — The sting of the Cicada, 26 — Wide-spread fear of the insect on ac-

9

10 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page. The Periodical Cicada — Continued.

count of its supposed stinging powers, 26 — Explanations of the sting, 27 — Injury caused by the insect, 29 — by the larva, 29 — by the imago, 29 — Fruitless attempts to stop the injury, 30 — Chronological table of ail well-ascertained broods in the United States, 30 — The insect will appear during the next 17 years somewhere in the United States every year except in 1673, 41 — Number of broods that will appear in the next 17 years in the different States, 42.

Apple-tree Borers 42

THE ROUND-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER 42

It is more numerous in trees on high laud than on low ground, 42 — Extent of its injury, 43 — Its larva, 43 — Appearance of the imago, 43— - The hole made by the young larva, 44 — It remains nearly three years in the larva state, 44— Its pupa state, 44 — Remedies, 45 — Alkaline washes, 45 — Killing the larva by hot water, 45 — Cutting out the larva, 46. THE FLAT-HEADED APPLE-TREE BORER 46

Differences between it and the foregoing species, 46 — Habits of the beetle, 47 — Amount of injury caused by it, 47 — Parasite attacking it, 47 — Remedies, 47. The Peach Borer 47

Its nature, 47 — Differences in the sexes, 48 — Remedies, 48 — The mound- ing system the best remedy, 48 — Testimony as to the value of the mounding system, 48 — Other remedies, 49. The Plum Curculio 50

Difference of opinion among authors on some points in its natural history, 50 — Reasons for this difference of opinion, 51 — Facts in its natural history, 52 — It causes the spread of the peach-rot, 52 — Fruit trees at- tacked and those not attacked by it, 53 — It may hibernate as larva or pupa, but does generally as imago, 53 — Mode of egg-laying, 54 — It has one annual brood, 55 — Walsh's experiments to show that it is two- brooded, 55 — Natural remedies, 56 — No parasites known to infest it, 56 — Enemies, 57; The Pennsylvania Soldier-beetle, and its larva, 57; Lacewiug-larva, 57; The Subaiigular Ground-beetle 58; Ground-bee- tle larva, probably of the Pennsylvania Ground-beetle, 59 — Hogs as Curculio destroyers, 59 — Artificial remedies. 60 — Jarring the trees the most effectual method, 60 — Dr. Hull's Cnrculio catcher 60 — Lessons for the fruit-grower from the account of the Curculio, 62. The Codling Moth or Apple Worm 62

It is common wherever apples are grown, 62 — Description of the insect in its different states, 63 — Its life-history, 63 — Other fruits attacked by it, 64 — Remedies, 65 — Picking up the fallen fruit, 65 — Entrapping the worms the best remedy, 66 — Trimble's hay band system and how to apply it, 66 — Attracting the moth by fires, 67. Cut- worms

The natural history of twelve distinct species, 67 — Definition of the term "Cut- worm", 67 — Habits of Cut-worms, 67 — Their natural history briefly given, 68 — Difficulty of breeding them in captivity, 69 — Climb- ing Cut-worms, 69 — Injury done by them to orchards, 69 — Fruit trees and shrubs they attack, 70 — They attack large trees, 71. THE VARIEGATED CUT-WORM

The full-grown larva, 72 — The eggs, 72 — Habits of the larva, 72 — Cut- worm moths deposit their eggs on the leaves and not on the ground, 73 — The imago, 73 — Description of the insect as larva, pupa, and imago, 74.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT I. 11

1'age. Cut- worms— Continued.

THE DARK-SIDED CUT-WORM 74

General characters of the larva, 74 — Habits of, and injury done by it, 75 - Description of the imago, 75 ; of the larva and chrysalis, 76.

THE CLIMBING CUT- WORM 76

Injury done by the larva, 77 — General characters of the larva, 77; of the moth, 78 — Description of the larva, 78; of the imago, 78.

THE W-MARKED CUT- WORM 79

General characters of the larva, 79 — Plants it attacks, 79 — Characters of the moth, 79 — Description of the larva and chrysalis, 79.

THE GREASY CUT-WORM 80

The larva very variable in coloration, 80 — Its injury to tomato and to- bacco plants, 80 — General characters of the moth, 80 — Description of larva, chrysalis, and imago, 81.

THE WESTERN STRIPED CUT- WORM ., 81

Resemblance of its larva to that of the Corn Rustic, 81 — General charac- ters of the worm and moth, 82 — Description of the larva, 82.

THE DINGY CUT-WORM 82

Difference between it and the foregoing species, 82 — General characters of pupa and imago, 82 — At least three species of our Cut Worms are difficult to distinguish, 83 — Description of larva, chrysalis, and imago, 83.

THE GLASSY CUT- WORM 83

Habits and general characteristics of the larva, 83 — Characteristics of the moth, 84 — Description of larva and chrysalis, 84.

THE SPECKLED CUT-WORM sj

Characteristics and habits of the insect, 84 — Description of larva, chrys- alis, and imago, 85.

THE SMALL WHITE BRISTLY CUT-WORM so

Habits of the worm, 86 — Characteristics of the moth, 86 — Description of larva, chrysalis, and imago, 86.

OTHER CUT-WORMS 87

Fitch's account of the Corn Cut-worm and the Yellow-headed Cut-worm, 87.

THE WHEAT CUT-WORM 87

Injury caused by it, 87 — Description of the larva, 88.

REMEDIES AGAINST CUT-WORMS 89

Natural enemies, 89 ; Mlcrogaster militqris, 89 ; Paniscus geminatus, 89 ; The Spined Soldier-bug, 89; The Cut-worm Lion, 89 — Other enemies, 90 — Artificial remedies for climbing cut-worms, 90; for common field cut-worms, 91.

Insects infesting the Potato 91

General remarks, 91 — Number of species affecting the Potato, 92.

THE STALK-BORER 92

Habits of the larva and imago, 92 — Remedy, 93.

THE POTATO STALK-WEEVIL 93

Its geographical distribution, 93 — Its habits, 93 — Remedy, 95.

THE POTATO- OR TOMATO-WORM 95

It cannot sting with its horn, 95 — Its chrysalis, 95 — How the imago dif- fers from the Tobacco-worm Moth, 95 — Remedies and parasites, 96.

BLISTER-BEETLES 97

The Striped Blister-beetle, 96 — The Ash-gray Blister-beetle, 97 — The Black-rat Blister-beetle, 98 — The Black Blister-beetle, 98 — The Mar- gined Blister-beetle, 98 — Synonyrnical remarks, 98 — Remedies for Blis- ter-beetles, 99.

12 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page- Insects infesting the Potato — Continued.

THE THREE-LINED LEAF-BEETLE 99

Merdigerons habit of the larva, 99 — It ha« two annual broods, 100 — Other notes on the habits of the insect, 100.

THE CUCUMBER FLEA-BEETLE 101

THE COLORADO POTATO-BEETLE 101

Its past history and future progress, 101 — Its native home, 101 — Its gradual spread eastward, 102 — Its confusion with the Bogus Colorado Potato-beetle, 103 — How the two species differ in habits, 104 ; in their larval states, 104; in the egg-state, 105 — Description of the larva of Dorypliora jnncta, 106 — Differences in the images of the two species, 106 — Habits of the Colorado Potato-beetle, 107 — When it appears and dis- appears, 107 — Number of eggs laid by each female, 107 — Food-plants, 107 — Singular fact that D. jnncta has not acquired the habit of attack- ing the Potato, 108 — Natural remedies, 109 — Complicated economy of nature, 109 — Decrease in the number of Potato-beetles on account of increase in the number of parasites, 109 — The Colorado Potato-beetle parasite, 111 — Its general character and habits, 111 — Description of Lydella doryphora*, 111 — Ladybirds and their larva*, 112 — The Spined Soldier-bug, 113 — The Common Squash-bug erroneously considered an enemy of the Potato-beetle, 113 — The Bordered Soldier-bug, 114 — The Many Banded Robber, 114 — The Rapacious Soldier-bug, 114 — The Virginia Tiger-beetle, 115 — The Fiery Ground -beetle, 115 — Blister- beetles, 115 — The larva? not touched by fowl, 115 — Artificial remedies, 116 — Ineffectiveness of mixtures tried, 116 — Killing the beetle early in spring, 116 — Pincers for crushing the insect, 116 — Benson's machine, 116 — Proper choice of varieties of potatoes, 117 — The pest will over- run the Eastern States, 117 — Carelessness in transmitting specimens of the beetle, 117. The Apple-root Plant-louse .* 118

Three distinct kinds of rots affecting the roots of Apple-trees, lid — The Root-louse the cause of oue of these rots, 118 — The cause of the other rots still hidden, 119 — The Root-louse especially injurious in southerly latitudes, 119 — It occurs also on other parts of the tree besides the root, 120 — Description of the winged louse, 120 — Fitch's description of the winged form refers to another species, 120 — The Root-louse belongs to the genus Enosoma, 121 — Natural enemies, 121; Chalcis-fly, 121; The Root-louse Syphus-fly, 121; Scymnus cervicalis, 122 — Artificial remedies, 123. The Wooly Elm-tree Louse 123

Its general appearance and habits, 123 — Description of the winged form, 124,

Insects Injurious to the Grape-vine 124

THE NEW GRAPE-ROOT BORER 124

Reports on the damage caused by it, 124 — Description of the larva, 126 — It belongs probably to the Cylindrical Orthosorna, 126 — Former ac- counts of the natural history of this beetle, 127 — Its injury known for several years, 127 — Remedies, 128. THE GRAPE CURCULIO 128

Nature of the damage done by it, 128 — Its larva, 128 — The perfect beetle,

129 — No injury done by it in 1868, 129. THE GRAPE-SEED CURCULIO 129

General appearance of the maggot, 129 — Mr. Sauuder 3' account of the damage done by it, 130.

TABLE OF CONTEXTS TO REPORT I. 13

Page. Insects Injurious to the Grape-vine — Continued.

THE GRAPE-CANE GALL-CURCULIO 131

The Gall caused by it, 131 — The larva, 131 — Its transformation, 131 — De- scription of the beetle, 132 — Differences between it and a closely allied, species, 132 — The Gall caused by the punctures of the female beetle, 132 — Remedy, 132.

THE GRAPE-VINE FIDIA 132

It is very injurious in Missouri, 132 — Habits of the beetle, 132 — Reme- dies, 133.

THE GRAPE FRUIT-WORM 133

Amount and extent of the injury caused by it, 133 — Characteristics of the larva, 134 — Transformations, 134 — Description of larva, chrysalis and imago, 135 — Remedies, 135.

THE EIGHT-SPOTTED FORESTER 136

Characteristics of the larva, 136 — It is not numerous enough to cause serious injury, 136 — Other caterpillars resembling it, 136.

THE GRAPE-VINE PLUME 137

Work of the larva, 137 — Its habits and characteristics, 137 — The moth, 137 — Remedy, 133.

THE SNOWY TREE-CRICKET 138

Characteristics of the insects, 138 — It is injurious, 13o — Nature of the injury caused by it, 138 — Remedy, 139.

The Raspberry Geometer 139

Habits of the larva, 139 — Parasite attacking it, 139 — Characteristics of thernoth, 139 — Description of the larva, 139; of the imago, 140.

The Gooseberry Fruit-worm 140

Accounts of the injury caused by it, 140 — Habits of the worm, 140 — The moth, 141 — Remedies, 141 — Description of larva, chrysalis, and imago, 141.

The Strawberry Leaf-roller 142

Extent and nature of the damage caused by it, 142 — Habits of the insect, 142 — Accounts of its injury in Indiana and Illinois, 142 — Remedy, 143 — Description of the imago and larva, 143.

The White-marked Tussock-moth 144

The egg-mass, 144 — The larva and larval changes, 144 — The full-grown larva, 145 — Habits of the larva, 145 — Mode of casting off the larval skin, 145 — The cocoon, 146 — The imago, 146 — Two annual broods, 146 — Food-plants, 146 — Remedies, 147.

The Bag- worm, alias Basket-worm, alias Drop-worm 147

Its geographical distribution, 148 — Injury caused by it, 148 — The egg,

. 148 — The larva and its growth, 148 — Habits of the larva, 149 — The

chrysalis, 149 — The sex distinguishable in the chrysalis state, 149 — The

imago, 149 — Food-plants, 150 — Parasites, 150; Cryptus inquisitor, 150;

Hemiteles thyridopterygis, n. sp., 150 — Remedies, 151.

The Ailanthus-worm 151

Injury done to the Ailauthus tree, 151 — Habits of the larva, 151 — The chrysalis, 151 — The imago, 152 — Geographical distribution, 152 — Remedy, 152 — Description of larva and chrysalis, 152; of the imago, 153.

The Walnut Tort rix 153

Habits of the larva, 153 — General appearance of the moth, 153 — Phy- tophagic form of the insect on Snowberry, 153 — Description of larva, chrysalis, and imago, 154; of the variety symplioricarpi, 154.

14 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page. The Seed-corn Maggot 154

Accounts of damage caused by it, 154 — The maggot, 155 — Transforma- tion 155 — Description of the imago, 155 — Remedy, 155 — Habits of Anthomyia larva?, 156.

The White Grub 156

Account of the damage caused by it, 156 — Injury done by the perfect in- sect, 157 — Resume of its life-history, 157 — Remedies, 157 — Regularity in the appearance of the beetle, 158 — Accounts of the fungus infesting the White Grub, 158. ,

The American Meromyza 159

Nature of the damage caused by it, 159 — Characteristics of larva, chrys- alis and imago, 160 — European Diptera with similar habits, 160 — Remedies, 161.

The Sheep Bot-fly or Head-maggot 161

The insect ia its different states, 161 — Its larva, 162 — Pupa, 162 — Char- acteristics of the imago, 162 — Fatal results of the presence of the mag- got in the head of the sheep, 163 — Rabbits attacked by gad-fly, 164 — Testimony regarding the viviparous habits of the Bot-fly, 164 — Reme- dies, 165.

Insect enemies of the Honey-bee 166

THE BEE-MOTH OR WAX-WORM 166

General appearance of the moth, 166 — There are no moth-proof bee hives, 166 — Habits of the worm, 167 — How its presence in the hive may be recognized, 167 — Prevention and remedy, 167.

THE BEE-KILLER 168

It is an Asilid fly, 168 — Mr. Thompson's account of the fly, 168 — How it captures and kills bees, 168 — No remedy known, 168.

BENEFICIAL INSECTS.

The Rear-horse, alias Camel-cricket, alias Devil's Riding-horse 169

Its food, 169 — How it grasps its prey, 169 — Difference in the sexes, 170 — The larva, 170 — The egg-mass, 170 -r- The mode of egg-laying, 170 — Voracious disposition of the Mantis, 171 — Its beneficial influence, 171 — Tachina-parasite of the Mantis, 171.

INNOXIOUS INSECTS.

The Solidago Gall-moth 173

Gall caused by Trypeta solidaginis, 173 — Gall produced by the Solidago Gall-moth, 173 — Its natural history, 173 — Provision of the larva for its protection within the gall, 174 — Previous account of the gall, 174 — Gall caused by CochyUs Mlarana on Artemisia campestris, 175 — Description of the Solidago Gall-moth as larva, chrysalis, and imago, 175 — Para- sites attacking it, 175; the Inflating Chalcis, 176; Eurytoma bolleri, n. sp., 176; Hemiteles (?) cressonii, "n. sp., 177; Microgaster gelechice n. sp., 177 ; other parasites, 178 — Oberea larva} intruding the gall, 178.

The Knot-weed Geometer 179

Its natural history, 179 — Description of larva and chrysalis, 179.

The Thistle Plume 180

Work of its larva on thistle-heads, 180 — Description of the larva, chrys- alis, and imago, 180.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT II. 15

REPORT II.

[Submitted December 2, 1869; published March, 1870.] Preface

NOXIOUS INSECTS.

Report of the Committee on Entomology of the State Horticultural

Society 5

Noxious insects less injurious in Missouri in 1869 than usual, 5 — The Army Worm and the Grain Plant-louse considerably injurious in Missouri iu 1869, 5 — The Chinch Bug and the Codling Moth less injurious, 6 — A species of Tlirips destroying great numbers of the Curculio, 6 — Eggs of the Apple-tree Plant-louse destroyed by insect foes and birds, 6 — Ac- cording to Dr. Hull the "scab" in apples is caused by the Apple-tree Plant-louse, 7 —The Pickle Worm doing great damage during 1869, 7 - Importance of preventing the introduction of injurious insects, 7 — Cul- tivation causes insects to multiply unduly, 8 — More attention paid in Europe to injurious insects than in this country, 8. IMPORTED INSECTS AND NATIVE AMERICAN INSECTS

The imported Currant-worm much more injurious than the native, 8 — Other instances showing the greater destructiveness of imported insect enemies than of their native representatives. 9 — Almost all our worst insect pests and pernicious weeds have been introduced from Europe, 10 — Few American insects and plants have become naturalized in Eu- rope, 11 — The American faun a and flora not so highly improved and de- veloped as in Europe, 12 — Australian fauna still more " old-fashioned" than America, 12 — The parasites of injurious insects are not imported with the insects themselves, 13 — Government aid should be solicited to exterminate recently imported injurious insects, 13 — But little atten- tion given so far by our Government to assist the study of economic Entomology, 14 — Danger of introducing the Oyster-shell Bark-louse into Missouri, 15 — Immunity of the Pacific States from many of our fruit insects, 15. The Chinch Bug 15

It is the most injurious of all insects infesting grain, 16 — Its past history, 17 ; it was known in South Carolina in Revolutionary times, 17 ; it was injurious in Missouri as early as 1854, 17 ; noticed in Illinois in 1840,

17 ; it was very injurious in Missouri in 1868, 17 ; but hardly noticed in 1869, 17 — Probable reason why it was not noticed in Missouri in former times, 18 — Why it is not injurious in Massachusetts and New York, 18 — Its natural history, 18 — The pupa state in the different insect Orders,

18 — Time required fcr different insects to complete the cycle of develop- ment, 19 — The Chinch Bug is two-brooded in Missouri, 19 — Its winter quarters, 20 — Its rapid multiplication, 20 — Dr. Shinier's account of ita nuptial flights, 21 — It deposits the eggs underground on the roots of the plant, 21 — The egg, 22 — Dimorphous forms of the Chinch Bug, 22 — Its destructive powers, 22 — Account of its appearance in immense numbers, 23 — Heading off the marching Bugs by a barrier of pine boards, 23 — Heavy rains destructive to the Chinch Bug, 24 — Moisture injurious to the egg, 24 — The Chinch Bug is always worse in a dry season than in a wet one, 24 — Dr. Shimer's theory on epidemic disease affecting the Chinch Bug, 25 — Cannibal foes of the Chinch Bug, 25 ; several species of Ladybirds, 25; the Weeping Lacewiug, 26; How the

16 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page. The Chinch Bug — Continued.

Lacewing larva seizes its prey, 26 ; The Insidious Flower-bug,. 27 ; the Common Quail, 28 — Amount of damage done by the Chinch-bug, 28 — Remedies, 28 — Burning in winter the old corn-stalks and other dead stuff on and near the fields, 29 — Mixing winter rye among spring wheat, 29 — Intercepting the marching Bugs by fence-boards, 29 — Sowing gas-lime, 30 — Other remedies, 30 — Bogus Chinch Bugs, 31 — Several species of Heteroptera confounded with the true Chinch Bug, 31 — The smell emitted by the Half-winged Bugs, 32 — The Insidious Flower- bug, 32 — The Ash-gray Leaf-bug and its injury to grape-vines, 33 — The Flea-like Negro-bug. 33 ; injury caused by it to raspberry, straw- berry, and garden flowers, 34 — Two other species of Negro-bug, 35 — Recapitulation of the natural history of the Chinch Bug, 36. The Army Worm 37

Four distinct caterpillars designated as Army Worms in this country, 37. THE TENT-CATERPILLAR OF THE FOREST 37

It cannot properly be called an Army Worm, 37. THE COTTOX AVoR.M 37

Historical data on the injury caused by it, 38 — The egg, 38 — The worm and its habits, 39 — Mr. Lyman's incorrect account of its development, 39 — The moth and its habits, 40 — Its hibernation, 40 — Remedies, 41. THE SOUTHERN GRASS-WORM 41

It resembles in habits the veritable Army Worm, 41. THE TRUE ARMY WORM 41

Its past history, 41 — Rev. Powers' account of its invasion in the New England States in 1770, 42 — Accounts of later invasions previous to 1'WG1, 43 — Years of its appearance in Illinois, 43 — The invasion of the year 1801, 44 — Its appearance in Missouri in 18G9, 44 — Its sudden ap- pearance and disappearance, 45 — Reason for the apparently sudden appearance, 45 — Army Worm years are wet with the preceding year dry, 46 — Reason for the increase and decrease of the number of worms,

46 — Its natural history, 47 — Previous accounts of its natural history,

47 — When the eggs are laid, 47 — Where they are laid, 48 — Misdirected instinct iu insects and birds, 48 — Exceptions to the normal habit of the Worm, 48 — Color of the Worm, 49 — The chrysalis and imago, 49 — Parasites, 50; The Red-tailed Tachiua-fly, 50; Its beneficial work, 50; It infests also other insects, 50 ; Walsh's description of the fly, 51 ; It has been re-described as Ej-orinta OstenSackenU. 51 ; The Yellow-tailed Tachina-fly, 51 ; Description of the fly, 51 ; The Glassy Mesochorus, 52 ; The Diminished Pezomachus, 52 ; The Military Microgaster, 52 ; The Purged Ophion, 53: The Army- Worm Ichneumon-fly, 53 — Habits of the Army Worm and suggestions for its destruction, 53 — Biirning grass meadows in winter or early spring, 54 — Plowing late in the fall,

54 — The marching of the Worms, 54 — Plants they prefer, 54 — They become beneficial by devouring the chess in the fields, 55 — Ditching,

55 — Description of the insect as larva and imago, 56.

Insects infesting the Sweet-potato 56

TORTOISE-BEETLES 57

The Clubbed Tortoise-beetle affects the Irish Potato, 56 — Its general ap- pearance, 57 — Characteristics of Tortoise-beetles, 57 — Merdigerous habits of Tortoise-beetles and others of the same family, 58 — General appearance of the larv;e, 58 — Their dung parasol, 59 — Larval molts, 59— Egg of Tortoise- beetles, 60 — The chrysalis, 60 — Habits of and injury done by the beetles, 60 — Remedies, 61.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT II. 17

Page. Insects infesting the Sweet-potato — Continued.

THE TWO-STRIPED SWEET-POTATO BEETLE 16

It seems to be confined to that plant, 61 — The larva and the use of its fork, 61 — Its pupa and imago, 61.

THE GOLDEN TORTOISE-BEETLE 62

Food-plants and characteristics of the larva, 62 — Brilliant color of the beetle, 62.

THE PALE-THIGHED TORTOISE-BEETLE 62

It is hardly distinguished from the foregoing species, 62.

THE MOTTLED TORTOISE-BEETLE 63

Characteristics of the beetle, 63 — of the larva, 63.

THE BLACK-LEGGED TORTOISE-BEETLE 63

Characteristics of imago and larva, 63.

The Pickle Worm 64

OTHER INSECTS INFESTING CUCURBITACEOUS VINES 64

The Squash Borer, 64 — It seems to be confined to the Eastern States, 64 —

The Striped Cucumber-beetle, 64 — Injury done by the beetle, 64; by the

larva, 65 — The larva and pupa, 65 — Number of annual generations,

65 — Remedies, 66— Extent of the injury caused by it, 66 — The 12-

Spotted Diabrotica, 60.

THE PICKLE WORM 67

Characteristics and description of the worm, 67 — Its habits, 67 — Charac- teristics of the moth, 68 — Accounts of injury done by the worm in Mis- souri and Illinois, 69 ; in other portions of the country, 70 — It was not known before as injurious, 70 — Remedy, 70.

Insects injurious to the Grape-vine 71

THE HOG CATERPILLAR OF THE VINE 71

The egg, 71 — Characteristics of the larva, 71 — Its habits when about to transform, 72 — The chrysalis and imago, 72 — It is one-brooded North and two-brooded further South, 72 — It is very injurious, 73 — The Ml- crogaster parasite and its development, 73 — Habits of caterpillar in- fested •with the parasite, 73.

THE ACHEMON SPHINX , 74

Appearance and habits of the larva, 74 — The chrysalis, 75 — The insect is single-brooded, 75 — The moth and its issuing from the pupa shell, 75 — No parasites known, 76.

THE SATELLITE SPHINX 76

How to distinguish its larva from that of the foregoing species, 76 — De- velopment of the larva, 76 — Variations in color of the larva, 77 — Its position when at rest, 77 — The moth, 78.

THE ABBOT SPHINX.

Its distribution, 78 — The larva varies much in color, 78 — The chrysalis and imago, 79.

THE BLUE CATERPILLARS OF THE VINE 79

The Eight-spotted Forester, 80 — Larva previously mistaken for it, 80 — habits and characteristics of the larva, 80 — Harris's description of the larva, 81 — The moth, 81 — Mr. Andrews' account of its ravages, 81 — Remedies, 82.

The Beautiful Wood Nymph, 83 — Characteristics of the moth, 83 — Close resemblance between the larva of this and the foregoing species, 83 — The differences pointed out, 83 — Development of the insect, 83. The Pearl Wood Ny tnph, 83 — It greatly resembles the Beautiful Wood Nymph, 83 — Its probable larva, 84 — Practical importance of distin- guishing these closely allied species, 84. 2 MO

18 , INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page. Insects injurious to the Grape-vine — Continued.

THE AMERICAN PROCRIS f 85

Work of its larva, 85 — Description of full-grown larva, 86 — The moth, 86 — It is not very destructive, 86 — Two annual broods of the insects, 86 — Parasite of the American Procris, 87.

THE NEW GRAPE-ROOT BORER 87

Correction of opinion formerly expressed, 87.

The Broad-necked Priouus, 87 — Duration of the larva state, 87 — Its transformation, 88 — It bores also in Apple roots, 88 — Great damage done by the borer, 88 — No good remedy known, 88.

The Tile-horned Prionus, 89 — How it differs from the foregoing, 89 — Its occurrence on prairie land, 90 — Small dimorphous male form, 90 — The larva subsists also upon the roots of herbaceous plants, 90 — Practical considerations, 91.

THK GRAPE-SEED MAGGOT 92

The Grape-seed Curculio larva of the first report is that of a Hyinenopte- rous insect, 92 — The perfect insect is closely allied to the Joint-worm Fly, 92 — Mr. Sauuders' account and description of the imago, 93.

The Canker Worm 94

The eggs, 94 — The larva and larval changes, 95 — Importance for the or- chardists to recognize the true Canker Worm, 95 — The Imported Elm leaf-beetle mistaken for it, 95 — Description of the larva, 96 — Its food- plants, 96 — The chrysalis. 96 — Only one annual brood in the latitude of Saint Louis, 97 — The moth and its varieties, 97 — It is less injurious in Missouri than in the Eastern States, 97 — Remedies, 98 — Classifica- tion of remedies proposed, 98 — The trough and bandage systems, 99 — Muriate of lime as remedy, 100 — Jarring the tree, 101 — Late fall plow- ing, 101 — Summer plowing, 102 — Efficiency of hogs, 102 — Enemies, 102'; Birds, mite and parasites, 102; Ground-beetles, 103; The Fraternal Potter-wasp, 103.

Cabbage Worms 104

THE SOUTHERN CABBAGE BUTTERFLY 104

Its geographical range, 104 — Injury caused by it in Missouri, 104 — De- scription of the larva, 105 — The chrysalis and imago, 105 — Habits and other food-plants, 105.

The Potherb Butterfly, 105 — It is a Northern species, 105 — It will very likely never occur in Missouri, 106 — Geographical range of insects prin- cipally influenced by temperature, 106 — Isentouiic lines, 106 — Southern insects found near Saint Louis, 106.

The Imported Cabbage Butterfly, 106 — Amount of damage caused by it in Canada, 107 — Its spread westward, 107 — It will undoubtedly spread to St. Louis, 107 — The insect in Europe, 107 — History of its introduc- tion, 107 — The insect in its different stages, 103 — Its food, 108 — Reme- dies, 109 — Parasites, 109.

THE CABBAGE PLUSIA 110

Characteristics and habits of the larva, 110 — Its transformations, 111 — Remedies, 111 — Description of larva, chrysalis and imago, 111 — A simi- lar worm occurring on thistles, 112. .

THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR 112

Habits and characteristics of the larva, 112 — The chrysalis and the moth, 113 — Two annual broods, 113 — Food-plants, 113.

The Tarnished Plant-bug 113

Injury caused by it to various trees and plants, 114 — It is a very varia- ble species, 114 — Its development, 114 — No effective remedy known, 115 — Preventive measures, 115.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT III. 19

Page. The Philenor Swallow-tail 116

Its food-plant, 116 — Damage done by it, 116 — Characteristics and devel- opment of the larva, 116 — Description of the larva, 117 — The pupa, 117 — The imago, 117 — Prevention, 118. The Cottonwood Dagger 119

General appearance of the larva, 119 — Two annual broods, 119 — Chrys- alis and moth, 119 — Larvtu of other species belonging to the genus Acronycta, 119 — Parasites, 120 — Description of larva and imago, 120 — Characters and habits of other species of the same genus, 121. The Missouri Bee-killer 121

The true scientifi name of the Nebraska Bee-killer, 121 — Wing-veins of the genera Asllus, Promachus and Erax, 122 — Description of the Mis- souri Bee-killer, 122 — How to destroy the flies, 123 — Habits and life- history of Asilus-flies, 123 — Description of larva and pupa of Erax Bastardi (?), 124 — Synonyrnical notes on the imago, 124.

INNOXIOUS INSECTS. The Goat-weed Butterfly 125

Its geographical distribution and position in classification, 125 — -Its food- plant, 125 — Habits of the larva, 126 — Larval changes, 126 — Conform- ity in the color of the larva with that of the leaves, 127 — Description of the full-grown larva, 127 — Transformation of the larva to chrysalis, 127 — The two sexes of the imago, 127 — Hibernation, 128. The Black Breeze-fly 128

Breeze-flies beneficial in the larva state, 128 — Tormenting power of Breeze-flies, 128 — Their mode of flight, 129 — Our knowledge of their larval character and habits, 129 — General characters of the larva of the Black Breeze-fly, 129 — It is semi-aquatic, 129 — Walsh's description of the larva, 130 — Habits and food of the larva, 130 — Its transforma- tions, 131 — Discription of the pupa, 131 — Probable habits of Breeze- fly larvae on the Western prairies, 132.

Galls made by Moths 132

THE FALSE INDIGO GALL-MOTH 132

The gall and its structure, 132 — General appearance of the larva and the

moth, 133 — Description of larva and imago, 133. THE MIS-NAMED GALL-MOTH 134

Is it a true gall-maker or an iuquiline ?, 134 — Walsh's description of the larva, 134 — Description of the imago, 134 — Generic characters, 134 — Reasons why the insect is an intruder and not a gall-maker, 134 — Enumeration of the known gall-making moths, 135 — How the gall is formed, 135.

REPORT III.

[Submitted December 2, 1870; published April, 1871.] Preface 3

NOXIOUS INSECTS. Snout-beetles 5

The -whole vegetable kingdom and every part of each plant serve as food for insects, 5 — Enumeration of insects affecting the different parts of the Apple-tree, 5 — Other food-kabits of insects, 7 — Vast extent of the science of entomology, 8 — Beauty and simplicity of classification in en- tomology, 8 — Each family distinguished by its general appearance, 8 — Unity of habits in each family, 9 — Distinguishing characters of Snout-beetles, 9 — Their larva*, 10 — They are among the most injurious beetles, 10 — Injurious Snout-beetles in Europe, 11.

20 INDKX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page.

Snout-beetles — Continued. TIIE COMMON PLUM CURCULIO 11

It is single-brooded, 11 — Experiments to prove this fact, 12 — It hiber- nates as beetle, 13 — Form of the egg, 13 — Feeding habits of the beetle,

13 — Creaking noise produced by it, 14 — Stridulation in other insects, 14 — It is nocturnal rather than diurnal, 14 — Habits of the beetle at night,

14 — Remedies, 15 — The Ransom Chip-trap process, 15 ; explanation of the process, 15 ; it is not so successful as anticipated, 15 ; it is not a new discovery, 16 ; number of Curculios caught by it, 16 ; its success depend- ent on the character of the soil, 17 ; directions for using the process, 17 ; more experiments needed, 17 — Offering premiums for collecting speci- mens, 17 — Absurdity of the application of Paris Green for the Curculio, 18 — Jarring by machinery, 18 — The Hull Curculio-catcher defective in •several respects, 18 — The Ward Curculio-catcher, 20 ; how it could be improved, 20; rules for using the machine, 21 — Curculio-catcher in- vented by Claxton &. Stevens, 22 — Hooten's Curculio-catcher, 22; its advantages and mode of operation, 24 — Two true parasites of the Plum Curculio, 24 — The Sigalphus Curculio parasite, 24; Fitch's account of it, 25 ; "Walsh's doubt about its being parasitic on the Curculio, 25 ; ex- periments and observations proving that it is a parasite of the Curculio, 25; its development and frequent occurrence around St. Louis, 25; it attacks also other soft-bodied larvae, 26 ; points in its natural history, 26 ; its position in the system, 27 ; description of the imago, larva, pupa, cocoon and of the var. rufiis, 27 — The Porizon Curculio parasite, 28 ; how it differs from the foregoing, 28; description of the imago, 28 — Import- ance of the work of these parasites of the Curculio, 29 — Artificial prop- agation and distribution of parasites, 29.

THE APPLE CURCULIO 29

How it differs from the Plum Curculio, 30 — Its natural history, 30 — Food- plants, 30 — The punctures it drills into the fruit, 31 — The egg, 31 — The larva and its habits, 31 — The larva transforms within the fruit, 32 — Amount of damage it does, 33 — How its work in the fruit can be dis- tinguished from that of other insects, 33 — It is very injurious in South- ern Illinois and parts of Missouri, 33 — It is less injurious to apples than the Plum Curculio, 33 — Injury done by it to pears, 33 — The rot in apples principally produced by it and by the Plum Curculio, 34 — Season of its appearance, 34 — Remedies and preventive measures, 34 — Description of larva and pupa, 35.

THE QUINCE CURCULIO 35

Its food-plants, 35 — It is very injurious to the quince in the East, 36 — Dr. Trimble's account of the damage done by it, 36 — How the beetle differs from the two preceding Curculios, 36 — Its transformations and habits,

37 — Its puncture on the fruit, 37 — It hibernates in the larva state, 37 - Its larva mistaken by Dr. Fitch for that of the Plum Curculio, 38 — The imago state lasts only two months, 38 — It does not attack the Apple,

38 — Remedies, 33 — Description of the larva and pupa, 39.

THE PLUM-GOUGER 3'J

How it differs from the preceding species, 39 — Injury caused by it, 39 — Food-plants, 40 — It is often mistaken for the Plum Curculio, 40 — Sea- son of its appearance, 40 — Holes bored by it in the fruit, 41 — The larva lives within the kernel of the fruit, 41 — Remedies, 41.

THE STRAWBERRY CROWN-BORER 42

Distribution of the insect, 42 — Injury done by it, 42 — Habits and charac- ters of the larva, 43 — Habits of the beetle, 43 — Remedies, 43 — Para- site, 44 — How the larva differs from that of the Grape-vine Colaspis, 44 — Description of the imago and larva, 44.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT III. 21

Page.

Snout -beetles — Continued. THE PEA-WEE VIL 44

Insect enemies of the garden pea, 44 — Characters of the Bruchides, 45 — Habits of other species ofBruchidw, 45 — Frequent occurrence of its larva in green peas, 43 — Characteristics of the beetle, 46 — It is in all proba- bility an indigenous North American insect, 46 — The beetle does not sting the peas, 46 — The eggs are fastened by the female beetle on the outside of the pod, 47 — The larva and its habits, 47 — Its transforma- tions, 47 — Remedies and preventives, 48 — Examination of peas in- tended for seed, 48 — Concerted action necessary to exterminate the insect, 48 — Mr. Sauuders' account of the occurrence of the Pea- weevil in Canada, 49 — Other preventive measures, 49 — Birds destroying the insect, 50.

THE GRAIN BRUCHUS 50

Its introduction from Europe, 50 — How it differs from the Pea-weevil, 50 — Curtis' account of its habits in Europe, 51.

THE AMERICAN BEAN-WEEVIL

Food-plants, 52 — Its geographical distribution, 52 — Accounts of damage done by it in New York and Pennsylvania, 52 — It has only lately be- come injurious, 53 — Habits of the larva and beetle, 54 — The proper nomenclature of the species, 54 — Description of the imago, 55 — Its differences from allied species, 54 — Note on descriptions based upon in- dividual variations, 56.

THE NEW YORK WEEVIL 57

Damage caused by it to fruit trees, 57 — Former descriptions of the insect, 57 — Its breeding habits, 57 — The Pear Blight not caused by the beetle, 58.

THE IMBRICATED SNOUT-BEETLE 58

Injury done by it to vegetation, 58 — Its natural history still unknown, 58 — General appearance of the beetle, 58.

THE CORN SPHENOPHORUS 59

Damage caused by it to corn plants, 59 — Characteristics of the beetle, 59 -Its larval history still unknown, 59 — Probable habits of the larva, 59 — Walsh's description of the imago, 59.

THE COCKLEBUR SPHENOPHORUS 60

It is not injurious, 60 — Coloration of the beetle and its probable identity with S. 13-punctatii8} 60 — The larva, 60 — Enumeration of other inju- rious Suout-beetleSj 60.

Insects injurous to the Grape-vine 61

THE GRAPE LEAF-FOLDER 61

Its geographical distribution, 61 — Generic characters, 6t — Characters of the uioth, 61 — Sexual differences, 62 — Habits of the larva, 62 — Rem- edy and prevention, 62 — Natural enemies, 62 — Description of the larva, 62.

THE GRAPE-VINE EPIMENIS 63

Its larva formerly mistaken for that of the Pearl Wood Nymph, 63 — Char- acters of the moth and sexual differences, 63 — Habits of the larva when about to transform, 64 — Its grape-vine feeding habits formerly un- known, 64 — Description of the larva, 64; of the chrysalis, 65.

THE GRAPE-VINE PLUME 65

Work of its larva and of that of the Grape-vine Epimenis, 65 — Both larvae rather beneficial when not too numerous, 65 — Characters of the larva,

66 — Peculiar form of the pupa, 63 — Protective mimicry of the pupa.

67 — Habits and appearance of the moth, 67 — Is it single or double- brooded, 67.

22 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page. Insects injurious to the Grape-vine — Continued.

THE COMMON YELLOW BEAR 68

How the youug larvse differ from the mature larva of the Grape-vine Plume, 68 — Food-plants, 68 — Color variations in the larva?, 69 — The chrysa- lis, 69 — The imago, 69 — Parasites, 69 — Remedy, 69. THE SMEARED DAGGER 70

The larva is polyphagous, 70 — Characters of larva, pupa, and imago, 70 — Remedy, 70 — Parasites, 71 — Description of imago and larva, 71 ; of the pupa, 72. THE PYRAMIDAL GRAPE-VINE WORM 72

Distinguishing characters of the Worm, 72 — Its food-plants, 72 — Its trans- formations, 72 — It is single or double-brooded according to latitude, 73 — Its closely allied congener in Europe, 73 — Remedies, 73 — Descrip- tion of the larva, 73; of pupa and imago, 74 — How it differs from Amplupyra pyramided, 74 — Description of larva and imago of the Spat- tered Copper Underwing, 75. THE GRAPE-ROOT BORER 75

Its distribution, 75 — Distinguishing characters of the larva, 76 — Its transformation, 76 — Characters of the moth, 76 — Description of the imago and its sexual differences, 76 — Work of the larva on grape- roots, 77 — Remedies, 77. THE SPOTTED PELIDXOTA 77

It is usually not injurious, 77 — The larva and its habits, 78 — The beetle,

78 — Description of the larva, 78. THE GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE 79

It is well-known to the grape-grower in Missouri, 79 — Its distribu- tion and food-plants, 80 — Hibernation, 80 — Damage done by the beetle in spring, 80 — The eggs, 80 — Damage caused by the larv;p, 80; their transformation, 80 — Remedies, 80 — Description of the larva and pupa, 81. THE GRAPE-VINE COLASPIS 81

Fitch's account of the insect, 82 — Varieties of the beetle, 82 — The larva in all probability attacks sometimes that of the Leaf-folder, 82 — It lives on the roots of the Strawberry, 82 — Larva of the European Colaspis larbam, 82 — Difference in habits of larvie of allied species, 83 — Singu- lar characters of the larva of the Grape-vine Colaspis, 83 — Work of the larva on Strawberry roots, 83 — Remedy, 84 — Description of the larva, 84. THE GRAPE-LEAF GALL-LOUSE 84

Its life-history not yet fully studied, 84 — Previous accounts of the insect by Fitch, Shimer, and Walsh, 85 — The root disease in France, 85 — The Phylloxeravastatrix recognized as the cause of this disease, 85 — Identity of the gall-louse with the root-inhabiting insect, 86 — The American and European insects are identical, 86 — Remedies tried in France, 86 — The disease directly caused by the Phylloxera, 87 — Injury done by the Phyl- loxera in Missouri, 87 — Forming of the gall, 87 — Propagation of the lice and multiplication of the galls, 88 — The gall-lice descend in the latter part of the season to the roots, 88 — Change of the insect after passing from the leaves to the root, 88 — Questions still to be settled in the life-history of the Phylloxera, 83 — Rare occurrence of the winged form, 89 — The insect can be transported from one place to another on roots, 89 — It hibernates on the roots, 89 — Grape-vines that should be planted, 89 — Number of indigenous species of the Grape-vine. 90 — Grape-vines which are most seriously infested with the Grape leaf- louse, 90 — Danger in planting the Clinton among other grapes, 91 — In-

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT III. 23

Page. Insects injurious to the Grape-vine — Continued.

THE GRAPE-LEAF GALL-LOUSE.

sects acquiring different food-habits as illustrated in the Apple-maggot and the Pine-leaf Scale, 92 — The different forms of the Grape leaf- louse, 93 — Discussion on the proper place of the insect is the classifica- tion, 93 — On Dr. Shimer's proposed new families Dactylosphcerldce and Lepidosaphidce, 93 — Objections to Fitch's specific name vitifolice, 95 — Identity of the European with the American insect, 95 — The Apple- root louse is identical with the Wooly Aphis, 95 — The Gall-inhabiting form of the Phylloxera identical with the root-inhabiting type, 96 — Characters of the genus Phylloxera and its place in the system, 96.

The Colorado Potato-beetle again 97

Its onward march, 97 — It invades the Dominion of Canada, 97 — How it crossed Lake Michigan, 97 — It will probably spread through Ontario unless preventive measures are taken, 98 — Excellent chance to prevent its spread in Canada, 98 — The Paris green remedy, 99 — It is efficient if judiciously applied, 99 — It does not affect the tuber, 99 — Natural checks to the increase of the Potato-beetle 100 — The Great Lebia destroying the larvae,, 100 — Bogus experiments, 100 — The true Remedy, 101 — How to prevent the insect from becoming too numerous, 101 — Planting early varieties of potatoes, 101.

The Codling Moth again 101

Hay-bands avouud the trunk of the tree more effectual than rags placed in the fork, 102 — The Codling Moth is single-brooded in the more north- ern countries, but double-brooded in the latitude of St. Louis, 102 — Sex- ual differences of the moth, 103 — Sexual characters in the genera Ar- gynnis and G-rapta, 103 — The Codling Moth also infests peaches, 103.

The Corn Worm alias Boll Worm 104

Its geographical range, 104 — Injury done by it to corn, 104 — It attacks tomatoes and other plants, 105 — Food-plants of the Stalk-borer, 105 — The egg of the Corn Worm, 105 — Mr. Glover's account of the habits of the Boll Worm, 106 — The lar v^a is very variable in color, 107 — Its trans- formations, 107 — Number of annual broods, 107 — Amount of damage done by it, 107 — Remedies, 108 — Attracting the moth by sweets, 108 — Heard's moth-trap, 109.

The Fall Army Worm 109

Reports of its appearance in 1870, and how it was generally mistaken for the True Army Worm, 109 — It was also mistaken for the Boll Worm, 111 — Injury caused by it. 111 — How it differs from the True Army Worm, 112 — It is a very variable species in the imago state, 113 — The Spiderwort Owlet-moth, and how it differs from the Fall Army Worm moth, 113 — Number of annual broods and time of appearance of the Fall Army Worm, 114 — The eggs and how they are deposited, 114 — Preventive measures, 115 — It is never injurious during two consecutive years, 115 — Parasitic checks, 116 — Description of the imago, 116; of the varieties and the earlier states, 117.

The Apple-tree Tent-caterpillar, or American Lackey-moth 11

The web-nests of the caterpillar and importance of their destruction, 118 — The egg-mass, 118 — The caterpillar and its habits, 119 — Traus- formatious of the insect, 119 — The imago very variable in color, 119 — Food-plants of the caterpillar, 120 — Remedies, 120 — Parasites and enemies, 120.

24 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page. The Tent-caterpillar of the Forest 121

The egg-mass ami how the eggs are deposited by the female moth, 121 — Development of the larva, 122 — Fitch's descriptions of the full-grown larva, 123 — Confusion arising from want of uniform rule in describing larvae, 123 — The cocoon, 124 — The chrysalis and the nioth, 124 — The web spun by the caterpillar, 124 — Mr. Ferris's observations on differ- ences in habits, appearance, and food-plants of the caterpillar, 125 — Phytophagic varieties or species, 127 — Food-plants of the caterpillar, 127 — Its destructive powers, 127 — Remedies, 128 — Natural enemies and parasites, 128 — Summary, 129. The Fall Web-worm 130

It is often mistaken for the Tent-caterpillars, 130 — It feeds upon almost every kind of trees and shrubs, 130 — The web spun by the worm 130 — General appearance of the worm, 130 — The chrysalis and imago, 131 — Number of annual broods, 131 — Plants it prefers, 131 — How it differs from the Tent-caterpillar, 132 — Remedies, 132 — Description of the larva, 132. The Blue-spangled Peach Worm 132

Winter retreat of the larva, 132 — General appearance of the larva, 133 — Chrysalis and imago, 133 — Callimorpha vestaUs Packard synonymous with C. fulvicosta, 133 — Food plants, 134 — Description of the larva, 134. The Ash-gray Pinion 134

Food plants of the larva, 135 — Transformations of the insect, 135 — Char- acters of the moth, 135 — Description of larva and imago, 135 — Re- marks on allied species, 136.

BENEFICIAL INSECTS.

The Glassy-winged Soldier-bug 137

It preys upon different species of leaf-hoppers, 137 — Its larva and pupa,

138 — How it seizes its prey, 138 — Coloration of the insect, 138 — It was never observed before to attack the leaf-hoppers of the Grape-vine,

139 — Habits of the Phytocoridiv, 139.

INNOXIOUS INSECTS.

The White-lined Morning Sphinx 140

Resemblance of the Moth to a Humming bird, 140 — Interest attached to the study of Lepidopterous larvre, 140 — Larval variations in the same species, 141 — Food plants of the larva, 141 — The light and dark colored forms of the larva, 142 — Its geographical range, 142 — Parasite, 142.

Two of our Common Butterflies 1 142

THE ARCHIPPUS BUTTERFLY 143

Synonymy of its specific name, 143 — Its geographical distribution, 143 — Characters of the Danaida; 143 — Sexual differences, 143— Food plants, 144 — Hibernation, 144 — Two annual broods, 144 — Description of the egg, 144 — The larva and its larval changes, 145 — How the horns of the larva become longer at each moult, 145 — The full grown larva, 140 — Interest attached to the metamorphoses of insects, 146 — How the larva becomes a chrysalis, 147 — The hardened chrysalis, 147 — Duration of the chrysalis state, 147 — The issuing of the butterfly, 148 — Protective colors of insects, 148 — Nauseous odor of the Archippus Butterfly in all its stages, 149 — The Tachina-parasite of the Archippus larva, 149 — Act- ion of the parasitized larva, 149 — How the Tachiua larva and other insects prepare the lid of their puparia, 149 — Characters of this Ta- chiua-fly, 150 — Difficulties of the study of the Tachinarice, 150 — Two forms occurring in Tachina archippivora, 150 — The Butterfly often con- gregating in immense swarms, 151 — Probable reasons of this assem- bling in swarms, 152.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT IV. 25

Page. Two of our Common Butterflies— Continued.

THE DISIPPUS BUTTERFLY 153

Distinguishing characters of the Nymphalidse, 153 — Food plants and geo- graphical range, 153 — The egg, 153 — Description of the egg, 154- Developineut of the larva, 154 — Description of the mature and young larva, 154 — The insect hibernates as young larva, 155 — Case prepared by the larva for its winter quarters, 155 — Modifications of the case, 156 — Peculiar habit of the autumnal larva>, 156 — Parasites, 157 — Ta- china-fly, 157 — The Disippus egg-parasite, 157 — The Disippus Micro- gaster, 158.

MIMICRY AS ILLUSTRATED BY THESE TWO BUTTERFLIES, WITH SOME REMARKS OX THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION 159

Conformity of color between animals and their surroundings, 159 — Defi- nition of the term "mimicry," 160 — Pungent odor possessed by the Dauaidd', 160 — Their mode of flight, 160 — Protection they derive from their peculiar odor, 161 — Pieridw and Danaidtu in the Valley of the Ama- zon, 161 — Mimetic forms of Fierida', 161 — Explanation of the origin of mimetic forms, 162 — Mimicry between the Archippus and Disippus Butterflies, 163 — The Ursula Butterfly, 163 — Its caterpillar and chry- salis uudistiiignishable from those of the Disippus, 163 — Its imago has no protective color, 164 — Mr. Bennett's objections to the theory of Nat- ural Selection producing mimetic forms, 165 — Mr. Scudder's objections, 166 — Discussion of Mr. Scudder's arguments, 167 — Mr. Murray's ob- jections to the connection between mimetic resemblances and Natural Selection, 170 — Natural Selection not the only power producing mim- icry, 171 — Reasons for discussing in this Report the theory of Natural Selection, 172 — Natural Selection involves belief in the doctrine of Evolution, 173 — Darwinism is neither irreligious nor atheistic, 174.

REPORT IV.

[Submitted December 2, 1871; published April, 1872.]

Preface

NOXIOUS INSECTS.

Notes of the Year

THE COLORADO POTATO-BEETLE

Its injuries in 1871, 5 — Its appearance in great numbers in early spring, 5 — Exorbitant price of Paris green, 6 — Natural enemies of the beetle very abundant, 6 — Diminution in numbers of the beetle later in the season, 7 — Causes of such diminution, 7 — Damage caused by the Potato- beetle in Missouri, 7 — It invaded Canada in 1870, 8 — The Three-lined Potato-beetle mistaken for it in New York and Massachusetts, 8 — Its further spread eastward irresistible, 8 — Slow spread of the insect in the South, 9 — Its present extent northward, 9 — It spreads but does not leave the districts already invaded, 9 — It is not injurious to potatoes in Colorado at a certain altitude, 10 — New food-plants, 10 — It feeds upon cabbage, 11 — Its hibernation, 11 — Objections raised against the use of Paris green, 11 — Paris green is an efficient remedy and now in general use, 12 — Box for dusting Paris green, 12 — Mixing the poison with di- luents, 12 — No serious cases of poisoning have come to knowledge, 13 — Antidote for Paris green, 13 — Other applications, 13 — Messrs. Saun- ders's and Reed's experiments with various substances, 14 — Experiments with decoctions of various plants, 15 — Air-slacked lime as a remedy, 15 — Mechanical means, 15 — Squire's Brushing machine, 15 — Creighton's

26 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Notes of the Year — Continued. THE COLORADO POTATO-BEETLE.

Improved Patent Insect Destroyer, 15 — Disadvantage of all mechanical means, 16 — A simple and effective way of brushing off and killing the bugs, 16 — Natural enemies increasing, 16 — Chickens acquiring a taste for eggs and larvre of the beetle, 16 — Spiders are among its enemies, 17 — The 15-Spotted Ladybird and its larva, 18 — The Icy Ladybird, 18 — The Ring-banded Soldier-bug, 19 — The Dotted-legged Plant-bug, 19- The Spined Soldier-bag and its earlier states, 20 — The Nebraska Bee- killer, 21 — The Kansas Bombardier-beetle, 21 — Rove-beetles of the genera Philonlhus and Queditts, 21. THE CODLING MOTH AGAIN ............................................... 22

Time of year that the first moths appear, 22 — Time required for devel- opment, 22 — Proper time to apply the bandages around the tree, 22 — It attacks peaches, 22 — Best kind of bandages, 23 — Wier's Apple-worm Trap, 23 — Advantages and disadvantages of the trap, 24 — Overesti- mating the value of Wier's trap, 25 — Jarring, 25 — Mr. Chapin's method of knocking down the wormy apples, 26 — When this operation should begin, 26 — Fires, lights and bottles of liquid not to be recommended as a remedy, 27 — Worthlessness of Todd's book "The Apple Culturist," 28 — Natural enemies, 28 — The Pennsylvania Soldier-beetle and its larva, 28 — The Two-lined Soldier-beetle and its larva, 29 — Description of the larva of Telephorus tillneatns, 30 — Summary, 30. THE PERIODICAL CICADA .................................................. 30

Reproduction, with corrections and additions, of the Chronological table

of Broods I to VI from Report I, 31. THE GRAPE-VINE COLASPIS AGAIN ......................................... 34

Redescription of the larva from well-preserved specimens, 34. The Harlequin Cabbage-bug ............................................... 35

It was not known in Missouri prior to 1870, 35 — Its geographical range and color variations, 35 — Insect enemies of the cabbage plant, 35 — Dr. Lyiicecnm's account of its habits and injury caused by it in Texas, 36 — Its appearance in Missouri in 1870, 36 — The egg, 37 — The larva and pupa, 37 — Several annual broods, 37 — The mature bug, 37 — In- jury caused by it, 37 — Its congener in Europe, 38. The Rascal Leaf-crumpler ................................................. 38

Its proper scientific name, 38 — It is hardly noticed in summer time, 38 — lujury caused by it, 39 — It hibernates as larva, 39 — Habits of the larva, 39 — The larval case, 39 — Characteristics of the moth, 39 — Food plants, 39 — Remedies, 40 — Natural enemies, 40 — LeBarou's description of Tachinaphytitce, 40 — Limneria fugitiva, 41 — Description of imago, larva and chrysalis of the Rascal Leaf-crumpler, 41 — Description of the variety nebuleUa, 42. The Walnut Case-bearer ____ : ............................................. 42

Other case-bearers enumerated, 42 — The case of the Walnut case-bearer, . 42 — Differences between the moth and that of the Rascal Leaf-crumpler,

43 — Natural enemies, 43 — Description of Perilitus indagator, 43.

The Apple-leaf Skeletonizer ............................................... 44

Its work on the leaves of Apple trees, 44 — The worm and the chrysalis,

44 — Appearance of the moth, 45 — Mr. Hammond's account of the inj ury caused by the worm, [45 — The European Acrobasis comociella, 45 — Remedies and parasites, 45 — Description of imago, larva and pupa, 46.

The Green Apple Leaf-tyer ................................................ 46

It occurs almost always in company with the foregoing, 46 — Characters and habits of the worm, 46 — The Chrysalis, 47 — Description of imago, larva and chrysalis, 47.

TAI5LE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT IV. 27

Page. The Lesser Apple Leaf-folder 47

Its larva and pupa closely resembles those of the foregoing species, 47 —

Mr. Wier's account of its habits, 48 — Remedy, 49. The Apple-leaf Bucculatrix 49

It is not very injurious in Missouri, 49 — Account of damage caused by it in New York, 50 — The worm and its habits, 50 — Its transformations, 50 — Season of the appearance of the moth, 50 — Remedies, 50 — Hab- its of Bucculatrix thuieUa, 51 — Description of larva and pupa of the Apple-leaf Bucculatrix, 51. The Apple-twig Borer 51

Its frequent occurrence in Missouri, 51 — Characters of the beetle, 52 — The holes made by it in the twigs, 52 — The holes are made only for food and protection, 52 — The insect breeds probably in the sap-wood of forest trees, 52 — The larva of Shwxylon bassillare mistaken for that of the Apple-twig Borer, 52 — Remedy, 53.

Insects injurious to the Grape-vine 53

THE RED-SHOULDERED SINOXYLON 53

Characteristics of the insect as imago, larva and pupa, 54 — Damage done by it to grape-vines, fruit trees and Hickory, 54 — Description of the larva and pupa, 54.

Grape Disease 55

THE GRAPE-LEAF GALL-LOUSE 55

Its scientific name, 55 — The law of priority, 55 — European grape- vines valueless in the eastern U. S., 55 — Deterioration of some of our native vines, 56 — Climatic reasons for the failure of European vines, 56— The principal cause of this failure is the Phylloxera, 56 — Further proof of the identity of the American with the European insect, 57- Reasous for the identity of the Gall-louse with the Root-louse, 57- Further facts respecting the habits of the Root-louse, 58 — Underground forms, 58 — The young lice and their habits,59 — Hibernation, 59 — The pupa, 59 — The winged female, 59 — Susceptibility of different vines to the attacks of the louse, 60 — Classification of the North Amer- ican grape-vines according to their practical importance, 60 — Synop- sis of the True Grape-vines of the U. S., by Dr. George Engelmaun,

60 — Difficulty of separating the cultivated varieties of grape-vine,

61 — Importance of a proper classification of cultivated grape-vines, 62 — Importation into Europe of resisting American vines, 62 — Enum- eration of the cultivated varieties and their susceptibility to the dis- ease, 63 — No variety is entirely exempt from the attacks of the root- louse, 64 — American vines which resisted the root-louse in Europe,

64 — Means of contagion from one vine to another, 64 — The spread of the root-lice from one vine to another, 64 — Transportation of the louse upon the roots of seedlings and cuttings, 64 — Spread of the disease in France, 64 — The winged female of the root-louse and her function,

65 — The vernal leaf-gall, 65 — Preference of the winged Phylloxera for the Clinton grape and its allies, 65 — Power of flight of Phylloxera ca- . rynfolia1, 66 — Deposition of the eggs upon the leaf, 66 — Probable rea- sons why the injuries of the Phylloxera are greater in Europe than in America, 66 — Outward and more visible effects of the root-disease, 67 — Practical suggestions, 67 — No need to destroy the Clinton vines,

67 — Influence of soil on the intensity of the disease, 67 — Remedies,

68 — Destruction of the gall-lice, 68 — Destruction of the root-lice, 68 — Results of experiments in France with various substances, 68 — Irriga- tion and submersion, 69 — Re'sunie' of the insect's history, 69 — No need of unnecessary alarm, 70.

28 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

BENEFICIAL INSECTS.

Page.

Silkworms 72

INTRODUCTORY 72

The Morns multicaulis fever and its reaction, 72 — Increasing attention lately given to silk-culture in America, 72 — North America well adapted to the raising of silk, 73 — General outlines of the natural history of the eight species of Silkworms treated of in this Report, 74. THE MULUERRY SILKWORM 75

Its past history, 75 — Earliest silk-culture in China and India, 75 — Its introduction into Europe, 76 — Value of silk produced in France, 76' — The "Silk Supply Association" in England and its objects, 76 — Countries exporting raw silk, 77 — The name given to silk by different nations, 77 — History of the Mulberry Silkworm in America, 77 — Its introduction and failure of earlier efforts, 77 — Renewal of silk-culture within the past decade, 77 — Silk manufacture in the United States,

78 — Favorable prospects for raising silk in this country, 78 — Silk- growing iu California, 79 — Mr. Prevost's "California Silk-grower's Manual," 79 — False statements and exaggerations in Prevost's book,

79 — Sale of Califoruiau Silkworm eggs, 80 — Disastrous effect of the Franco-Prussian war on the egg trade, 81 — Success of silk-culture in California dependent on the ability to reel the silk, 81 — Silk-culture in Kansas, 82 — Mons. Boissiere's silk establishment and its chances of success, 82 — Silk-growing iu Missouri, 83 — The fall season in Missouri eminently propitious for rearing silkworms, 84 — Natural history of the Silkworm, 84 — Races of the Silkworm produced by domestication, 84 — Effects produced on the insect by domestication, 85 — The egg, 86 — Larva and larval changes, 86 — Cocoon, chrysalis and moth, 87 — No insect parasite of the silkworm in Europe, 87 — The "Uji" disease in China and Japan, 87 — Diseases of the Silkworm, 88; The Muscardine, its effect and cause, 88; The Ptbrine disease, its symptoms and cause, 89; Nature and origin of these diseases, 90 — Other diseases of the Silkworm, 91 — Best varieties or races, 901 — Di ff'erent forms of cocoons produced by different races, 92 — How best to rear silkworms, 92 — Rearing a very simple process, 92 — Character of climate of the Japanese eilk districts, 93 — Keeping the eggs duriug the winter, 93 — Hatching of the eggs, 93 — Room and building for the rearing of the worms, 93 — The feeding net or fillet, 94 — Importance of carrying all the worms simultaneously through their moults, 94 — Regularity of feeding, 95 — Regulating the temperature, 95 — Cocoonery, 96 — Choking the chrysa- lis, 96 — Egg-laying, 97 — Selecting and fastening the cocoons for breed- ing purposes, 97 — Treatment of the female moths after copulation, 97- Preservation of the eggs, 97 — Reeling, 98 — Great skill required to ac- complish the work properly, 98 — Classification of raw silk, 93 — Pre- paring the cocoons for reeling, 98 — Objects of and manipulations iu reeling, 99 — Best food for the worms, 100 — Varieties of the Mulberry,

. 100 — Cultivation of the Mulberry, 100 — Osage Orange as silkworm food, 100 — Introduction of the Osage Orange into France, 100 — Ex- periments in America with feeding silkworms on Osage Orange, 101- Advantages and disadvantages of the Osage Orange, 102.

THE CECROPIA SILKWORM 103

Changes made in its scientific generic name, 103 — General appearance of the moth, 103 — Fitch's explanation of the specific name, 104 — Food plants, 104 — The cocoon, 104 — Value of its cocoon as compared with that of the Polyphemus moth, 105 — How the moth issues from the co-

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT IV. 29

Page. Silkworms — Continued.

THE CECROPIA SILKWORM.

coon, 105 — The moth immediately after hatching, 106 — The- egg, 106 - Description of the larval changes, 106 — Strange habit of birds of using the empty cocoon as a storehouse, 107 — The Cecropia worm can- not be classed as an injurious insect, 107 — Samia Columbia ought to be considered a variety of cecropia, 107 — Parasites, 107 — The Long-tailed Ophiou, 107 ; its mode of ovipositiou, 108 ; habits of its larva, 108 — The Cecropia Tachina-fl y, 108 ; how it affects its victim, 108 ; its larva and imago, 109 — The Mary Chalets-fly, 109; how it escapes from the cocoon of the inoth, 109 ; description of the imago, 110 — The Cecropia Cryptus, 110; its habits, 110; description of the two sexes, 111; how it differs from the allied species, 111.

THE ALIANTHUS SILKWORM 112

Difference between the silkworms of the Castor-beau and Ailauthus, 112 — Introduction of the Ailanthus silkworm into Europe, 113 — Ailanthicult- ure in Europe, 113 — Its introduction into America, 114 — Disadvantages of the Ailauthus silkworm, 115 — Its acclimatization in America and Aus- tralia, 115 — Value of the cocoon, 115 — Mr. Forgemol's device for un- winding the cocoon, 116 — Natural history of the Ailanthus silkworm, 117 — The egg and mode of egg-laying, 117 — Larval changes, 117 — Pupation, 118 — The imago and its variations, 118 — Food plants, 118 — Directions for raising the worms, 119 — A good word for the Ailanthus tree, 120.

THE PROMETHEA SILKWORM 121

Value of the cocoon, 121 — Mode of egg-laying, 121 — Larval changes, 121

— How the cocoon is fastened to the twig, 122 — Striking sexual differ- ence in the moth, 122 — CaUosamia anguUfera ought not to be considered as a different species, 122 — Food plants of the worm, 123 — Natural enemies, 123.

THE LUXA SILKWORM 123

The beautiful appearance of the moth, 123 — The cocoon, 124 — Food- plants, 124 — Larval changes, 124 — Season when the imago issues, 125

— No parasites of the worm known, 125 — Actias selene probably identi- cal with luna, 125.

THE POLYPHEMUS SILKWORM 125

Mode of egg-laying, 125 — The egg, 126 — Food- plants, 126 — Larval changes, 126 — The cocoon, 126 — Mr. Trouvelot's account of the issuing of the moth, 127 — Wonderful vitality of the chrysalis, 127 — Characters of the moth and its variations, 128 — The broad antennae of the male moth mistaken for a third pair of wings, 128 — Difficulty of reeling the cocoon, 129 — Number of annual broods, 129 — Parasites, 129.'

THE YAMA-MAI SILKWORM 130

Its native home and food-plant, 130 — Its introduction into Europe and Australia, 130 — Attempts at raising it in America, 130 — The egg and how it should be kept over winter, 131 — Climate most favorable for the worm, 131 — The worm and its resemblance to the leaf, 132 — Food plants, 132 — Larval changes, 132 — The cocoon and the value of its silk, 133 — The moth and its habits, 1?3 — Difficulties of rearing the worm, 133 — Mr. Adams's account of rearing the Yama-mai Worm in Japan, 134 The Uji parasite, 136.

THE PERNY SILKWORM 137

Its native home, 137 — How it differs from the preceding, 137 — Larval changes, 137 — The cocoon and its silk, 137 — The moth, 137 — Its cul- ture in China, 138 — The Tusseh Silkworm, 138.

30 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page. Silkworms — Continued.

SUMMARY 138

Successful silk culture possible in this country, 138 — Comparative value of the different species of silkworms, 138.

INNOXIOUS INSECTS. The Horned Passalus 139

Its frequent occurrence in old logs, 139 — The noise produced by the beetle, 139 — It occurs only in decaying wood, 140 — The larva and its excep- tional character, 140 — Description of the larva, 140 — Previous descrip- tions of Passalus-larv;e, 141 — Description of the pupa, 141.

The Great Leopard Moth 141

Characters of the larva, 141 — Food-plants, 142 — Hibernation and trans- formations, 142 — The imago, 142 — The larva able to resist extreme cold, 143 — Description of the larva, 143.

The Isabella Tiger Moth 14

Characters of the larva, 143 — Food-plants, 143 — Cocoon and chrysalis,

143 — The moth, 144 — The popular name "Fever- worm" in the South,

144 — No parasite known of this and the preceding species, 144.

The Acorn Moth 144

The egg laid in acorns that have been ruined by Balanlnus rectus, 144 — Habits of the larva, 144 — Characters of larva and moth, 145 — Descrip- tion of imago, larva and pupa, 145.

REPORT V.

[Submitted December 2, 1872 ; published April 18, 1873.] Preface 3

ENTOMOLOGY, ITS RELATIONS TO AGRICULTURE AND ITS ADVANCEMENT... 5 Definition of Entomology, 5 — The term "insect," 5 — The four Subking- doms of the Animal Kingdom, 6 — Characteristics of insec's, 7 — Classi- fication of insects, 8 — Hymenoptera, 9 — Coleoptera, 10 — Lepidoptera, 11 — Herniptera, 12 — Diptera, 13 — Orthoptera, 14 — Neuroptera, 14 — Osculant and aberrant groups, 15 — Importance of entomology as a study, 17 — Economic importance of entomology, 18 — Relation of in- sects to Agriculture, 18 — Damage inflicted by insects to Agriculture and Horticulture, 19 — Progress of economic entomology, 19 — Economic entomology in Europe, 19 — Insects in America much more injurious than in Europe, 21 — State entomologists and entomologists in public po- sitions in the United States, 21 — How to counterwork noxious insects, 23 — Prevention, 24 — Checking the spread of injurious insects, 24 — Cure, 25 — Modification of Dr. Hull's Curculio-catcher, 25 — Encourage- ment of the natural enemies of injurious insects, 26 — Duties of a State Entomologist, 27 — Annual report, 27 — Correspondence and other du- ties, 28 — How to collect, preserve and study insects, 29 — Appliances for collecting, 29 — Use of the umbrella, 29 — The knapsack, 30 — The hand-net, 30 — The frame of the net, 30 — The bag of the net, 31 — Use of the sieve, 31 — Sugaring, 32 — Attracting moths by light, 32 — How to kill insects, 32 — The cyanide bottle, 32 — Use of chloroform, 33 — Entomotaxy, 34 — Insect pins, 34 — How to pin insects, 34 — How to mount small insects, 34 — Spreading board, 35 — Drying box, 36 — In- sect boxes and cabinet, 37 — Mr. Liutner's boxes for Lepidoptera, 38 — Substances for lining insect boxes, 40 — Preserving insects in the collec- tion, 41 — Relaxing specimens, 41 — Breeding insects, 41 — Breeding- cage, 42 — Note-book of the collector, 43 — How to transmit insects, 44 — Text-books, 44.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT V. 31

NOXIOUS INSECTS.

Page.

Notes of the Year 46

THK CODLING MOTH 4(j

Experiments with Wier's Apple- worm trap, 46 — Value of different mate- rials for bandages, 47 — Jarring, 46 — Occurrence of the Apple-worm in California, 49 — Enemies and parasites, 44 — The Ring-legged Pinipla, 49 — The Delicate Long-sting, 50 — Other enemies, 51 — Efficiency of the Spined Soldier-bug, 51 — False doctrines for exterminating the Cod- ling Moth, 51.

THE COLORADO POTATO-BEETLE 52

Its comparative harmlessuess in 1672, 52 — New food-plants, 52 — Its pro- gress eastward up to 1872, 52 — Experiments with Paris green, 53 — New enemies, 53 — The Rust-red Social Wasp, 54 — The Rose-breasted Gros- beck, 54.

THE APPLE-TWIG BORER 54

It attacks also pear twigs, 54 — It has been bred from grape-canes by Dr. Shinier, 54.

EGG OF THE HORNED PASSALUS 55

The egg, 55 — The newly hatched larva, 55 — Rapid development of the insect, 55.

EGG OF THE COMMON MAY BEETLE 55

Description of the eggs and how they are deposited, 55.

EGG OF THE BROAD-NECKED PRIONUS 56

Characteristics of the eggs and where they are deposited, 56.

EGGS OF AMERICAN TENT-CATERPILLAR 56

Correction of the figure given in Report III of the egg-bolt, 50.

COUNTERWORKING THE TOBACCO WORM 56

Mr. White's method of planting the Jamestown Weed among the potatoes and poisoning the blossoms thereof, 56.

The Grape Phylloxera 57

Its popular name, 57 — Accounts of the unusual mortality among grape- vines in the spring of 1872, 57 — Causes of this mortality given iu the accounts, 59 — Excessive drouth and overbearing, 60 — The Phylloxera is the true cause, 60 — Actual proof of the Phylloxera having caused the mortality among grape-vines, 61 — Influences that favored the in- crease of the lice in 1872, 61 — Importance of a full understanding and management of the Phylloxera, 62 — Its range in North America, 62 — Its spread in Europe, 63 — Inconstancy in the habits of the gall-lice, 63 — The leaves of Clinton vine no longer affected by the gall-lice since 1871, 63 — Method of formation of the leaf-gall, 64 — Relative immunity of American vines in Europe, 64 — Propagating American varieties from cuttings, 65 — Appreciation of American vines in Europe, 66 — Careless statement published as to the immunity of Labrusca-'vine, 66 — Grafting the grape-vine, 67 — New theories, 67 — The Phylloxera is the true cause and not the effect of the disease, 67 — Mr. Lalirnaii's theory that the in- sect has always existed in Europe, 68 — Oidium Tuckeri of Europe and America identical, 69 — Mr. Saunders's account of the presence of Oidium Tuckeri in America, 70 — Means of contagion of the disease from one vine to another, 69 — Flying capacity of the winged Phylloxera, 70 — The male louse, 71 — Remedies, 71 — Efficacy of carbolic acid and soot, 71 — Value of submersion or irrigation, 72 — Sprinkling with quick-lime, ashes, etc., 72 — Mr. Lichtensteiu's experiments to allure the lice, 72 — Experiments with carbolic acid, 73.

32 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page, The Oyster-shell Bark-louse of the Apple 73

Its occurrence in Missouri, 74 — Its appearance in Luray County, Missouri, 74 — Mr. Hanau's account of its spread, 75 — Its occurrence in Southern Missouri, 76 — Its occurrence in Mississippi and Georgia, 73 — Its ap- pearance in Kansas, 79 — It is double-brooded in the South, 79 — The waxy secretion of Homoptera, 80 — The newly hatched louse, 80 — The larval scale, 81 — Development of the female scale, 81 — Growth of the male scale, 82 — The male louse, 83 — Rare occurrence of the winged male, 84 — Agamic multiplication, 85, — Mode of spreading, 85 — Food- plants, 86 — Varieties of the Apple tree preferred by it, 86 — Enemies and parasites, 87 ; Mites, 87; Aphelinns mytilaspidis and Dr. Le Baron's account of its habits, 88 — Easy transportation and introduction of the Aphelinus, 90 — Remedies, 90 — Application of oily substances, 90 — Bibliographical and Descriptive, 91 — The generic name, 91 — Siguo- ret's classification of the Coccida, 92 — Specific name, 92 — Characteris- tics and habits of three allied species, 93 — A new name necessary for our apple-tree species, 94 — Description of the eggs and the winged male, 95 ; of the male and female scale and of the female louse, 96.

The Pine-leaf Scale-insect 97

Nature of the malady caused by it, 97 — Natural history of the insect, 98 — The male, 99 — There are two annual broods, 99 — It is confined to the Pines proper, 100 — Natural enemies, 100; The Twice-stabbed Ladybird, 100 ; The Painted Ladybird and description of its larva, 101 — Remedies, 101 — Stripping the old leaves, 102 — Application of pow- dered and liquid substances, 102.

The Hickory Bark -borer 103

Accounts of the damage caused by it in Missouri, 103 — Habits of the Euro- pean Scolytus destructor, 104 — Various kinds of Hickory attacked by the Hickory Bark-borer, 105 — Its natural history, 105 — Natural enemies, 106 — Descriptions of the Three-banded Spathius, 106 — Mr. Cresson's description of Bracon scolytivorus, 106 — Remedies, 107 — Description of the imago, 107 — Is it different from Scolytus 4-spinosus? 107.

The Rose Chafer 108

Great damage caused by the beetle in 1872, 108 — Remedy, 109 — Harris's account of its natural history, 109.

The False Chinch-bug Ill

It was not known as injurious before 1872, 111 — Accounts of injury done by it, 111 — How it differs from the true Chinch-bug, 112 — Its probable natural history, 112 — Description of imago, larva, and pupa, 113 — Variation in the imago, 113 — Its great abundance in the" Fall of 1872, 114. Insects injurious to the Grape-vine 114

THE GRAPE-VINE APPLE-GALL 114

The breast bone of Gall-gnat larvte, 114 — The gall mistaken for an apple, 114 — Form of the gall, 115— Habits of the larva, 116.

THE GRAPE-VINE FILBERT-GALI 116

Appearance of the gall, 116 — Larva of the gall-maker, 117.

THE GRAPE-VINE TOMATO-GALL 117

Its curious resemblance to a tomato, 117 — Various shapes assumed by it, 118 — The larva, 118 — Enemies of the larva, 118.

THE GRAPE-LEAF TRUMPET-GALL 118

Characteristics and occurrence of the gall, 118.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT V. 33

Page. Eggs in aiicl on canes and twigs 119

Probable eggs of the Jumping Tree-cricket, 119 — The egg-punctures on grape-cane, 119 — Characters of the egg, 119 — General appearance of the cricket, 120.

Eggs of the Snowy Tree-cricket, 120. — Trees and shrubs attacked by this cricket, 120 — The egg, 120 — Habits and natural history, 120 — Injury done by it, 121 — The eggs mistaken by Fitch for those of the Buffalo Tree-hopper, 121.

Egg-punctures of the Buffalo Tree-hopper, 122 — Development of the larva, 121 — Characters and habits of the perfect insect, 122 — Egg- punctures of some unknown Tree-hopper, 122.

Egg-punctures of the Frosted Lightning-hopper, 122 — Development and habits of the insect, 122.

Egg-punctures probably of Orchdimum (jlaberimum, 123 — The egg, 123 — Characters and habits of the imago, 123.

Eggs of the Oblong-winged Katydid, 123 — They have been mistaken by Harris for those of the Broad- winged Katydid, 123 — Ovipositors and modes of egg-laying in the three Katydids occurring in Missouri, 124 — Increase in thickness of Katydid eggs before hatching, 124.

Stinging larvae 125

The Potato-worm falsely considered as a stinging caterpillar, 125 — Gen- eral harmlessness to man of insect larvre, 125 — Stinging caterpillars in Europe and North America, 126 — List of such larvas in U. S., 126 — De- scription of larva and chrysalis of Acronycta xylinoides, 126.

THE BUCK MOTH OR MAIA MOTH 127

Flight and characteristics of the moth, 127 — The egg and mode of egg- laying, 128 — Appearance of the full-grown larva, 129 — Larval changes,

129 — Color variations of the larva, 130 — Habits of the young larva,

130 — The sting of the larva, 131 — The pupa, 131 — Issuing of the moth, 132 — Irregularity and retardation in development, 132; the spe- cies benefits thereby, 132 — Food plants, 132 — Natural enemies, 132.

THE Io MOTH 133

The male and female moth, 133 — The egg, 134 — The larva and its urti- cating power, 134 — Larval changes, 135 — Pupation, 135 — Food plants, 136 — Parasites, 136.

The Green-striped Maple-worm 137

Account of its occurrence in great numbers in Kansas, 137 — Injury done by it to Soft maples, 138 — The egg, 138 — Larval changes, 138 — The chrysalis, 139 — The imago, 139 — Natural enemies, 139 — Description of Belvoisia bifasciata, 140 — Remedies, 141.

INNOXIOUS INSECTS.

The Hellgrammite Fly* 143

The eggs, 143 — Respiratory apparatus of the larva, 143 — Habits of the larva when about to transform, 143 — The pupa, 144 — Sexual difference in the imago, 145.

The Goat- weed Butterfly 145

The egg, 146 — Habits of the larva, 146 — Larval changes, 146 — Trans- formation, 147 — New food-plant, 147 — Simulation of the color of the food-plant by the larva, 147 — Two annual broods, 143 — Hibernation of the imago, 148 — Natural enemies, 140. 3 MO

34 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page. On a new genus in the Lepidopterous Family Tineidae with remarks on

the fertilization of Yucca 150

Generic characters of Pronuba, 150 — Description of Pronuba yuccasella, 151 — Plants requiring the aid of insects for fertilization, 152 — Fertili- zation of Orchids, 152 — Fructification of Yucca, 153 — Yuccas must rely on insects for fertilization, 153 — Insects frequenting Yuccas, 154 — Di- urnal and nocturnal habits of Pronuba, 154 — How the female moth fertilizes the plant, 154 — Oviposition, 155 — The larva within the young fruit, 155 — Description of the larva, 155 — Only a small percentage of fruit not infested by the larva, 15G — The larva leaves the capsule and enters the ground for hibernation, 156 — Mutual adaptation of plant and insect, 156 — The rnoth doubtless occurs wherever Yuccas grow wild, 157 — Easy transportation of the cocoon, 158 — Further facts regarding the fructification of Yucca filamentosa and gloriosa, 158 — Yuccas seeding in Europe, .159 — Range of the insect, 159 — Mr. Stain- ton's opinion on the characters of the Yucca moth, 160.

REPORT VI.

[Submitted December 2, 1873; published March, 1874. J

Table of Contents 3

Preface 6

NOXIOUS INSECTS.

Notes of the Year 9

THE CODLING MOTH 9

Failure of the apple crop in 1873, 9 — Dr. LeBaron's observations on the habits of the worm, 9 — Proportion of worms leaving the fruit before it falls, 10 — How it affects pears, 10 — Time and method of using ban- dages, 10 — Westward spread of the insect, 10.

THE COLORADO POTATO-BEETLE ; 11

How it has affected the price of potatoes, 11 — New food-plants, 11 — Its progress eastward during 1873, 12 — Improved methods of using Paris green, 13 — Device for jarring off the bugs, 14 — European publications on the insect, 15 — Danger of its introduction into Europe, 15 — Pre- cautionary measures to be taken in Europe, 16.

THE COTTON WORM 17

Paris green suggested as remedy, 17 — Address before the National Agri- cultural Congress, 17 — Mr. Glover's summary on experience with Paris green, 19 — Experiments with the poison, 19 — Johnson's Sprinkling machine, 20 — Patents on Paris green, 20 — The Royall mixture, 21 — Hibernation of the insect, 22 — Natural enemies, 23 — Geographical range, 23 — Position of the moth when alighting, 24.

THE CANKER WORM 24

Dr. LeBaron's summary of remedies, 24 — Mr. Milliken's experience with the rope and tin trap, 25 — The Paris green remedy, 26 — A new trough, 26 — Birds which destroy the worm, 27 — Mr. Mann's observations on the in- sect, 28 — Two species have hitherto been confounded, 28 — The English Sparrow and the increase of the White-marked Tussock-moth, 29.

Insects injurioiis to the Grape-vine 30

THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA 30

The term " Phylloxera", 30 — Bibliographical history, 30 — Characters of the genus and its position in the system, 33 — Biological history, 33 — Different forms which the insect assumes, 33 — The gall-inhabiting form, 34 — The root-inhabiting form, 38 — Balbiaui's discovery of the

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT VI. 35

Page.

Insects injurious to the Grape-vine — Continued. THE GRAPE PHYLLOXERA.

true sexual individuals and the winter egg of Phylloxera quercits, 41 - The winter egg uot essential to the winter life of the Grape Phylloxera, 42 — Polymorphism in Phylloxera, 43 — Conclusive proof of the identity of the root- and gall-lice, 44 — Practical considerations, 44 — The more manifest and external effects of the disease, 44 — Mode of spreading, 45 — Swarming of winged specimens of Phylloxera carya'foliw, 45 — Power of flight in the Grape Phylloxera, 45 — Spread of the disease through the winged females, 46 — Susceptibility of different vines to the disease, 46 — Practical importance of knowing the more resisting and more susceptible vines, 46 — List of the cultivated species and va- rieties of vines indicating their relative susceptibility to Phylloxera, 47 — Prophylactic means of coping with the disease, 48 — Grafting the more susceptible onto the roots of resisting vines, 48 — Other preventive measures, 50 — Natural enemies, 50 — Insect enemies of the gall-louse, 50 — Enemies of the root-louse, 52 — The Phylloxera mite, 52 — Different forms assumed by mites in their development, 52 — Hoplophora arctataf 53 — Peculiarities of the Oribatidw, 54 — Direct remedies, 55 — Submer- sion a perfect remedy, 55 — Application of pure insecticides without sat- isfactory results, 56 — Range of the insect in America, 57 — Injury caused by it in America, 58 — Reasons why the insect is more injurious in Europe, 59 — False theories, 60 — The Phylloxera is the cause and not the effect of the disease, 60 — It is a native American insect and has been imported into Europe, 62 — It is peculiar to the Grape-vine, 63 — The American Oak Phylloxera and its natural history, 64 — Conclusion, 65.

APPENDIX AND NOTES TO THE ARTICLE ON GRAPE PHYLLOXERA 66

Diagnosis of Phylloxera rastatrix, 66 — Influence of the insect's puncture, 67 — The supposed male of the gall-louse, 67 — The non-cultivation of the Clinton grape, 67 — Transient nature of the leaf-galls, 68 — Con- stancy of the differences between the forms assumed by the insect, 68 — Supposed sexual individuals, 68 — Number of generations annually produced, 69 — Number of molts, 69 — Transplanting root-lice onto the leaves, 69 — Nature of the swelling on the roots produced by Phylloxera, 70 — The true Grape-vines of the United States, by Dr. G. Engelmaun, 70 — Exceptional instances where the European Vine has succeeded in America, 76 — Grafting the more susceptible onto the roots of the re- sisting varieties, 78 — Descriptions of Tyroglyphns phylloxeras and Ho- plophora arctata, 81 — Efficacy of inundating the vineyards, 82 — Facts showing that the disease of Grape-vines in America is principally caused by Phylloxera, 82: — Description of Phylloxera rileyi,86 — The true sexual individuals and the winter egg, 86. THE BLUE CATERPILLARS OF THE VINE 87

1. The Grape-vine Epimeuis, 87 — Habits and characters of the larva, 87 — Description of larva and chrysalis, 88.

2. The Beautiful Wood Nymph, 88 — Characters and food plants of the larva, 88 — The moth and the egg, 89 — Description of the egg and larva, 89 — Of the chrysalis, 90.

3. The Pearl Wood Nymph, 90 — Its larva almost undistinguishable from that of the foregoing species, 90 — Food-plant, 91 — Distinguishing char- acters of the moth, 91 — Mr. Liutuer's description of the larva, 92 — Mr. Liutuer on the difference between the larva of Eudnjas grata and E. unio, 93.

4. The Eight-spotted Forester, 94 — Description of the larva, 04 ; Chrys- alis and imago, 95.

36 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page. Insects injurious to the Grape-vine — Continued.

THE BLUE CATERPILLARS OF THE VINTE — OoatiuiiMl,

Summary, 95 — Comparison of the larvre of these four species, 95- Remedies, 96.

The Red-legged Ham-beetle 96

Its popular name, 96 — It has been the cause of au interesting law-suit, 96 ; Entomological information necessary to a just verdict, 98 — Another case before a jury requiring botanical knowledge, 93 — Injury caused by the beetle in St. Louis, 99 — The eggs, and how they are deposited, 99 — The larva and its habits, 99 — The pupa, 99 — Prevention, 100 — Other species associated with it, 100 — Habits of other species of Cleridce,

101 — How Mecrobia, ruficollis saved the life of Latreille, 101 — Descrip- tion of the larva of Corynetes rufipes, 101 — Description of the pupa, 102.

The Clover-hay Worm 102

Its geographical distribution, 102 — It has probably been imported from Europe, 101 — Its past history and accounts of damage caused by it,

102 — Its natural history, 105 — Remedies, 105 — Description of larva and chrysalis, 103; of the imago, 107 — Its allied congener, Asopia olinalis, 107.

The Legged Maple Borer 107

The burrows of the larva, 108 — Appearance of the moth, 108 — Remarks on the nomenclature of the species, 108 — Injury caused by it to maples, 109 — It attacks only trees already injured by some cause or another, 109 — Remedies, 110 — Description of imago, larva and pupa, 110.

The Raspberry Root-borer Ill

Work of Oberea perspiclUata in canes of Raspberry and Blackberry, 111 — Injury caused by the Root-borer, 111 — General appearance and habits of the worm, 112 — Description of imago and larva, 113.

The Northern Brenthian 113

Its occurrence and distribution, 113 — Characteristics of the beetje, 114 — Fighting habits of the males, 114 — How the male assists the female in ovipositing, 115 — How much time is required for the transformations of the insect, 115 — Habits of the larva, 115 — Description of the larva, 115 ; of the pupa, 116 — Real position of the Brenthiaus in the system, 116 — The specific and generic names, 116 — How another larva has been mistaken for that of the Northern Brenthian, 117 — Description of this larva, which evidently belongs to the Tenebriouida?, 118.

The Jumping Sumach-beetle 118

Sumach industry in Europe and America, 118 — Species of sumach pos- sessing economic value, 119 — Appearance and habits of the beetle,

119 — The egg-masses, 120 — Development and habits of the larva,

120 — Transformation, 120 — The two annual broods, 120 — Injury caused by it to the sumachs, 121 — Geographical range, 121 — Remedies, 121 — Description of larva and pupa, 121 — Variations of the beetle, 122.

BENEFICIAL INSECTS.

The Unadorned Tiphia or White Grub Parasite 123

Other enemies of the White Grub, 123 — Cocoon and larva of Tipltia, 123 — It is undoubtedly a parasite of the White Grub, 124 — Characters of the genus Tiphia, 124 — Habits of Tiphia femorata, 124 — Habits of the Tiphia larva, 124 — Characters of the Unadorned Tiphia, 125 — Beetle parasitic upon it, 125 — Description of larva and imago, 126 — The spesie3 has been described under three different names, 126.

TABLE OF CONTEXTS TO REPORT VI. 37

INNOXIOUS INSECTS.

Page.

The Dominican Case-bearer

Characters of the beetle, 127 — Mode of oviposition, 128 — Oviposition of Chlamys plicata, 128 — The young larva and its food habits, 129 — The case of the larva, 129 — Characters of the larva, 130 — Time required for its development, 130. The Yucca Moth 131

Its natural history completed, 131 — Description of the chrysalis, 131- Hatchiug of the chrysalis, 132 — Method of oviposition, 133 — Oviposi- tion is followed by pollination, 134 — The egg in the young fruit and the embryo larva, 134 — It is the ouly insect that can well fertilize the Yuccas, 135. Hackberry Butterflies 136

The European Purple Emperor, 130 — Insufficient former account of their

earlier states, 136 — Species of Celtis in Missouri, 137. THE EYED EMPEROR « 137

The full-grown larva, 137 — Habits of the larva, 138— Pupation, 138 — The imago, 139 — The egg and the young larva, 139 — Two annual broods, 139 — Hibernation of the young larva, 140. THE TAWNY EMPEROR

How it differs from the Eyed Emperor, 140 — The egg, 141 — Larval

changes and habits, 141 — Egg parasite, 142. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

The generic name, 142 — The specific names of the two species, 143 — Fabricius's original description of Lycaon and Rerse, 144 — Other species of the genus in the Uuited States, 145 — On the validity of Alicia, 145 — Descriptions of the earlier states of both species, 148 — Their popular names, 148 — The scientific specific names, 149. Katydids 150

General considerations, 150 — Spring in Europe and America, 151 — Stridu- latiug uoise produced by crickets and grasshoppers, 152 — Sounds inaudi- ble to man, 152 — Grasshoppers, Katydids, Locusts, 153 — Habits and general appearance of our Katydids, 154 — They oviposit above ground, 154, — Their ovipositors not rndiuiental, 155. THE ANGULAR-WINGED KATYDID 155

It is the most common species in Missouri, 155 — General character of the insect, 155 — The eggs, 155 — Erroneous statement concerning the egg, 156 — How the female deposits the eggs, 156 — Number of eggs laid by the female, 158 — Hatching of the larva, 158 — Food of the larva, 158- Changing from the pupa to the perfect state, 159 — Its song, 159 — It is capable of domestication to a certain degree, 160 — Description of the immature states, 161— Natural enemies, 162— The Back- rolling Wonder, an egg- parasite, 162 — Curious habit of the female Antigash-r, 162 — Description of Anligaster miralUt*, 163 — Striking sexual differences, 163. THE NARROW-WINGED KATYDID 164

Distinguishing characters, 164 — Method of oviposition, 165 — The egg,

165 — Its song, 166 — Description of larva and pupa, 166. THE BROAD- WINGED KATYDID 167

It is the true Katydid, 167 — Distinguishing characters, 167 — Mode of oviposition as observed in confinement, 167 — Mr. Jaeger's erroneous statement regarding the oviposition, 168 — Its song, 168. THE OBLOXG-WINGED KATYDID 169

It has not yet been found in Missouri, 169 — Distinguishing characters, 169 — The eggs not yet known, 1'1'J — Abnormal female specimen, 169.

38 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

REPORT VII.

Page. [Submitted at time of publication, April, 1875.1

Preface -.

Table of Contents --- VII

NOXIOUS INSECTS. The Colorado Potato-beetle

Its gradual spread eastward, 1 — It reached the Atlantic during the year 1874, 1 — Injuries done during the year 1874,2 — Alarm about it in Europe, 3 — Prohibiting the importation of American potatoes by Euro- pean governments, 3 — The insect probably introduced into Europe in the perfect form, 3 — It would doubtless thrive in Europe if im- ported, 4 — Its ravages exaggerated and underrated, 5 — On the safety and advisability of the use of Paris green, 8 — Past experience with the poison, 10 — Influence of Paris green on the plant and on the soil, 11 — Influence of the green on man indirectly through the soil or through the plant, 13 — The beetle eats as well as the larva, 14 — It passes the winter as imago, 14 — New food-plants, 14 — New means of destruction, 15 — The Gray Sprinkler, 15 — The proper scientific name of the beetle, 16 — Mr. Carriere's ridiculous statements, 17.

The Chinch Bug 19

Its disastrous work in 1874, 19 — Circular distributed among farmers, 19 - Appearance and transformations of the Chinch Bug, 20 — The short- winged form, 20 — Description of the Chinch Bug and its earlier states, 21 — Its past history in America, 2'2 — Its past history in Missouri, 22 — Destructive powers of the Chinch Bug, 24 — Its injuries in 1874, 24 — Its injuries in Missouri in 1874, 25 — Food-plants, 26 — Time required for the complete development of various insects. 27 — Number of an- nual broods, 27 — Its rapid increase, 23 — Where the eggs are laid, 23 — Flight of the Chinch Bug, 29 — Its migrations on foot, 30 — Heavy rains destructive to it, 30 — Direct remedies, 31 — Irrigation, 31 — Pre- ventive measures, 32 — Burning, 32 — Rolling, 33 — Manuring and early sowing, 34 — Mixing seed, 34 — Preventing the migration of the bugs from one field to another, 35 — Importance of winter work and com- bined action, 36 — Other possible remedies, 37 — Abstaining from the cultivation of grains, 38 — Natural enemies, 38; Ladybirds, 39; Lace- wing fly and habits of its larva, 40 ; The Insidious Flower-bug and the Many-banded Robber, 41 — Birds destructive to the Chinch Bug, 41 - Discussion of other proposed remedies and preventive measures, 41- The Chinch Bug injurious to stock, 43 — Prognosticating. 44 — Unneces- sary fears, 44 — Bogus Chinch Bugs, 45 — The False Chinch Bug, 46 — The Insidious Flower-bug and the Ash-gray Leaf-bug, 47 — The Flea- like Negro-bug, 48 — Recapitulation, 49.

APPENDIX TO THE ARTICLE ox THK CHINCH BUG 51

List of correspondents who replied to the circular, 51 — Questions an- swered by correspondents, 52 — Answers given by correspondents, 53.

The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer 71

Extent of its ravages in fruit and shade trees, 71 — Its natural history, 72 — Natural enemies, 73 — Chalcid larva, 74 — The Cherished Bracou, 75 — The Useful Labeua, 75 — Ants, 76 — Remed ies, 76 — Keeping young trees vigorous and healthy, 77 — Coating the trunks and larger branches with soap and other greasy substances, 77 — Scraping, 78 — Wrapping wire gauze around the trunk, 79 — Cutting out the newly-hatched larva, 79.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT VII. 39

Pa ge. Canker Worms 80

Confusion regarding the two species of Canker Worms, 80 — Distinguish- ing characters of the Spring Canker- worm, 80 — Description of egg, larva and chrysalis of Anisopleryx vernata, 82 — How the Fall Canker- worm differs from the preceding, 83 — Description of egg, larva, and chrysalis of Anisopteryx pometaria, 84 — Practical importance of distin- guishing the two species, 85 — Comparative description of the Spring and Fall Canker-worms, 86 — Conclusion, 88 — Extracts from the original essay on the Canker Worm by "W. D. Peck, 89. T.ie Grape Phylloxera 90

Completion of its natural history, 90 — The true sexual individuals dis- covered, 91 — Epitome of the life-history of the Grape Phylloxera, 91 — Different forms presented by the species, 93 — Its power to change its habit, 93 — Specific identity of the gall- and root-louse, 94 — Untrust- worthy experiments made by the Department of Agriculture, 95 — Proof of the identity of the two forms, 95 — The gall-louse is but a transient form, 96 — Where do the winged females lay their eggs ? 96 — The winged ^female lays the egg wherever she is carried by the wiud, 97 — Particular part of the vine chosen by the winged female for laying her eggs, 98 — The true sexual individuals, 98 — Injury done by Phyllox- era in America during the year 1874, 99 — Range of the insect, in Amer- ica, 101 — Does it occur in South Carolina and Georgia? 102 — The Phylloxera in California, 103 — Injury done during the year 1874 in France, 103 — Its spread in Europe, 104 — Direct remedies, 105 — Nat- ural enemies, 106 — Susceptibility of different varieties of grape-vine, 103 — Grafting as a means of counteracting the work of Phylloxera, 108 — Underground grafting, 109 — Methods of grafting above ground, 112 — Roots to use as stock, 115 — Varieties to graft, 116 — American grape-vines abroad, 116. APPENDIX TO THE ARTICLE ox GRAPE PHYLLOXERA 117

Synopsis of the American species of the genus Phylloxera, 117 — The American Oak Phylloxera, 118; Its natural history, 119 — Description of Phylloxera rileyi and the different forms presented by it, 119 — Fur- ther points in its life-history, 120. The Rocky Mountain Locust 121

Its natural history, 121 — Method of egg-laying, 121 — The egg, 122 — The newly-hatched locust and its development, 122 — Where the eggs are laid by preference, 123 — The invading swarms are formed by a sin- gle species, 124 — Differences between the Rocky Mountain and the Red- legged Locusts, 125 — Mr. Thomas's description of the Red-legged Lo- cust, 126 — Variations, 126 — Measurements of Caloptenus femur-ruhrum, 127 — Description of Caloptenus spretus and of its larva and pupa, 129 — Measurements of Caloptenus spretus, 130 — Summiug up the difference between the two species, 132 — Chronological history, 132 — Locust in- vasions in the Old World, 132 — Accounts of earlier locust invasions in America, 133 — Chronological history of the Rocky Mountain Locust, 134 — Earlier invasions, 135 — Data regarding the invasion of 1867, 137 — The invasion of 1873, 141 — The invasion of 1874, 143 — The in- f, vasion of 1874 in Missouri, 144 — Questions addressed to correspondents in each county in Missouri regarding the locust, 144 — Summary of the answers given by correspondents, 145 — The invasion of 1874 in Kansas, 148 — iu Nebraska, 151 — in Iowa and Minnesota, 153 — in Colo- rado, 154 — in Dakota and Manitoba, 155 — Flight and ravages of a locust swarm, 156 — Food plants, 158 — Time of appearance of invading

40 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page. The Rocky Mountain Locust — Continued.

swarms, 160 — Eastern limits of locust invasions, 161 — Native home of the species, 162 — Explanation of the migratory instinct, 164 — This locust cannot thrive in the Mississippi Valley, 164 — It is a subalpine insect, 165 — What injury may be expected in Missouri in 1875, 166 — Ravages of migratory locusts in the Atlantic States, 167 — Description of the Atlantic Migratory Locust, 169 — Differences between Caloptenus sprctits, differentialis and atlanis, 170 — Injury from other, non-migratory, locusts, 171 — The Differential and Two-striped Locusts, 173 — Enemies and parasites, 174 — Birds destroying locusts or their eggs, 174 — The Silky Mite, 175 — The Locust Mite and Dr. LeBarou's description thereof, 176 — The Anonymous Tachina-fly, 178 — The Common Flesh- fly, 180 — Remedies, 181 — Classification of protective measures, 181 — Natural agencies, 181 — Destruction of the eggs, 181 — Destruction of the young wingless locusts, 182 — Driving off the winged locusts, 184 — Further suggestions, 185 — Locusts as food for man, 186 — The popular and scientific names of the insect, 187 — Prairie fires vs. the Rocky Moimtain Locust, 189.

APPENDIX TO THE ARTICLE ox THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN LOCUST 191

Letters of three correspondents from Texas and Kansas regarding Locust invasions, 191.

REPORT VIII.

[Published May, 1876.]

Preface Ill

Table of Contents V

NOXIOUS INSECTS. The Colorado Potato-beetle 1

Damage during the year, 1 — Abundant in Atlantic States, 1 — Swarming on Coney Island, 2 — Injuring Egg-plant, 2 — Its scientific name, 2 — Additional enemies, 3 — Eaten by the Crow, 3 — Remedies, 3 — Cost of applying Paris green, 3 — Preparing the poison, 3 — Use of straw as a protection, 4 — Machine for sprinkling, 4 — Machine for brushing off the insects, 4 — Experience with Paris green, 5 — Experiments of Profs. R. C. Kedzie and Win. McMurtrie show that it may be used with safety, 6 — Trial of other remedies, 6 — The insect's native home, 8 — The theory that it came from the Rocky Mountain Region essentially correct, 10 — Poisonous qualities of the insect discussed, 10. Canker Worms 12

Two species long confounded, 12 — They differ generically ; new genus (Paleacrita) proposed for one, 13 — The two compared in all stages, 13, 14 — Characters of the genus Paleacrita, 17 — Distinguished as Spring and Fall Canker-worms, 17 — Practical considerations from their differ- ences of habit, 18 — Stunting the larvas does not produce male niotbs, 19 — Traps recommended, 20, 21. The Army Worm , 22

Its generic name. 22 — The term ' 'Army-Worm " applied to various insects, 23 — Past history of the Army Worm, 24 — Known since 1854 in Mis- 9 souri, 27 — It followed the 1871 conflagration around Peshtigo, Wis., 28 — Its history in 1875 ; very general all over the country, 28, 29 — Its history in Missouri in 1875, 30 — Sexual differences, 30 — Sexual organs illustrated, 30, 32 — Natural history of the species, 32 — Illustrated in all states, 32, 33 — It occurs in Europe, Asia, New Zealand, and Austra-

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT VIII. 41

Page. The Army "Worm — Continued.

lia, 34 — Description of the egg, 34 — Where the eggs are laid, 34 — Con- clusions drawn from structure, 30, 37 — When the eggs are laid, 40 — In what state does the insect hibernate?, 43 —Habits of the Worm, 45 — Why it escapes detection when young, 45 — Why it travels in armies, 46 — Time of its appearance, 46 — Are there one or two broods?, 47- The Fall Army-worm, 48 — How distinguished from the real Army Worm, 48 — Plants preferred by the Army Worm, 49 — Its sudden ap- pearance and disappearance, 50 — It swarms during wet preceded by very dry seasons, 51 — Its natural enemies, illustrated, 52 — Remedies, 54 — Philosophy of winter burning, 54, 55 — Prevention, 55 — Summary of the leading facts concerning it, 56.

The Rocky Mountain Locust 57

Previous experience in spring 1867, 57 — Predictions verified, 58 — Gene- ral outlook in spring of 1875, 60 — Extent of country ravaged, 60 — The outlook in Missouri, 61 — Country ravaged often as bare as in midwin- ter, 61 — Account by counties, 62 — Atchisou County, 62 — Andrew County, 62 — Beutou County, 63 — Barton County, 63 — Bates County, 63 — Buchanan County, 64 — Caldwell County, 64 — Cass County, 64- Clay County, 67 — Clinton County, 68 — Dade County, 68 — DeKalb County, 69 — Gentry County, 69 — Hickory County, 69 — Holt County, 69 — Henry County, 69 — Jackson County, 69 — Johnson County, 72 — Lafayette County, 73 — Nodaway County, 73 — Newton County, 73 — Pettis County, 73 — Platte County, 73 — Ray County, 74 — Saint Clair County, 75 — Vernon County, 76 — Condition of things in other States, 76 — Kansas, 76 — Nebraska, 79 — Iowa, 81 — Minnesota, 81 — Colorado, 84 — Dakota, 85 — Montana, 87 — Wyoming, 88 — Texas, 88 — Indian Ter- ritory, 88 — Manitoba, 89 — Damage done in Missouri, 89 — Destitution in Missouri, 91 — Address of Relief Committee from Saint Louis Mer- chants' Exchange, 93 — Cases of starvation, 94 — The Governor's procla- mation, 95 — The locusts not a divine visitation, 97 — Natural history; Mode of molting illustrated, 98 — Habits of the unfledged young, 100 - Directions in which the young travel, 101 — Rate at which they travel, 102 — They reached but a few miles east of where they hatched, 102 — Not led by " Kings" or " Queens," 103 — The species taken for such, il- lustrated, 103, 104 — The exodus in 1875, 104 — Time of leaving of the winged insects, 104 — Direction taken by the winged insects, 105 — Des- tination of the departing swarms, 106 — Native home of the species, 109 — Views previously expressed confirmed, 110 — Conditions of mi- gration, 112 — Conditions which prevent the permanent settlement of the species in Missouri, 113 — Modification of the species by climatic conditions, 114, 155 — Definition of the species, 114 — How distinguished in all stages from species most nearly allied, 117 — Experience in spring of 1875, 118 — Contrast in summer and fall, 119 — No evil without some compensating good, 120 — Injury to fruit and fruit trees, 121 — Food plants, 121 — Only one kind of plant not touched under all circum- stances, 121 — Changes that followed the locusts, 121 — The widespread appearance of a new grass, ordinarily unnoticed, 122 — Appearance of large Worms, 123 — The Locusts did not return in the fall, 124 — Natural enemies, 124 — Remedies against the unfledged insects, 125 — Artificial means of destroying the eggs, 125 — Various means of destroying the un- fledged young, 126 — They are within man's control, 126, — The proper ditch to make, 128 — Machines used in Colorado, 129 — Best means of protecting fruit trees, 130 — How to avert locust injuries, 131 — Pre-

42 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page. The Rocky Mountain Locust — Continued.

veutiou, 131 — Legislation, Loth national and local, 132 — Bills before the Forty-fourth Congress, 133 — Need of a National Entomological Commission, 133 — The bounties offered in Minnesota, 138 — The requi- sites of a good bounty law, 13S, 139 — How a bounty law would work. 140 — Suggestions, 140 — Lessons of year, 142 — Locusts as food for man. 143 — They have been used from time immemorial, and are used exten- sively at the present day, 145 — The Rocky Mountain species quite pal- atable, 146 — Mode of preparation, 147 — False opinions and predictions, 148 — Unnecessary alarm caused by other species, 148 — Injuries of na- tive species in 1875, 150 — Locust flights in Illinois in 1875, 151 — They were composed of local species, 152, 153 — Explanation of these flights, 154 — Locust prospects in 1876, 155 — No danger from them in Mis- souri, 156.

Tlie G rape Phylloxera 157

The injuries not great in Missouri in 1875, 157 — Completion of its natural history, 157 — Where the winged female lays her eggs. 157, 161 — The sexed individuals illustrated, 158 — Description of the true female, 159 — De- scription of the impregnated egg, 159, 162 — Practical considerations growing out of these latest discoveries, 163 — Decortication of the bark to destroy the impregnated egg, 163 — The insect may be imported from one country to another on cuttings as well as rooted plants, 163 — Best time to attack the root-lice, 163 — Phylloxera ravages in California,

163 — Great destruction around Sonoma, 164 — Need of action by the State authorities, 164 — Occurrence of Phylloxera in the Southern States,

164 — Report of Committee appointed by the American Pomological Society, 165 — Its occurrence in Georgia, 166, 167 — American Grape- vines in Europe, 167 — Large demand for our vines, 167 — The American vines flourishing in Southern France where the European varieties perish, 167 — The orders for some varieties exceeded the supply, 168- Probable future demand, 168.

INNOXIOUS INSECTS.

The Yucca Borer 169

The only North American Butterfly whose larva has the boring habit. 169 — The arbitrary nature of classificatory divisions, 170 — Butterflies and Moths not easily separated, 170 — Biological history of the spe- cies, 171 — Illustrations of all states, 171, 172 — Habits of the larva, 171, 172, 181 — Mode of pupation, 172, 180 — Flight of the imago, 173, 181- Position of wings when the imago rests or walks, 173 — Bibliographical notes, 173 — Detailed descriptions of the different states, 174, 175, 181 — Structural characters illustrated, 175 — Affinities of the species, 176- It is a true butterfly, belonging to the Hesperiaus, 178 — Characters of the Castnians contrasted with those of Hesperiaus, 176, 177, 178 — In classification it is better to widen than restrict in the higher groups, 179 — Enemies of the Yucca Borer, 179 — Concluding remarks, 179- Uusafe to describe species from mere drawings, 179.

NOXIOUS INSECTS— Continued.

Supplementary Notes on the Army "Worm 182

Completion of its natural history, 182 — O viposition of the Moth described,

183 — Eggs described, 183— Conclusions previously arrived at verified,

184 — Description of the different larval stages, 184.

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT IX. 43

REPORT IX.

[Published March, 1877. J

Preface „ Ill

Table of Contents V

NOXIOUS INSECTS. Currant and Gooseberry Worms 1

There are several species haying different habits, 1 — Three which may be destroyed by similar methods,! — Botanical details as to the Cur- rant and Gooseberry, 2.

The Gooseberry Span-worm 3

Its natural history, 3 — Most destructive gooseberry insect in. Missouri, 3 — Generic nomenclature, 3 — Characters of the moth, 4 — Description, of the egg, 4 — Where the eggs are laid, 4 — The insect single-brooded, 5 — How it spreads, 5 — A native species, 5 — Its past history, 5 — It pre- fers the Gooseberry to the Currant, 6 — The moth is closely imitated by one which greatly differs structurally, 6 — Parasites, 6 — Remedies, 7 - Other currant Span-worms, 7.

The Imported Currant Worm 7

Belongs to the " False-caterpillars ", 7 — The different specific names it has received, 7 — An imported species, 8 — Its introduction and spread, 8 — Independently imported at several eastern points, 9 — Its natural his- tory, 9 — How the eggs are laid, 10 — Nature and habits of the Worm, 11 — Characters of the parent flies, 12 — Preventive measures, 13 — Rem- edies, 13 — White hellebore the best, 13 — How best used, 14, 15 — The worm is not poisonous, 16 — Natural enemies, 17 — It furnishes a forcible example of Arreuotoky or the power of producing male offspring with- out impregnation, 18 — Results of Parthenogenesis in different insects, 18 - It also furnishes an interesting instance of Defuuctionation of special parts, 19 — The saw of the female imperfect, compared with others, 20 — Evolutionary bearings of this fact, 21 — Descriptive, 21 — Varia- tion in the antenna1 and wing veins, 22.

The Native Currant Worm 23

Wherein it differs from the imported species, 23 — Its habits, 24 — Where the eggs are laid, 25 — How the winter is passed, 25 — Its occurrence in Missouri, 26 — Remedies, 26 — Descriptive, 26.

The Strawberry Worm 27

Also a False-caterpillar, 27 — It lias a wide range, 27 — How the eggs are deposited, 28 — Character and habits of the Worm, 28 — Remedies, 28 — Descriptive, 28.

Abbot's White Pine Worm 29

Destructive power of the insects of its genus iu Germany, 29 — Evergreens which it prefers, 30 — Habits and characters of the Worm, 30 — Variation in the antenna1, 30 — Characters of the perfect flies, 30, 31 — How the eggs ars laid, 31 — Natural enemies, 31 — Remedies, 32 — Descriptive, 32.

LeConte's Pine Worm 32

A more general feeder than Abbot's species, 32 — The close resemblance of the Worms, 33 — How they differ, 33 — Descriptive, 33 — Other species of the genus, 34.

The Colorado Potato-beetle 34

Injury in the West in 1876,34 — Spread of the insect during the year, 34, 35 — Its great abundance on the Atlantic coast, 35 — Rate at which it traveled since 1859, 37 — An average of 88 miles a year, 37 — How it

44 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page. The Colorado Potato-beetle — Continued.

traveled, 37 ; principally in the beetle state, and greatly assisted by man, 37 — Its migrating habit, 38 — Area invaded by it nearly 1,500,000 square miles, 38 — Causes which limit its spread, 38 — Will it reach the Pacific slope ?, 39 — How it affected the price of potatoes, 39 — The modi- fication it has undergone, 40 — A mite parasite added to its natural enemies, 41 — Its introduction to Europe, 42 — A living specimen found last summer in the Bremen dock yards, 42 — Could it live and multiply in Europe ?, 43 — Action taken by European governments to prevent its introduction, 44 — Consideration of the Kearney "Potato Pest Poi- son ", 45.

Tli3 Army Worm 47

Further notes and experiments thereon, 47 — T\vo generations produced annually at Saint Louis, and a probable third generation, exceptionally, 48 — Summary of its natural history, 49.

The Wheat-head Army -worm 50

A new enemy to wheat, 50 — First complaint of it in the East, 51 — First appearance in Kansas, 51 — Habits and natural history, 52 — The egg differs from that of the Army Worm, 53 — Wherein the worm is distin- guished from its destructive cougeuer, 54 — T\vo broods each year, 54 — Natural enemies, 54 — Remedies, 55 — Descriptive, 55.

The Rocky Mountain Locust 57

It continues to interest the people of the West, 57 — Previous opinions justified, 57 — The invasion of 1876,59 — Few in British America, 59 — Condition of things in Montana, 59 — In Wyoming, 59 — In Dakota, 59 — In Minnesota, 60 ; locusts and alkali soil, 61 ; good done by Gover- nor Pillsbury, of Minnesota, 61 — In Colorado, 62 — In Iowa, 63 — In Ne- braska, 64 — In Kansas, 65 — In Missouri, 66 — Flights in opposite direc- tions at the same time, 66 — Counties in Missouri that were overrun, 67 — Red-legged Locust troublesome in East Missouri, 68 — Detailed reports from counties in Missouri, 68 — Andrew County, 68 — Atchison County, 68 — Barry County, 68 — Barton County, 69 — Bates County, 69 — Beiiton County, 69 — Buchanan County, 69 — Cass .County, 69 — Cedar County, 70 — Caldwell County, 70 — Clay County, 70 — Dade County, 70 — DeKalb County, 70 — Gentry County, 70 — Greene County, 71 — Harrison County, 71 — Henry County, 71 — Hickory County, 71 — Holt County, 71 — Jasper County, 72 — Jackson County, 73 — Johnson County, 73 — Lafayette County, 73 — Lawrence County, 73 — McDonald County, 74 — Newton County, 74 — Nodaway County, 74 — Pettis County, 74 — Platte County, 74 — Polk County, 75 — Ray County, 75 — Saint Clair County, 75 — Veruon County, 75 — In Indian Territory, 76 — In Texas, 76 — In Arkansas, 76 — Destination of the departing swarms of 1875,77 — They reached into British America, 78 — Source of the swarms of 1876, 79 — Eastern line reached, 80 — Rate at which the insects spread, 80 — Direction of flight, 81 — Influence of wind in determining the course of Locust swarms, 81 — Locust flights east of the Mississippi, 81 — Geographical range of species, 82 — Causes which limit the spread of the Rocky Mountain Locust, 83 — Flights of Acrid- ium Americanum, 84 — Does the female of the Rocky Mountain Locust lay more than one egg-mass, 85 — How the eggs are laid, 86 — Philosophy of the egg-mass, 87 — How the young locust escapes from the egg, 88 — How it escapes from the ground, 90 — Additional natural enemies, 91 — Animals which destroy the eggs, 91 — The Anthomyia Egg-para- site, 92 — The Common Flesh-fly, 95 — Other undetermined enemies of the eggs, 91.! — Insects which destroy the active locusts, 98 — Experi-

TABLE OF CONTENTS TO REPORT IX. 45

Page. The Rocky Mountain Locust — Continued.

ments -with the eggs find conclusions therefrom, 99 — Experiments to test the effects of alternately freezing and thawing, 99 — Experiments to test the influence of moisture iipou the eggs, 104 — Experiments to test the effects of burying at different depths and of pressing the soil, 104 — Experiments to test the effects of exposure to the free air, 104 - The Omaha Conference, 106 — Remedies and suggestions, 108 — Destruc- tion of the young or unfledged locusts, 108 — Protection of fruit trees, 110 — Legislation, 111 — Act passed by the Missouri legislature, Ill- Acts passed by the Kansas legislature, 112 — Act providing for the de- struction of locusts in Minnesota, 114 — Area in which eggs were laid, 116 — Condition of eggs, 117 — Temperature of the winter of 1876-77, 120 — Prospects for 1877, 121.

INNOXIOUS INSECTS.

The Hellgrammite 125

Its curious egg -mass described, 126 — Resembling bird-dung at a distance, 126 — Where laid, 127 — The Egg-burster, 127 — Characters and habits of the uewly hatched larva, 127 — Difficulty of rearing it in still water, 128 — The eggs that have been hitherto mistaken for those of Corydalus, 128 — They are probably those of Belostoma grandis, 128. The Yucca Borer .' 129

It is single-brooded, 129 — Will thrive in the latitude of Saint Louis, 129 — The larva molts quite often, 129.

CORRECTIONS.

A list of errata is given for each volume, and they are here repro- duced with such additional ones as were previously omitted. Where foreign terms were not properly accentuated in the Eeports, it was often due to the imperfect "plant" possessed by the State printer. In count- ing lines the running page title is omitted.

REPORT I.

Page 8, line 21, for being read -were. Page 10, line 1, for Figure 3,3 read Figure 3,'2. Page 12, line 20, for last read 1866. Page 12, line 3 from bottom, after February add (1867). Page 12, line 13 from bottom, for verier read venter. Page 14, line 24, for hermaphrodite read agamic. Page 14, line 32, for females read males.

Page 15, line 10 from bottom, for muscle-shaped read mussel-shaped. Page 22, line 2 from bottom, for pupas read pupae. Page 30, note, for F. read T. Page 31, line 15, for 37° read 38°. Page 32, line 4, for Kreitz read Kreutz. Page 32, line 14 from bottom, for III read V. Page 32, line 7 from bottom, for XIII read VIII. Page 38, line 5, for Tredcim read Tredecim. Page 47, line 16, for far read for. Page 50, line 7, for none the less read no more. Page 53, line 28, for laid read lain.

Page 54, line 4 from bottom, for hatch read are deposited. Page 56, lines 5 and 12, for to read at.

Page 58, line 15 from bottom, for Aspidiglossa read Aspidoglossa. Page 64, line 26, omit again.

Page 67, line 11 from bottom, for class read branch. Page 76, line 48, for Climbing Eustic read Climbing Cut-worm Moth. Page 78, line 46, for unipunctata read iniipuncta.

Page 86, line 21, and wherever they occur, for Gue"ne"e read GueneV, and for Gue"n. read Gueii.

Page 87, line 11 from bottom, for F. read T. Page 96, note, line 4, for West, read Wesm. Page 112, line 3, for abreviated read abbreviated. Page 114, line 1, after "insect" read (Stireirus flmbriatus, Say). Page 120. line 30, after "Cottonwood" read (Pemphigus vagabundus, Walsh). Page 123, last line, for eriosoma read eriosomatis. Page 132, line 16, for ampeJopsls read ampdopsidis. Page 133, in heading, for Codling read Berry Moth. Page 133, line 24 from bottom, for preceding insect read Grape Curculio. Page 134, line 3 from bottom, for Part V read Part VI. 46

ERRATA IN THE REPORTS. 47

Page 142, under the heading, add (LEPIDOPTERA TORTRICID.E).

Page 150, line 26, for THYRIDOPTERYX read THYRIDOPTERIGIS.

Page 150, line 37, for ferrugiuuous read ferruginous.

Page 154, in the heading, for zeas read sew.

Page 155, line 13, for ZEAS read ZEJE.

Page 161, line 38, for Trallien read Trallian.

Page 166, under heading, add (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALHXE).

Page 171, line 3 from bottom, for transformation read transformations.

Page 173, line 3 from bottom, for it read the more liquid parts.

Page 174, line 3 from bottom, for Solidaga read Sol'{dago.

Page 175, line 32, add front 'before wing.

Page 176, line 21, for through read into.

Page 177, line 26, strike out in.

Page 177, line 13, after coxw read trochanters.

Page 178, lines 2 and 3, for GELECHIA read GELECHI.E.

Page 179, line 32, for assimilating read assiniulatiug.

Page 179, in heading and line 12, for CIIICKWEED read KNOTWEED.

Page 178, lines 12, 13, for (Stellaria media) read (Polygonum aviculaie.)

Page 180, line 7, for Cersium laiiceolata read Cirsium lanceolatum.

REPORT II.

Page 8, line 14 from bottom, for I have read has been.

• Page 8, line 13, from bottom, before on read largely from Mr. Walsh's previous, •writings.

Page 13, line 25, for cupable read culpable. Page 16, line 13, for lava read larva. Page 23, line 6 from bottom, for hole read holes. Page 32, line 17, for insect read insects. Page 35, line 24, for Corimehena read Corimelama. Page 40, line 23, for Ophinsa read Ophiusa. Page 41, line 25, for Laphrygma read Lapliyyma. Page 50, line 5 from bottom, for 7eitc«[i]rt; read leucan\_i~\ce. Page 53, line 12, for perptilcra read perpulchra. Page 56, line 7 from bottom, for SaJanum read Solatium. Page 58, line 19, for copalina read copaUina. Page 59, line 9 from bottom, for varigated read variegated. Page 76, line 4 from bottom, for I read V. Page 76, line 5 from bottom, for Daphni read Daphne. Page 82, line 25, for one read our. Page 92, line 3, for 125-131 read 129-131. Page 107, line 12, for NaluraUsta read Naturaliste. Page 111, line 34, for cnjsalis read chrysalis. Page 116, line 4 from bottom, for month read molt. Page 118, line 2, for carved read curved.

REPORT III.

Page 6, line 3 from bottom, for Rosa read Rose ; and for rosa read rosce.

Page 7, line 31, for Hyleocctus read Hylecoctus.

Page 25, line 8 from bottom, for finely read finally.

Page 28, li-ue 3 from bottom, for Holmgren's read Holmgren's.

Page 30, line 16, for the read the.

Page 30, line 16, for characterize read distinguish.

Page 47, line 3, for Feunde read Feinde.

Page 55, line 50, for that read than.

Page 57, line 18 from bottom, add c before the first 7i.

Page 58, line 3 from bottom, forfornudolosus i-eadfonnidolosus.

48 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page 64, line 19, for Bignonio read Bigtionia.

Page 78, note, for I read II.

Page 95, line 26, for belongs read belonging.

Page 117, line 5 from bottom, for Harr. read Fabr.

Page 123, last line, for an read and.

Page 129, lines 12 and 17, for Colosoma and Calosoma.

Page 131, line 13 from bottom, for fauns read fauna.

Page 135, line 33, for dints read dents; and line 21, for a read b.

Page 136, line 22, for Guenee read Gneuee.

Page 136, line 33, for Furtsenthum Walldeck read Fiirstenthum Waldeck.

Page 145, line 35, strikeout second the.

Page 146, line 24, add s to transformation.

Page 150, line 14, at end, add from an.

Page 151, line 12, for Cnythia read Ci/ntliia.

Page 166, line 16 from bottom, strike out first comma.

Page 166, line 6 from bottom, for plialangea read phalanga.

Page 169, line 33, for first i read e.

Page 170, line 10, for Nnaural read natural.

REPORT IV.

Page 6, first verse, for grow read grows.

Pago 19, line 8, for 5 read 6.

Page 20, last line but one, for R read U.

Page 22, last line but one, for AleocJiora read Aleochara.

Page 40, line 9 from bottom, for occular read ocular.

Page 41, line 59, for Vt. read Ct.

Page 41, line 15 from bottom, after "Larva" read Length 0.5 inch.

Page 42, line 5, add a comma after Lepidoptera.

Page 43, line 6 from bottom, for claucl read cloud.

Page 46, line 29, for edgae read edge.

Page 46, liue under heading, add a comma after Lepidoptora.

Page 47, line 30, for rhomboidally read trapezoidally.

Page 33, line 25, and page 54, liue 27, for basillare read basilare.

Page 53, strike out all after for many in the note.

Page 59, line 10 from bottom, add winged before female.

Page 67, line 4 from bottom, for Cordifolia read Eiparia.

Page 68, liue 2 from bottom, for Old read Oil.

Page 75, third liue in heading, add a comma after Lepidoptera.

Page 103, third liue of note, for insest read insert.

Page 105, liue 8 from bottom, for chrysallis read chrysalis.

Page 110, liue 3, for CHALSIS read CHALCIS.

Page 110, line 29, for extramatis read extremalis.

Page 112, in the heading,/or Hiibn read Drury.

Page 132, line 19, for Chesuut read Chestnut.

Page 137, line 1, for Pernyi Silkworm read Perny Silkworm.

Page 137, under fig. 60, for Pernyi read Perny.

REPORT V.

Page 7, line 22, for stage read state.

Page 7, second line froin bottom, strike" out second the.

Page 8, explanation of Fig. 1, first line, for and read the.

Page 9, under Fig. 2, for BEMBEX FASCIATA read VESPA MACULATA.

Page 9, line 11, for last and read with the.

Page It, line 9 from bottom, after worm add moth.

Page 11, line 3, from bottom, for four read eight.

Page 12, line 24, for £rf/>o7f read t

ERRATA IN THE REPORTS. 49

Page 12, Fig. 5, for EUSCHISTES read EUSCHISTUS. Pago 13, line 3 from bottom, for larva- are read larva is.

Page 14, under Fig. 8, for (EDIPODA DIFFKMICXTIALE read CALOPTENUS DIFFEREXTI- ALIS.

Page 18, line 10 from bottom, for pollenatiou read pollination. Page 19, line 30, for Lymexilon. read Lymejcylon. Page 21, line 8 from bottom, for Towuseud read Towueud. Page 24, line 13, for aerial read aerial. Page 33, in Fig. 15, for cloroforni read chloroform. Page 43, line 6 from bottom, after or add in. Page 51, line 17, for J. S read S. J. Page 56, line 24, for how read that. Pago 52, line 21, for peteolaris read petiolaris. Page 58, line 16 from bottom, for decrepid read decrepit. Page 61, line 18, for hypertrophized read hypertrophied. Page 66, line 13, for CordifoUo read Cordifolla. Page 67, line 27, for with read to. Page 67, line 28, after and add to offer. Page 83, line 13 from bottom, for who read as. Page 85, line 17 from bottom, after fecundation add either the. Page 85, line 18 from bottom, strike out either and after female add would. Page 86, line 2 from bottom, for and read und. Page 90, line 17, for had read has. Page 100, last line, add a comma before say. Page 101, line 10, for nole read noli. Page 103, line 9, for Caryai read caryce. Page 113, line 40, for 19 read 41. Page 115, for exerted read exserted. Page 120, line 25, for regnlary read regularly. Page 126, line 4 in note, for querciti read qiierceti. Page 126, line 5 in note, for pithicium read. pithecium. Page 129, line 14, omit color of the. Page 139, for Papiueau read Popenoe.

Pages 140 and 141, wherever Belvosia occurs read Belvoisia. Page 156, line 6, for consumes read has consumed.

REPORT VI.

Page 8, last line, for 1874 read 1873. Page 12, line 13, for Sisimbrium read Sisymbrium. Page 12, line 25, for osciamus read oscyamus. Page 12, lines 13, 14, for Poligonum read Polygonum. Page 27, line 2 from bottom, for peeorus read pecoris. Page 27, line 15 from bottom, for vireus read virens. Page 28, last line, for XV read XVI. Page 35, line 3, for three read four. Page 37, line 16, for first by read be. Page 42, line 11, for the read certain. Page 43, line 26, strike out to be presently treated of.

Page 47, remove " Telegraph " from " Summer grape " § to that of "Northern FJX." Page 51, line 7 from bottom, for insidious read insidiosus. Page 53, line 18, for Maguin read Me"gnm. Page 82, line 5 from bottom, for New read West. Page 87, line 3 from bottom, for Bignonio read Bignonia. Page 92, line 6, for Callimorpa read CaUimorpha. Page 94, line 14 from bottom, for point read joint. Page 100, line 31, omit comma after lardarius. 4 MO

50 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Page 103, line 28, for orage read oraiige.

Page 111, Hue 6, for perspicillata read tripunctata.

Page 118, last line, tor I'ltyiopoga read Phytojihaga.

Page 136, liue 15, for Rosel YOU Rosenhof read Rosel von Rosenhof.

Page 141, line 9, after found add that.

Page 150, line 9, for pictures of read imprints on.

Page 154, line 6, strike out t.

Page 154, line 16, for it is read they are.

Page 156, line 8, after and add more.

Page 162, liue 10, for elytram read elytrum.

REPORT VII.

Page IV, line 9, for contemptibly read contemptuously.

Page 1, line 10, after and read invaded the.

Page 5, line 16, for State read state.

Page 7, line 7, for calubriue read colubrine.

Page 11, line 32, for stoma read stouiata.

Page 11, line 33, for dilntent read diluent.

Page 11, line 37, for J read S.

Page 12, line 13, for W. K read R. C.

Page 17, last line, for Dep. de VHerauJt read De'p. dc 1'Herault.

Page 21, line 14 from bottom, for LEXCOPTERU& read LEUCOPTERU-~.

Page 39, under Fig. 6, for TTIM read TRIM.

Page 52, line 14, for McWallie read McXallie.

Page 52, line 46, for Princeton read Puriutou.

Page 75, line 32, for breed read bred.

Page 80, line 7 from bottom, add a comma before and after pomctaria.

Page 81, last line, for nidi read nidus.

Page 94, in the sub-head, for GALL-INHABITING read ROOT-INHABITING.

Page 99, line 7, in note, for nerves read trachea?.

Page 108, line 17, for two read too.

Page 117, line 15, for V read IV.

Page 118, line 17 from bottom, for hight read height.

Page 147, line 20, for 1873 read 1866.

Page 162, line 20, for larva read lava.

REPORT VIII.

Page III, line 13 from bottom, add 1 before the 3. Page 7, line 26, for copper read soda. Page 22, in notes, transpose the * and t. Page 34, line 6, for tulietes read tite'Utes.

Page 34, liue 11, for three-huudredths read two-huudredths. Page 37, under Fig. 23, for exerted read exserted. Page 38, liue 6, for glass read! grass.

Page 52, line 1 in note, for DoHcenyx read Dolichotnjx, and for orizivora read oryzivora. Page 53, line 32, for veridaseens read riridasceiis.

Pago(98, second line, in explanation of Fig., for e read c and for c read e. Page 100, line 2, after they add are still imperceptible; in the third stage (after sec- ond molt) they.

Page 100, line 4, for third read fourth, and for second read third. Page 100, line 7, for fourth read iifth. and for third read fourth. Page 100, line 8, for fourth read rifth and for fifth read sixth. Page 114, line 7 from bottom, for distinguish read distinguish.

ERRATA IN THE REPORTS. 51

Page 115, line 5, after histories add a comma.

Page 115, line 5 from bottom, for Pesotdtix read Pezotetti.r.

Page 121, line 18, after limbs add and.

Page 149, under Fig. 46, for larva read pupa.

Page 150, line 10, for gran read grann.

Page 154, line 4 from bottom, for shell read shell.

REPORT IX.

Page 6, line 26, insert after "moth" (Euplianesia mcndica, Walk.).

Page 15, line 3, for entite read entire.

Page 29, in explanation of cut, for Abbott's read ibbot'd.

Page 50, explanation of cut, for e read o.

Page 50, line 3 from bottom, for Hubner read Hiibuer.

Page 54, last line, in place of the comma, write is.

Page 55, line 1, for the other read the second.

Page 55, line 9 from bottom, for in. m read mm.

Page 55, line 7 from bottom, strike out the on.

Page 56, line 1, for m. m read mm.

Page 56, line 2, for the hist and read anal.

Page 56, line 32, commence a new IT with "Chrysalis" and ita'icize it,

Page 57, in the heading for Spretus read S2)rf^us-

Page 53, line 14, strike out have.

Page 87, strike out the g in line 17 and also in figure.

Page 89, line 13, strike out the i after ernbryon.

Page 90, last line, for anibion read amnioii.

Page 98, line 11 from bottom, for Compoplex lead Campop\x.

Page 98, line 6, add a comma before De Geer.

Page 98, note *, for Bastardii read Bastardi.

Page 98, under Fig. 23, for BASTARDII read BASTARDI.

NOTES AND ADDITIONS.

Under this head it is not my purpose to publish the many additional notes of observations which have been made by myself and others on the various insects treated of in the reports ; but rather to indicate a few of the more important facts, especially such as are unpublished and bear on life-histories left incomplete. As, in preparing the reports, the older and better known generic nomenclature was almost uniformly employed, it is thought advisable to indicate in this bulletin the more recent nomenclature, and this is accordingly done either in these "jSTotes" or in connection with the reproduced "Descriptions of Xew Species" which

follow :

HYMENOPTERA.

STIZUS GRANDIS Say (Rep. I, p. 27, Fig. 12) — This lias been shown by Mr. W. H. Patton (Bull. U. S. Geol.-Geog. Survey, vol. V, p. 342) to be only a variety of speciosus Drury, which is the type of the genus Spliecius Dahlb.

CRYPTUS EXTREMATIS Cress. (Sep. IV, p. Ill) — The questions in regard to the character of C. samiae Pack, have been settled by Dr. Hagen from an examination 01 the types (Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., II, 206; 1875) confirming the conclusion which I came to. In Bulletin No. 3 of the Commission (p. 47) I have suggested that extrematis should sink as a synonym of samice, because two species (one of which is nuncius") were combined under it in the original description.

MICROGASTER MiLiTARis Walsh (Rep. I, p. 89 and subsequently) — This is an Apanteles' (See my Notes on N. A. Microgasters, etc. (Extr. from Trans. St. Louis Ac. Sc. IV), p. 19.)

ANTIGASTER MIRABILIS Walsh (Rep. VI, p. 162) — Mr. L. O. Howard has shown (Can. Ent. October, 1880. p. 209, and February, 1881, p. 31) that the habit of rolling back is not uncommon in the Eupdmldes, and that Antigaster cannot well be separated from Enpelmus as at present understood.

COLEOPTERA.

CARABID LARVAE (Rep. IX, p. 97) — The second larva mentioned on this page was sub- sequently reared by me to the perfect state and proved to be Amara obesa Say. It will be found figured and described in the First Report of the Commission (p. 290).

LEBIA GRANDIS, Hentz (Rep. Ill, p. 100) — This belongs to Chaudoir's genus Loxopeza.

LEBIA ATRIVEXTRIS Say (Rep. VIII, p. 3) — Belongs to Chaudoir's genus Loxopeza.

HIPPODAMIA MACULATA, DeGeer (Rep. I, p. 112 and subsequently) — Now referred to Mulsant's genus Meyilla. It does not appear that this species occurs also in Europe as stated in the text.

COCCINELLA MUNDA Say (Rep. II, p. 25) — This is now considered synonymous with Cycloneda sanguinca Linn.

COCCINELLA PICTA Randall (Rep. V, p. 101) — Now known as Harmoma picta. 52 '

NOTES AND ADDITIONS : COLEOPTERA. 53

MYSIA 15-PUXCTATA, Oliv. (Rep. IV, p. 18)— This has been referred to the genus Anatis, Mulsant.

LACHXOSTERA QUERCIXA, Knoch. (Rep. 1, p. 156) — This is synonymous with fusca Frohlich, which has priority. The fungus affecting it (p. 153 and Rep. 6, p. 125) is Cor- dyceps racenelii Berkeley. (See American Entomologist, III, p. 139.)

CHAULIOGXATIIUS PEXXSYLVAXICUS, De Geer (Rep. I, p. 57 and subsequently) — This is now known as Ch. amsricanus Forst., the latter name having priority. For an ac- count of the eggs and young larvte, see Second Report of the Commission, p. 261.

SAPERDA BIVITTATA Say (Rep. I, p. 42) — This is now admitted to be a synonym of can- dida Fabr. For a correct description of the eggs and mode of oviposition, see an article by me in New York Weekly Tribune, Feb. 20, 1878.

BRUCHUS PISI Linn. (Rep. Ill, p. 44) — This name of the 12th edition of Linnaeus's "Systeina Natune" gives way in modern catalogues to pisorum L. of the 10th edition.

FIDIA VITICIDA Walsh (Rep. I, p. 32) — This species is not mentioned by Crotch in his "Materials for the Study of the Phytophaga of theU. S." (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phil., 1873), but his Fidia murina (1. c. p. 33) is undoubtedly synonymous with Walsh's viticida, the latter name having priority by several years. In Crotch's " Checklist" this species is also omitted, but the Fidia vitis Walsh in the "Omissions" to that list (p. 127) is probably meant for viticida.

HALTICA CHALYBEA, Illiger (Rep. Ill, p. 79) — This belongs to the genus Graptodera Chevr.

HALTICA CUCUMERIS Harris (Rep. I, p. 101) — This is uowreferred to the genus Epitrix, Foudras.

PHYSONOTA QUIXQUEPUXCTATA Walsh & Riley (Rep. II, p. 59) — This is synony- mous with Ph. unipunctata (Say), there being no question as to the specific identity of the two, both having been bred by Mr. F. H. Chitteudeu, of Ithaca, N. Y., from larvse on a wild sun-flower (Helianthus).

CASSIDA NIGRIPES Oliv. (Rep. II, p. G3)— The eggs of this species are much like those of aurichalcea (Rep. II, Fig. 31) in size, form and color, though the spiue-like appen- dages break off more easily. They may, however, be distinguished by being larger (1.6mra long without projections), having, in fact, nearly double the bulk, and by the flat posteriorly projecting piece which bears the spine-like appendages being gener- ally greatly developed so as sometimes to extend beyond the apex fully one-third the length of the whole egg. Sometimes this piece divides distinctly into three spines, but in other cases it is quite blunt.

CASSIDA BIVITTATA Say (Rep. II, p. 61)— The eggs of this species are pale and ovoid, just lmm long, but invariably covered with a yellowish secretion which dries and spreads out each side, and this by a black excrementitious material which gives the egg from above the appearance of an ovoid bit of excrement flattened on the ad- hering side. The eggs are laid singly or in twos or threes.

CASSIDA AURICHALCEA Fabr. (Rep. II, p. 62) — This is now referred to the genus Copiocycla Chevr.

CASSIDA PALLIDA Herbst (Rep. II p. 62) — This is now recognized as a synonym of Coptocycla aurichalcea (Fabr.).

COPTOCYCLA GUTTATA, Oliv. (Rep. II, p. 63)— The eggs of this species, which I have often since observed, are- deposited singly or in twos, threes or fours. They are rather more than lmm long, of the same general form and character as those of Cassida bi- vittata, but more narrow and elongate. The color is pale yellowish and translucent. The egg is always covered with a viscid fluid which dries to form a transparent cov- ering verging to fulvous or gamboge in color. This covering almost always spreads out on each side of the egg in ray-like ridges, those on each side parallel and slightly oblique, and whenever the egg is single these ridges are remarkably regular and have a neat appearance. There is occasionally on the top of this a varying amount of ex-

54: INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

crement. The structure of the covering is similar to that found in the egg of texana Cr. (which feeds on Solanum eleagnifolium), where, however, the ribe are finer arid transverse, and there is no excrementitious covering. The newly hatched larva of guttata, like that of the other species is whitish, strongly recalling in general appear- ance an ordinary mite, the head not being concealed as it subsequently is, the hairs at the tip of the legs being frequently clavate or knobbed, and resembling those on the young of many Coccids. The marginal spines and the anal fork are quite well devel- oped but simpler than in the subsequent larval stages. This newly hatched larva is quite nimble and crawls easily over glass.

DELOYALA CLAVATA, Oliv. (Rep. II, p. 56)— Now referred to the genus Coptocycla.

BLISTER-BEETLES (Rep. 1, p. 96 ff. ) — The larva' feed on locust eggs. For account of their larval economy see my paper "On the larval Characters and Habits of the Blister-beetles," etc.-, Trans. Ac. Sc. St. Louis III, p. 544 ft". : also Reports of the Com- mission I, p. 292 ff. ; II, 262 ff. Remarks on synonymy are also there given, but the following may be repeated.

LYTTA CINEREA Fabr. (Rep. I, p. 97) — This is now known as Ma-crobasis unicolor (Kirby). LYTTA MURIXA Lee. (Rep. I, p. 98) — This is a color variety of Ulacrobtisis tinicolor.

LYTTA MARGIXATA Fabr. (Rep. I, p. 98) — This is believed by Horn to be a color-va- riety of Eplcauta cincrca (Forst. ).

LYTTA ATRATA Fabr. (Rep. I, p. 98) — This is the Epkauta p<-i>xylc<tnica (De Geer) of Crotch's List.

AXTHOXOMUS PRUXICIDA, Walsh. (Rep. Ill, p. 39) — Upon this species, which is a synonym of sciitellaris Lee., Dr. Lecoute has since founded the genus Cocvotonts (Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. vol. XV, 1876, p. 193).

COXOTRACHELUS NENUPHAR, Hbst. (Rep. Ill, p. 127, note) — Thephytophagic variety of this species from Walnut and Butternut has since been characterized by Dr. Lecoute as a distinct species, C. juylandis (Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. vol. XV, p. 226).

CCELIODES IN^EQUALIS, Say (Rep. I, p. 128) — Dr. Leconte has since founded upon this species the genus Craponius (Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. vol. XV, 1876, p. 268). The egg of this snout-beetle is quite large, bright yellow in color and deposited in a cavity half as large as the beetle, though the puncture leading to it is small. The lateral angu- larities or tubercles of the joints, as described by Walsh, are quite characteristic, and the dorsal view in my figure, given to show them, conveys a somewhat false impres- sion of the larva, which is more or less curved, and has the general characteristics of Curculionid larvte. The figure is rather more attenuated than it should be. That the beetle hibernates I have since proved beyond question.

BARIDIUS TRIXOTATUS Say (Rep. I, p. 93) — Dr. Lecoute (Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. XV, 1876, p. 287) has since established for this and two allied species the genus Trichobaris.

SPHEXOPHORUS ZE.E Walsh (Rep. Ill, p. 59) — This has been previously described by Mr. Uhler as S. scalplilis (Proc. Ac. Phil. VII, 1855, p. 416).

SPHEXOPHORUS PULCHELLUS Schoenherr (Rep. Ill, p. 60) — As intimated in the foot- note on the same page, this species is synonymous with Say's S. IS-itunctalus, for which species and for Sphenophorua pustulosiis Gyllh. Dr. Lecoute has established the genus Ehodolxenus (Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. vol. XV, 1876, p. 332). I have reared both, and also intermediate forms, from Heliauthus in Texas, and Ambrosia in Missouri.

SCOLYTUS CARY.E Riley (Rep. V, p. 107) — Dr. Lecoute (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. XV, 1876, p. 371) has since decided that 4-spinosus Say is the $ of this species, and Say's name

consequently obtains.

LEPIDOPTERA.

PAPILIO PHILEXOR Drury (Rep. II, p. 116) — Referred byScudder to Hiibner's genus Laertias. For further notes and description of the egg and young larva, see Canadian Entomologist, January, 1881, p. 9, and American Naturalist, April, 1881, p. 327.

NOTES AND ADDITIONS : LEPIDOPTERA. 55

DANAIS ARCini'prs, Fabr. (Rep. Ill, p. 143) — For further facts respecting the swarming and migrations of this butterfly, see the American Entomologist (III, p 101), and for a fuller and more accurate account of the mode of pupation, see iny paper oil the " Philosophy of the Pupation of Butterflies and particularly of the Nyinphalidre ' > (Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sc. vol. XXVIII, 18SO).

^EGERIA ACERNI, Clem. (Rep. VI, p. 110)— Mr. D. S. Kellicott has an interesting article in the Cttnn/lidii Entomologist for January, 1831, on the ^Egeriaus inhabiting the vicinity of Buffalo, N. Y., in which he states that the chrysalis of this species in his locality does not agree with my description as " unarmed," if that description refers to the dorso-abdonimal teeth. A reexamination of my specimens shows that my state- ment applies to the absence of these teeth. It is, however, possible that there is some variation in this regard and that the eastern specimens from the Hard inaple differ from the western ones from the Soft maple in having the teeth as indicated by Mr. Kellicott.

ARCTIA ISABELLA, Smith (Rep. IV, p. 143)— Referred to Fyrrharctia Packard. For further account of larval variation and parasites, see Amcririiii Entomologist, III, p. 134 (June, 1880).

HYPHANTRIA TEXTOR Harr. (Rep. Ill, 130)— There is no doubt in my mind, from frequent breeding of specimens, that this is synonymous with cunea Drury and punc- tattt Fitch, which are but varieties, Drury 's name having priority.

CALLIMORPHA FULVICOSTA, Clem. (Rep. Ill, 132)— Grote and Robinson give the synonymy of this species in their "List of Lepidoptera of N. A.," etc., lecontei Boisd. having priority. The late Jacob Bull bred all the forms from larva?, feeding on the same species of plant,

SAMIA COLUMBIA Smith (Rep. IV, p. 107)— Mr. Herman Strecker has given a beau- tiful figure of the male of this species in his "Lepidoptera Rhopaloceres and Hetero- ceres, etc.," 1875 (PL XII, Fig. 3), and Mr. F. B. Caulfieldhas described and figured the larva (Canadian Entomologist, X, p. 41, 1878) showing that it is structurally identical with that of cecropia and differs only in the iuteuser green of the body, in the lateral tubercles and bases of the others being white instead of pale blue and in the upper thoracic tubercles being of a deeper coral-red. It accords more with the cecropia larva in the fourth stage. It is placed as a good species in Grote's "List of N. A. Pla- typterices," etc. (Am. Phil. Soc., 1874), but I am still of opinion that it should not be considered a distinct species but simply a well-marked local color-variety worthy of name. There is great variation in color, whether of the larva, cocoon or imago, in oeorojpia.

CALLOSAMIA ANGULIFERA, Walker (Rep. IV, p. 122, note)— This is still considered a good species by systematists. Mr. Juo. Akhurst, of Brooklyn, N. Y., informs me that he finds it rather constant from larv;e which seem to differ in no respect from those of promethea, but which feed on the Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera), and make the cocoon near the ground without pedicel. I learn from Dr. Packard that Mr. Uhler has bred both it and promelhia from the same lot of larvae.

CLISIOCAMPA SYLVATICA Harr. (Rep. Ill, 121)— This isuow referred to dissfmHiibn., which has priority.

AGROTIS INERMIS Harr. (Rep. I, p. 72) — This is now recognized to be identical with, the European A. saiicia Treitschke.

NOCTUA CLANDESTINE Harr. (Rep. I, p 79) — An Agrotis.

AGROTIS TELIFERA Harr. (Rep. I, p. 80) — This is now recognized as the European A. ypsilon Hiifu. =A. snffusa (S. V.) = ^i. ortonii Pack.

AGROTIS SUBGOTHICA Harr. (Rep. I, p. 81) — The moth represented under this name at Fig. 29, a, has since been described by Grote as A. herilis, and that at Fig. 29, I), has since been described by Lintuer as A. tricosa. (Notes on some N. Y. Noctuidaj, Ent. Cout. Ill in Rep. N. Y. St. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 159.)

56 INDEX TO MISSOUKI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

AGROTIS JACULIFERA Guen. (Rep. I, p. 82) — This is the true subgothica of Haw- (See Grote, List of Noctuida? of N. A., Bulletin Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sc. II, 1874, and Lint- ner 1. c.)

AGROTIS DEVASTATOR, Brace (Rep. I, p. 83) — Grote refers it to Radena.

CEL^NA RENIGERA Stephens (Rep. I, p. 86) — Referred by Grote to Hadena. Speci- mens in the Fitch collection marked with names (evidently from Walker) infecta, egens, deftctua, siibcadem ? and murcimaculata seem to be all synonyms and mere variations.

PRODENIA AUTUMNALIS Riley (Rep. Ill, p. 116 and subsequently) — As stated in the 8th Report (p. 48) this in the more typical form is recognized as Laplujgma frugiperda, Sm. & Abb. The variety obscura, as Prof. Zeller, who has seen it, informs me is so near the European exlgua Hiibn. that it is not easily distinguished.

PRODEXIA COMMELINJE, Sm. & Abb. (Rep. I, p. 88, and III, p. 113)— Dr. Leon F. Harvey (Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sci., vol. II, pp. 274, 275; 1875) has since proposed specific names for two of the forms hitherto considered to be but varieties of comme- 1hi(p. The moth represented at Fig. 43, c, of the Third Report, is named by him flavimedia, that at Fig. 48, 1), lineatella, the true commelina', being a larger species. From larvse with the series of black triangles bordered exteriorly by a yellow line (such as are represented on Plate I, Fig. 12 of Rep. I, and at Fig. 48 a of Rep. Ill) I have bred the flavimedla. But larvre found on cotton in the Southern States, and differ- ing in having black triangles on the second joint only, and also varying greatly in coloration, have produced the same moth. Abbot's figure of the larva of commelince shows the full series of black triangles, but without any yellow exterior line.

GORTYNA NITELA Guen. (Rep. I, p. 92) — I have proved by breeding that G. nebris Gn. is but a large, southern form of this species. In the Southern States it is most common in stems of Ambrosia trificla, often producing a swelling or pseudo-gall. Both forms are indiscriminately bred with intermediate variations. See an article "by Miss E. A. Smith (7th Report on the insects of Illinois, Cyrus Thomas, pp. 112-114) for additional food-plants and the habit of the younger larvte to infest wheat-stalks, corn, etc. See also Am. Ent.I, p. 252; my "Potato Pests" (Orange, Judd & Co., 1877, p. 91) and Prairie Farmer, August 11,1877. The insect normally pupates in the stem and when infesting thin stalks like those of most cereals and blue-grass (in which it is also found) often of necessity leaves one stalk for another.

ANOMIS XYLINA, Say (Rep. II, p. 37; VI, 17)— This has since been referred by Grote to Hiibuer's Aletia argillacea, which has been generally adopted. See Bulletin 3 of the Commission on the Cotton Worm. While it will doubtless be found convenient in future to separate it from the other species of the genus Anomis, and Hiibner's generic name may therefore obtain, I must confess, after a careful examination of Hiibuer's figure of argillacea, to grave doubts as to the correctness of Grote's reference thereto of our Cotton-worm Moth (xi/lina, Say). Hiibner's figure lacks several of the most con- stant characteristics of xylina. It is fulvo-testaceous shaded with brown, with the under side bright yellow. It lacks the three white specks on primaries and has a dark (orbicular?) spot in place of the outer one. It has a large white circular spot with black annulus in place of the dusky elongate discal spot with its double pupil. The wavy lines are almost black and differ in form ; the fringes are nnicolorous, and the abdomen is narrower. The figure more nearly represents in fact a species which I have received from Bahia, Brazil, and which differs from xylina, though the larva (also quite differ- ent) feeds on cotton.

We are all inclined to follow determinations of those who make a specialty of any group, but after due allowance for faulty coloring in Hiibuer's figure, I am constrained to believe that in this instance Mr. Grote has been in fault.

CANKER-WORMS (Rep. VIII, p. 12)— For additional remarks as to the generic char- acters of the two Canker-worms, see my paper "On the differences between Anisopteryx pometaria Harr. and Anisopteryx (csculariaW. V., with remarks on the genus Paleacrita.* (Trans. Ac. Sc. St. Louis, Vol. Ill, p. 573 if.)

NOTES AND ADDITIONS : LEPIDOPTERA. 57

GALLEREA CEREANA, L. (Rep. I, p. 166) — This is the mcllonella L. of the 10th edition Syst. Nat une.

PEMPELIA GROSSULARI.E Packard (Rep. I, p. 140) — The European Zopliodia conrohi- tella Hiibn. (Fhycis grossulariclla Treitschke), which has precisely similar habits, closely resembles this species. In 1871 I compared it with this last iu Mr. Stainton's collection and with specimens received from Prof. Zellerand could detect no essential differences. The European specimens are slightly larger, with broader wings and usually clearer, paler gray coloring. Coloratioual markings are, however, very vari- able in specimens from both sides of the Atlantic.

P. grossiiJanai Packard was subsequently described by Grote as Dakruma iurbatella (Bull. U. S. Geol.-Geog. Survey, IV, No. 3, p. 702 ; 1878). Dakruma seems to differ from Zopliodia in nothing but the absence of the basal portion of the subcostal vein and possibly, although this character is not mentioned by Grote, in the recurved palpi. According to the synoptical table given by Heiueuiann, grossularkc would fall in the genus Stenoptycha, distinguished from Zopliodia by the recurved palpi. We may well question the generic value of this character, for different authors describe it quite differently: thus, Heinemauu describes the palpi of Stenoptycha and Homeosoma as recurved, Avhereas Grote describes them as porrect in these two genera, if we accept his statement that Honora Grote is to be considered a section of Stenoptycha: there appears also to be a difference iu position in specimens of the same species, according as the palpi are heavily scaled or have lost the scales. From the known individual variation in the venation of these and other moths, especially in the hind wings, we cannot attach any specific, much less any generic, value to the slight difference in the subcostal vein of Dakruma noted above. Moreover, authentic specimens of grossu- larice do not appear to possess this character of Dakruma. I am, therefore, of opinion that a study of sufficient material from both continents will prove the two specifically identical, or at the most that our American insect is a variety, and that Dakruma will not obtain. Packard is of this opinion, as in the later editions of his Guide the species is called Hyelois convolutella.

PENTHIXA VITIVORANA Packard (Rep. I, p. 133) — This is identical with a European insect having the same habits. It was first described over a century since by Schiffer- miller & Denis as Tortrix tot ran a, and has been referred to various genera since, and finally to Eudemis Hiibn., so that the insect should be known as Endemis bolrana (Schiff.). Conchylis ambif/ucUa (Hiibn.) has very similar habits in Europe. See Nord- linger's " Die Kleiueu Feinde der Landwirthschaft," p 424 if. It is the Lobesia botrana of the later editions of Packard's Guide.

EURYPTYCHIA SALiGNEAXA Clem. (Rep. II, 134). — This according to Prof. Feruald, who has seen the type, is the same as Clemeus's Hedya scudderiana (Proc. Acad. Sci.. Phila., 1860, p. 358), the description of which is very brief and presumably taken from, a female. The genus Em-uptychia (Proc. Eut. Soc. Phila. V, 140) is founded on the male, which has a broad fold extending to the middle of costa on the primaries and covering up a pencil of yellowish hairs. Zeller subsequently redescribed it as Pwdisca affusana (Beitriige, etc., pt. Ill, p. 101 [307]). From a comparison of female specimens I am led to believe that this is the same species that is commonly known in Europe- as Spilonota roborana Schiff., though in Staudiuger and Wocke's Catalogue cynosbana Fabr., described in 1875, is given the priority and aquana Hiibn. is placed as a synonym. The obliquity of the edge of the basal dark patch and the details of the ocellated spot upon which species have been separated, I find to be variable.

The insect in Europe is known to feed on the leaf-buds of the rose. I have abun- dant proof that in this country it is not a gall-maker, but, as was inferred in the Report, an inquiliue. I have found its larva feeding upon the flowers as well as amid the terminal leaves of the Golden-rod, and have also found it in other galls. When, feeding in the more exposed positions it generally has a carneous or rosy tint.

ANCHYLOPERA FRAGARIJE W. & R. (Rep. 1, 142) — This has been referred to Plioxop- teris comptana Frohl., and while the two very closely resemble each other Prof. Fernald informs me that he yet believes fragarice to be distinct.

58 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

(ETA COMPTA, Clem. (Rep. I, p. 151) — Notwithstanding Mr. Grrote doubts the identity

of this insect with Cramer's Phtilwna puncteUa, there is no question in my mind about it, and I entirely agree with Zeller, who makes also the Tinea pustuleUa Fabr. a synonym {Beitr. z. Kenntu. N. A. Nachfalter II. p. 23). It was first described in this country in 1856 by Fitch as Deiopeia aurea (3rd Rep. Ins. N. Y., p. 163.) See also " Zygasnidse and Bombycidfs of N. A." by R. H. Stretch, 1372, pp. 159 and 241.

The egg of this insect is one of the most singular Lepidopterous eggs with which I am familiar. I have found it numerously in the South in midsummer. It is 0.9ram long, soft and plastic so as to be variable in form ; but when laid (as it often is) on the web which the young larviB make, where it takes on the more natural form, it is ovoid, somewhat compressed, with frequently a median ridge and oue end narrowed and pro- duced into a short neck. The color is cream-yellow and the delicate shell is corrugu- late. It is laid singly and generally slightly attached by the broad side to the side of the mid-rib of the tenderest leaves, and its contact (by virtue, doubtless, of some poisonous liquid with which it is laid) causes a well defined swelling of the leaf- vein.

The species is placed among the Zyywnidce in Grote and Robinson's List, and has evidently more affinities therewith than with the Temidce.

PRONUBA YUCCASELLARiley (Rep. V, p. 150 and subsequently) — For further facts re- garding this species, see my papers in Trans. St. Louis Ac. Sc. Ill, p. 568 ; American En- tomologlstYLI, pp. 141, 182, 293, and also a paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science at Boston, Aug., 1880, and to be published in the Pro- ceedings of the Association for that year.

PTEROPHORUS PERISCELIDACTYLUS (Rep. Ill, p. 65) — This belongs to the genus

Oxyptilns, Zeller.

HETEROPTERA.

ARMA SPIXOSA Dallas (Rep. II, p. 113 and subsequently) — Now referred to Stal's genus Podisus.

EUSCHISTUS PUNCTIPES, Say (Rep. IV, p. 19 and subsequently.) — This is now known .as Euschistns varlolarius Beauv., this last having priority over Say's name.

COREUS TRISTIS, De Geer (Rep. I, p. 113 and subsequently) — Belongs to Arnyot & Serville's genus Anasa.

MICROPUS LEUCOPTERUS, Say (Rep. II, p. 15 and subsequently) — Now referred to Burnieister's genus BUsstis.

ANTHOCORIS INSIDIOSUS, Say (Rep. II, p. 27 and subsequently) — Belongs to Fieber's genus TripJileps.

REDUVIUS RAPTATORIUS Say (Rep. I, p. 114) — Belongs to Sinea, Arnyot & Serv., and is synonymous with diadema Fabr.

HARPACTOR CINCTUS Fabr. (Rep. I, p. 114 and subsequently) — Belongs to Stal's

genus Milyas.

HOMOPTERA.

CICADA SEPTEMDECIM (Rep. I, p. 18) — This orthography, used in the Reports, is grammatically correct, but I find that Linnaeus himself wrote septendecim (Systema Naturae, Tom I, Pars II, 12th Ed. Stockholm 1767). Fitch used both forms of spelling, but West-wood, Harris and most other authors follow Linnreus, and septendecim is, therefore, preferable. As to whether the 17 and 13-year broods should be considered specifically distinct, I am still of the opinion expressed in the First Report that the insects should not be looked upon as distinct species, but that tredecim Riley should rather be considered a race, or as Walsh (in a letter to Charles Darwin, which has kindly been shown me by Mr. G. H. Darwin) puts it, an incipient species, to which, for conve- nience, it is desirable to give a distinctive name. That it may be looked upon as a good species by excellent authority, will be seen by Walsh's discussion of the subject (American Entomologist II, p. 335) which I here quote:

What candid entomologist, who has worked much upon any particular order, will not allow that there are certain genera where it is often or almost or quite impossible

NOTES AND ADDITIONS : HOMOPTERA. 59

to distinguish species by the mere comparison of cabinet specimens of the imago? Ltew and Usten Sacken have said this of the genus (_', ridotni/in in Diptera : Osten Sacken of t\vo other Dipterous genera, Sciara and re>-(itoj><xjt>ii : Norton of Tin- genus Nematiis in Hynienoptera ; and Dr. Le Conte lately assured me that, although when he was a young man he thought himself able to discriminate, in the closet, between the different species of Brachinus in Coleoptera, he now considered it quite impracti- cable to do so with any degree of certainty. And yet who doubts the fact of the existence, in North America, of very numerous distinct species of Cecidomyia, of Xnara, of Ceratopogon, of Xcmatus, and of Bnu-lilnus.

Upon the same principle I strongly incline to believe that the 17-year form of the Periodical Cicada (C. septemdccim, Linn.) is a distinct species from the 13-year form (C. tredfeim,It\}vy) although it has been impossible for me, on the closest examina- tion of very numerous specimens, to detect any speeilic difference between these two forms.* It is very true that the 13-year form is confined to the more southerly regions of the United States, while the 17-year form is generally, but not universally, peculiar to the Northern States; whence it has been, with some show of plausibility, inferred that the 13-year form is nothing but the 17-year form, accelerated in its metamorphosis by the influence of a hot southern climate. But as these two forms interlock and overlap each other in various localities, and as it frequently happens that particular broods of the two forms corne out in the same year, we should certainly expect that, if the two forms belonged to the same species, they would occasionally intercross, whence would arise an intermediate variety hating a periodic time of 14, 15 or 16 years. As this does not appear to have taken place, but, on the contrary, there is a pretty sharp dividing line between the habits of the two forms, without any inter- mediate grades of any consequence, I infer that the internal organization of the two forms must be distinct, although externally, when placed side by side, they are exactly alike. Otherwise, what possible reason could there be for one and the same species to lie underground in the larva state for nearly 17 years in one county, and in the next adjoining county to lie underground in the larva state for scarcely 13 years .' I presume that even 'the most bigoted believer in the old theory of species would allow that, if it can once be proved to his satisfaction that two apparently identical forms are always structurally distinct, whether in their external or in their internal organization, they must necessarily be distinct species.

On the other hand, I firmly believe that many perfectly distinct forms, which at one time passed current, or which even now pass current, as true species, are in reality mere dimorphous forms of one and the same species. We find a good example of this in the dimorphous 9 Ci/nips, q. aciculata, O. S., which has already been treated of at great length. We find another good example of the same thing in Cicada Cassinii $ 9 , Fisher, which is sufficiently distinct from the Periodical Cicada to have been classified as a distinct species, and yet never occurs except in the same year and in the same locality as this last, and what is more extraordinary still, is found not only along with the 17 -year form (C. septemderim), but also along with the 13-year form (C. tredecim).

Now,' if CavHhtii were a distinct species, and not, as I believe it to be, a mere dimor- phous form of C. septemdtcim and C. tredecim, the chances are more than a million millions to one against its always coinciding with the two other forms, not only as to the particular locality but as to the particular year of its appearance.

1 do not know that any one has heretofore attempted to set at rest, by actual proof, the very general skepticism as to this insect remaining so long undergrouud, on the part of those persons who have given little attention to the subject. I have been able to trace the development from year to year of my tredecim brood XVIII in the vicinity of Saint Louis by digging up the larva? each year from 1868 to 1876, and noting the annual growth. They could always be found within from two to five feet of the sur- face upon the roots of trees, and had by the 8th year attained the first pupa stage, and I have no doubt but that, at this writing, the true pupae are nearing the surface of the ground to appear in myriads in the perfect state in May and June of this year.

The fungus affecting this Cicada has since been described by Mr. C. H. Peck as Masso- spora cicadina (31st Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 44, 1879).

ERIOSOMA PYRI, Fitch (Rep. I, p. 118) — After comparing specimens in Europe with our American insect, I have no doubt of the specific identity of the two, or of the root-inhabiting and twig-inhabiting forms. The insect should be known, therefore, as Schizoneura latiiyera (Hausin.). See niy remarks in American Entomologist, II, 359 ;

* For an excellent statement of the facts bearing upon this curious question, see a paper by Mr. Riley, the State Entomologist of Missouri, in Xo. 4 of the American Entomologist, and a still more complete one in his First Annual Report.

60 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

Rep. 3, p 95, and "Notes on Aphididse of the U. S. " (Hayden's Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. of Terr., Vol. V, p. 3).

ASPIDIOTUS HARRISII Walsh (Rep. I, p. 7) — This belongs to Costa's genus Di- anpls, and is apparently the species named ostreccfonnis by Curtis (Gardener's Chron- icle, 1843, p. 805).

DIPTERA.

TRUPANEA APIVORA Fitch (Rep. I, p. 163; II, 122) — This has been renamed Pro- ni'iehns Fitchil by Osten Sackeu (Cat. of the described Diptera of N. A. 2nd Ed., 1878, p. 234), the species proving different from Sastardu Lrew, and Fitch's name being pre- occupied.

BEE-FLY LARVA (Rep. IX, p. 98) — The undetermined larva here illustrated (Fig. 24) has^ since proved to be that of a Systocchus, a genus of Bombyliid flies. For further details and determinations see the Second Report of the Commission (pp. 282-9).

SARCOPHAGA. CARNARIA, L. (Rep. IX, p. 95) — The variety sarraceniw of this species there mentioned is now considered a good species, for reasons stated in Bulletin 3 of the Commission (pp. 39, 40, note).

EXORISTA LEUCAXE.E, Kirkpatrick (Rep. II, p. 50 and subsequently) — Referred to the genus Nemorwa Desv. by Osteu Sackeu (Catalogue, etc., 1878, p. 150). The variety cecropia of this (Rep. IV, p. 103) is quoted by him as a distinct species under Exorista, probably a mistake caused by my employing the wrong figure in the American Ento- mologist, Vol. II, p. 101, where that of E. flavicauda is used for leucanice.

LYDELLA DORYPHOR.E Riley (Rep. I, p. Ill) — Now included in the genus Ejcorista.

ORTHOPTERA.

(ECANTHUS NIVEUS, De Geer (Rep. I, p. 138, audV, p. 120) — This species is common in all parts of the country, and I have proved, by breeding, that its eggs are those de- scribed and figured as such in the 5th Report. I agree with Scudder in considering fasciatns De Geer but a dark and rather well marked variety of it. Its chirp is inter- mittent, resembling a shrill te-reat te-reat te-reat with a slight pause between each. The eggs and punctures figured on page 119 of the 5th Report (Fig. 47) as probably those of Orocharis saltator are, as I have since proved by breeding and by watching the process of oviposition, those of a large species of (Ecantlrus, hitherto, I believe, very generally confounded with niveus, and which is described below as (E. latipennis N. Sp. While nivens punctures all kinds of soft stems and pithy twigs, latipennis seems to prefer the more slender parts of the Grape-vine. The female, when she has sufficiently proceeded in the act of ovipositing, is so intent that she can very well be watched at night by the aid of a "bull's-eye."

The jaws are first used to slightly tear the outer bark. With the antennte stretched straight forward and the abdomen beut up so as to bring the ovipositor at right angles with the cane, she then commences drilling, working the abdomen convulsively up and down about twice each second. The eggs, as described iu the Report, are laid lengthwise in the pith, but always in two sets, one each side of the hole. The number varies according to the size of the cane, and the distance between the holes is also Tariable but usually less than in my figure. The hole is usually filled up with a white mucous secretion, though there is very little of it about the eggs. This secretion also doubtless serves to facilitate the drilling. The same female will lay over 200 eggs, and will sometimes puncture the same cane at intervals of £ inch for 14 feet or more.

The shrill of latipennis is continuous and recalls the trilling of a high-pitched dog- whistle in the distance. The key varies, however, and is sometimes much less high and more musical than at others. The commingled shrill of this species recalls also the distant croaking of frogs in spring. The broad wings are thoroughly elevated during the act or even bent forward, and the vibration is so rapid that there appears-

NOTES AND ADDITIONS: ORTHOPTERA. 61

to be no motion. The species, in addition to these differences in stridulation and habits, may be distinguished, from nieens by the following characters:

(EcANTHUS LATIPEXNIS N. Sp. — White, the elytra of the 9 sometimes grayish and the posterior femora in one specimen discolored. Antenna; immaculate, with the basal joints and the front of head usually roseate. Tip of ovipositor black. Prouotnm as in niveus. Hind wings 9 as long at the elytra or sometimes a trifle longer ; of $ some- what shorter than elytra. Elytra of 9 irregularly reticulate between the parallel oblique veins, especially toward the base. Elytra of $ when unfolded f as wide as long, the dorsal surface 14mm to 16.5"im long by 7mm to8mm wide ; the rasp 1.5mm long and the teeth distinctly seen with a lens of low power. Ovipositor 6mm long ; sub- genital plate broadly excavated. Cfaspers of $ with their tips broad, but slightly broader at base than at tip, not deeply separated.

Described from 15 $ 9 specimens from Missouri, 1 $ from Alabama, and 1 $ from •South Texas.

The form of the subgenital plate, the immaculate antenna? with their roseate base, and the larger size serve to distinguish the species as well in the pupa as in the imago state.

(E. latipennis is a larger insect than nii'cus usually is. The ovipositor measures 6mm in length, whereas in niveits it rarely exceeds 5mm and in only one specimen, a san- guineous variety captured July 10, 1874, does it equal 6mm. The male elytra of niceus in only one specimen, captured September 19, 1877, reach 13mm in length by 6nim in, width on the upper face, and the size is generally much less. In niveus the unfolded male elytra are less than f, and usually only £, as wide as long, and the rasp is only lmm long, and the teeth are not so easily seen. The elytra of niveus female sometimes show an irregularity in the reticulation between the parallel oblique veins but never so great an irregularity as in latipennis, there being fewer cells. In only one specimen of latipennis, a male taken on cotton at Columbus, Tex., are there any black marks on the lower surface of the basal joints of the antenna?, representing the lines or dots which are always present in nireus. But the two species are most sharply separated by the form of the subgenital plate of the female, which in niveus narrows rapidly towards the tip which has a minute angular notch, and by the form of the male claspers, which in niveus have their tips very slender and parallel, being deeply parted, and then retreat- ing rapidly from one another on each side.

Besides niveus there are recognized from North America three other species of (Ecan- thus, one of which, californica Sauss.,* recorded only from California, is described as having the posterior wings abortive, t The other two species, nigrieornis Walk, from Illinois (description quoted in the American Entomologist, Vol. II, p. 207; 1870) and varicornis Walk, from Mexico, both described only in the female sex and dif- fering from niveus in nothing but the slightly longer hind wings and the slightly greater size of the insect, and in varicorn /shaving a slightly longer prothorax, have been retained as distinct species by Saussure. But niveus, as may be seen in a series of specimens, varies in these characters indefinitely, just as other species of crickets are admitted to vary; so we may consider Walker's species to be but varieties of niveus. They cannot be referred to latipennis, for in this species the wings rarely, and then but slightly, exceed the elytra.

One other North American species, bipunctatus DeG., has been referred to (Ecanthus. It belongs; however, to the genus Xabea, and should be known as Xabea bipunctata (DeG. ).

As the female of Xtibea\ has not hitherto been described and Saussure did not recognize the genus as distinct from (Ecanthus, it may be well to give here the characters drawn from both sexes to show how very clearly the two genera differ. The type of the ge- nus is from Sumatra, and Walker, being unacquainted with our species, an Saussure, d having only imperfect specimens, both failed to recognize the existence of the genus in North America.

* fitndes sur les Orthopteres, (in Mission Scientifique au Mexique, etc. Recherches Zoologiqnes 6mepartie.) 3me livraison ; p. 462 ; 1874.

tBy "abortive" is evidently meant, from the description following the diagnosis, simply shorter than abdomen. In this respect and in the male (which alone is described) being shorter than niveus, <oalifornievs. which I know only from the description, may most easily be distinguished.

J Walker, Cat. Derm, s^alt. Brit. Mus., Ft. I, p. 109.

62 IXDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

XABEA Walk. — First joint of antenna; armed with a stout, blunt tooth in front. Fe- male elytra irregularly reticulated, the oblique longitudinal veins not being conspicuous . male elytra with the rnediastinal vein strongly arcuated ; no humeral angle. Wings twice as long as the elytra. Cerci only halt as long as the abdomen, sinuous. Outer valves of the ovipositor ending in a single outwardly directed tooth which is preceded on the outside by a longitudinal series of three teeth ; the inner valves compressed, ending in three teeth of which the middle one is much the longest. Posterior tibia* with neither spurs nor serrations and having only 4 apical spurs, 2 within and 2 with- out ; the first joint of posterior tarsi unarmed, the tarsi clearly but 3-joiuted, the sec- ond joint short as in the other legs ; tarsal claws with the inner tooth acute.

OROCHARIS SALTATOK Uhler (Rep. V, p. 119). — The eggs figured and described on page 11'* as probably those of this insect are, as above stated, those of (Evrinthits latipennis. I have, however, frequently obtained the eggs of the Orocharis since. In December, 1S77, I watched a female ovipositing in the end of a dead and rather soft twig of the Soft-maple at Kirkwood, Mo. The twig had been pruned and the bark •was somewhat gnawed by the cricket and the eggs thrust in irregularly from the end and from the sides. Both wood and pith were crammed with eggs, but all longitudi- nally inserted. The favorite nidus of the species is, however, the soft and somewhat corky, rough bark of the trunk and older branches of the American elm, the eggs being thrust in singly or in small batches, either longitudinally with, or very slightly obliquing from, the axis of trunk or branch. The female is very intent in the act, working her abdomen deliberately from side to side during the perforation. The ovipositor is held more obliquely than in (Ecantlms.

The egg is amber-colored and very slender and elongate, the tip rather pointed and very faintly opaque with the surface but slightly granulate. It has scarcely any curve and varies from 3.5mm to 4mm in length and from 0.4mm to 0.5mm in diameter at middle.

The slridulatiou of this cricket is a rather soft and musical piping of not quite half a second's duration, with from 4 to 6 trills, but so rapid that they are lost in the dis- tance. The key is very high, but varies in different individuals and according to moisture and temperature. It most resembles the vibrating touch of the finger on the rim of an ordinary tumbler when three-fourths filled with water — repeated at intervals of from 2 to 4 per second, and it may be very well likened to the piping of a young chick and of soms tree frogs. As the species is very common in the Southwest its chirp is everywhere heard and is so distinctive that when once studied it is never lost amid the louder racket of the katydids and other night choristers. It is fre- quently heard during the day time in cloudy or damp weather, and I have heard it at Saint Louis the first days of November after a slight frost. The elytra in stridulatiug are raised less than in (Ecanthus and are depressed at intervals.

The courting of the sexes is amusing. They face each other and play with their antenme for the best part of an hour or more than an hour. The female is, other- wise, pretty quiet, but the male continually months the twig or the bark upon which the courting is being done, and plays his palpi at a great rate, very stealthily ap- proaching nearer to his mate meanwhile. At last the autenual fencing ceases and those of the female bend back and then the male approaches until their heads touch. He then deliberately turns round, elevates the elytra and slips his abdomen under the female, who virtually mounts and assists him, his elytra overshadowing her head.

The eggs of this insect, as als6 those of (Ecanlhits latipennis, are devoured by a para- sitic larva of similar form and size, and which I have not yet reared to the perfect state.

ORCHELIMU.M GLABERIMUM, Burm. (Rep. V, p. 123) — The egg-punctures illustrated at Fig. 56 are, as there correctly supposed, those of this species, as I have since proved by watching the act of oviposition and by rearing from the eggs. The insect is very fond of using the tops of corn-stalks for the same purpose.

NOTES AND ADDITIONS. 63

NEUEOPTEEA.

CORYDALUS CORXCTCS, L. (Rep. V, p. 141 ; IX, p. 125) — For additional facts relating to the early larval stages, see my notes on the "Larval Characteristics of Corydalus and Cliauliodes anil on the development of Corydalus cornutus (Proc. Am. Ass. Adv.

Sc.. 1878).

MITES.

TROMBIDIUM SERICEUM Say (Eep. VII, p. 175 and subsequently) — For the natural history of this species and the specific identity with it of the larval form known as Astorna f/rylltiria LeBaron, and for further facts respecting the other mites mentioned in the Report, see my remarks in the Transactions of the Academy of Science, of Saint Louis, (Vol. Ill, p. cclxvii, October, 1877) in the American XaturaUst for March, 1878^ and in the First Report of the Commission (p. 306 ff.).

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES.

Some systematists have questioned whether descriptions of species in Agricultural Eeports should be recognized. While iny own views on this subject are pretty freely expressed on page 56 of iny Third Missouri Eeport and elsewhere, the publication of this Bulletin affords a good opportunity to bring the descriptions that are scattered through the nine volumes together, with such notes on synonymy as present knowl- edge suggests, and such corrections as are given in the Errata. In the earlier reports the measurements were expressed in inches and hun- dredths of an inch, while in the later volumes the metric system was adopted as most convenient and accurate, and the measurements which follow have all been reduced to this standard. All changes of this character or other changes from the original are included in brackets, while the additional notes are in Long Primer type.

HYMENOPTERA.

PORIZON COXOTRACHELI, N. SP. — Head pitchy-black, opaque, the ocelli triangularly placed and close together; eyes oval, polished, and black; face covered with a sil- very-white pubescence ; labrum rufous, with yellowish hairs ; mandibles and palpi, pale yellowish-brown ; antennae inserted in depressions between the eyes, reaching to metathorax when turned back, filiform, 24-joiuted; black with basal joints 6-1 be- coming more and more rufous, the bulbus always distinctly rufous ; bulbus rather longer and twice as thick as joint 3; joint 2 about one-third as long. Thorax pitchy- black, opaque, the sides slightly pubescent with whitish hairs, the meso thorax rounded and bulging anteriorly, the scutelluni slightly excavated and sharply denned by a carina each side ; metathorax with the elevated lines well defined and running par- allel and close together from scutelluni to about one-fourth their length, then suddenly diverging and each forking about 'the middle. Abdomen glabrous, polished, very slen- der at base, gradually broader and much compressed from the sides at the apex which is truncated; peduncle uniform in diameter and as long as joints 2 and 3 together ; joints 2-5 subequal in length ; color rufous with the peduncle wholly, dorsum of joint 2, a lateral shade on joint 3, and more or less of the two apical joints superiorly, es- pecially at their anterior edges, black ; venter more yellowish : ovipositor about as long as abdomen, porrect when in use, curved upwards when at rest, rufous, with the sheaths longer and black. Legs, including trochauters and coxre uniformly pale yel- lowish-brown with the tips of tarsi dusky. Wings, subhyaline and iridescent, with veins and stigma dark brown, the stigma quite large, and the two discoidal cells sub- equal and, as usual in this genus, joining end to end, but with the upper veins which separate them from the radial cell, slightly elbowed instead of being straight, thus giving the radial cell a quadrangular rather than a triangular appearance. $ differs from 9 only in his somewhat smaller size and unarmed abdomen. Expanse 9 0.32 inch £«_ 8>»m], length of body, exclusive of ovipositor, 0.22 [= 5.5mm] ; expanse $ 0.28 [ = 7mm], length 0.18 [ = 4.5"11"].

Described from 399,1^ bred May 26th-28th, 1870, from cocoons received from Dr. 64

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 65

I. P. Trimble, of New Jersey, and 1 2 subsequently received from the same gentleman- all obtained from larvie of Conotrachelus nenuphar.

As I am informed by Mr. E. T. Cresson, of Philadelphia, who pays especial atten- tion to the classification of the Ichnettmonidce, it might more properly be referred to Holmgren's genus Thersilochiis, which differs from I'orizon in the greater distance be- tween the antenna? at base, and in the venation of the wing. — [Third Kept., p. 28, Fig. 9.

LIMXERIA LOPHYRI, N. SP.— 9 , length 0.30— 0.35 inch [7.5— 8.?mm]. Head and thorax black with silvery white pile. Antenn;e piceous, more than half as long as body ; but slightly paler toward tip ; bulbus either yellowish or rufous. Ocelli either rufous or black. Mandibles, palpi, front and middle coxa- trochauters and tibhe, pale yellow. Tegula? almost white. Abdomen, with faint pile, rufous, the petiole and sides of next joint usually blackish. Hind legs rufous, the base of tibia? and of tarsi paler.

$ somewhat smaller, and with more black on the abdomen.

Four £ 's, 12 9 's bred from larva? of Lophynis Alboill. — [Ninth Kept., p. 32.

HEMITELES (?) CRESSONII, [N. Sp.]—^— Length 0.25 [Gmm]. Black, opaque, head trausversely-subquadrate ; face clothed with pale glittering pubescence; spot on mandibles, palpi, scape of antenna? in front and the tegulte, white; eyes large, ovate ; antenna? longer than head and thorax, slender, black; thorax closely and minutely punctured; mesothorax with a deeply impressed line on each side anteriorly; scutel- lura convex, clos'ely punctured, deeply excavated at base; inetathorax coarsely sculp- tured, truncate and excavated behind, the elevated lines sharply defined, forming an irregularly shaped central area, and a triangular one on each side of it, the outer posterior angle of which is prominent and subacute ; wings hyaline, iridescent, uervnres black- ish, stigma large, areolet incomplete, the outer nervure wanting; legs pale honey- yellow, coxte paler, tips of posterior femora, and their tibia-, and tarsi entirely black- ish ; abdomen elongate ovate, flattened, petiolated, the first segment flat, gradually dilated posteriorly, somewhat shining, and indistinctly longitudinally aciculate ; the two following segments opaque, indistinctly sculptured ; remaining segments smooth and shining. — [First Rept., p. 177. Figured at PI. II, Fig. 7.

HEMITELES (?) THYRIDOPTERIGIS, N. SP. — 9 Length 0.36 [inch = 9liim] ; expanse 0.50 [inch=!2.5mm]. Ferruginous, opaque. Head transverse, rather broader than thorax, the front much depressed ; face prominent centrally beneath antenna?, closely punctured, thinly clothed with pale pubescence; clypeus and cheeks shining; tips of mandibles black ; antenna?, long, slender, filiform, ferruginous, blackish at tips ; thorax rugose; scutellum prominent, with sharp lateral margins ; inetathorax prominent, quad- rate, abrupt laterally and posteriorly, finely reticulated and pubescent, the upper posterior angles produced on each side into a long, divergent, flattened, subacute spine; disk with two longitudinal carina1, from which diverges a central transverse carina; tegula' piceous; wings hyaline, subiridescent; a narrow, dark fuliginous band crosses the anterior pair a little before the middle, and a broad band of same color be- tween middle and apex, this band having a median transverse hyaline streak ; areolet wanting, second recurrent nervure straight, slightly oblique ; apex of posterior wing fuscous; legs long and slender, ferruginous, more or less varied with fuscous; pos. terior coxa--, tips of their femora, and their tibiae and tarsi, fuscous; base of foul posterior tibia? more or less whitish, forming a rather broad annulus on posterior pair ; abdomen petiolated, subconvex, densely and finely sculptured, blackish, baeal segment tinged with reddish, the second and third segments distinctly margined at tip witlj whitish ; apical segments smooth and shining, thinly pubescent ; ovipositor half as long as abdomen, sheaths blackish.

$ . — Not at all like the 2 . Length 0.33 [inch = 8mm], expanse 0.44 [inch = 11 mm}.- Long, slender, black, polished, without distinct punctures, thinly clothed with white pubescence; palpi white ; antenna? long, slender ; scape reddish ; mesothorax gibbous, with two deeply impressed longitudinal lines: inetathorax with well-defined elevated

5 MO

66 IXDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

lines, forming several irregular areas ; sides rugulose, apex without spines or tuber- cles; tegulse white; wings whitish-hyaliue, suhiridescent, the nervures and stigma white, subhyaline, neuratiou as in $ ; legs long, slender, pale honey-yellow; cox;>', posterior trochauters, apex of their femora, and their tibiae and tarsi, blackish; base of posterior tibi;e with a white aunulus ; abdomen long, slender, flattened, peti- olated, smooth and polished, the apical margin of second segment being narrowly whitish.

Described from four 9 and one ^specimens bred from the same [Thyridopteryx] cocoon.— [First Rept.p. 150. Figured at PL II, Figs. 11, 12.

The species is quite common iu Washington, D. C., and is often at- tacked by a secondary Chalcid parasite.

MICROGASTER LIMEXITIDIS, N. SP. — $ ?. Length 0.03 inch [ = 2imn1 ]. Color pitchy- black. Auteume black, about as long as body ; palpi whitish. Thorax minutely punctured. Abdomen with the two or three basal joints emarginate and rugose, the terminal joints smooth and polished. Legs dusky ; front and middle femora yellow- ish, hind femora black; front and middle tibine yellowish, hind tibiae with terminal half dusky, but the spur pale ; front and middle tarsi yellowish tipped with dusky, hind tarsi dusky above, paler below. Wings hyaline, iridescent, the nervures and stigma black or dark-brown, the radial nervule, the cubital uervules and the exterior nervule of the discoidal cell, sub-obsolete.

Described from 6 9 , 1 <? , bred from larv;e of Limenitis dinippus. — [Third Rept., pp. 158, 159.

The specimens referred to in connection with this description as bred from Gelechia galhvsolidaginis prove to belong to a distinct species. Both species belong to the genus Apauteles Forst. as at present accepted. See my "Notes on N. A. Microgasters " (Trans. Ac. Sc. St. Louis, IV, Author's separata, p. 13.)

MICROGASTER GELECHI.E. — Length 0/20 [ = 5mm] $ 9 . — Black, clothed with a short, thin, glittering, whitish pubescence, most dense on the face, which latter is closely punctured; occiput and cheeks shining; mandibles rufopiceous ; palpi whitish; eyes pubescent; antennae as long as the body in $ , shorter in 9> 18-joiuted; thorax shin- ing, feebly punctured, mesothorax closely and more strongly punctured, with a deeply impressed longitudinal line on each side over base of wings; scutelluni smooth and polished, the lateral groove broad, deep, arched and creuulated; metathorax opaque, densely rugose, with a sharp, central, longitudinal carina, and a smooth, flat, trans- verse cariua at base ; tegula? testaceous, wings hyaline, iridescent, apex smoky, nerv- nres blackish, areolet complete, subtriaugular, radial uervure indistinct ; legs pale honey-yellow, coxa- blackish, pale at tips, middle pair in 9 concolorous with legs; ab- domen with the two basal segments densely rugose and opaque, the remainder smooth and shining ; venter more or less varied with pale testaceous. — [First Rept., p. 178. This is a true Microyaster.

PERILITUS IXDAGATOR, N. Sp — Imago — 9 , Head almost glabrous, transverse, deep honey-yellow, the trophi pale, except the tips of jaws, which are dusky ; ocelli touch- ing each other, black ; eyes black, vory large, occupying nearly the whole side of face, and with a few very short hairs; antenna? with about 24 joints, pale fus- cous ; reaching, when turned back, to about the middle of abdomen. Thorax honey- yellow beneath and very slightly pubescent ; very finely punctured and slightly pu- bescent above ; prothorax honey-yellow and prominently convex ; mesothorax with lateral and posterior sutures black; metathorax black. Abdomen with the pedicel black and slightly punctured; depressed, narrow at base, widening behind, slightly pubescent above ; the other joints glabrous, polished, deep honey-yellow, the second joint largest and as long as all the subsequent ones together ; ovipositor extending about the length of the abdomen beyond its tip, rufous with the sheaths black. Legs

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 67

pale honey-yellow, the tarsi, especially at tips, slightly dusky, the hind femora and tibhe a little dusky towards tips, and a narrow rufous ring at base of former. Wings hyaline, iridescent; veins brown; stigma honey-yellow, with an opaque brown cloud; two cubital cells, the outer small, sub-quadrate; the radial large; one discoidal, long and narrow. Length, exclusive of ovipositor, 0.18 inch [=4.5mm]. Described from 1 9 bred from Acrobasisjuglandis, LeB. — [Fourth Rept., p. 43.

SPATIIIUS TRIFASCIATUS, N. Sp. — 9 . Average length, 0.18 inch [= 4.5mm]. Color, light-brown. Head pubescent, palpi long and pale ; eyes black ; ocelli black, con- tiguous ; antennae smooth, pale, and reaching to second abdominal joint. Thorax with sutures dark-brown ; legs more or less dusky, the tarsi (except at tip) an annulus at base of tibiae, and the trochanters, pale ; wings fuliginous, with a white fascia at base, at tip and across outer middle of front wing, including the inner half of stigma, the outer half of which is dark-brown ; middle fascia most clearly defined. Abdomen slightly pubescent at sides and tip ; first joint pale, petiolate, and with short and lon- gitudinal aciculations above ; second joint pale above, the others more or less brown ; ovipositor pale, dusky at tip, and long as abdomen.

One bred specimen.

$ — Dilt'ers in being much darker colored, the head, thorax and femora being brown, and the metathorax and base of first abdominal joint black.

One bred specimen. — [Fifth Rept., p. 100.

BRACOX CHARUS, N. sp.— 9 Length of body 0.35 inch [ = 8.7mu]]; of ovipositor 0.40 inch [= 10mm]; expanse of wing 0.65 inch [ =16'-um]. Colors black and deep rufous. Head, thorax, legs and antenuce polished black, the legs and sides of head and thorax with a fine grayish pubescence ; trophi also black. Abdomen uniformly deep rufous. Terebra of ovipositor pale yellow, the sheaths black and very faintly pubescent. Wings deep fuliginous with a faint zig-zag, clear line across the middle from the stigma.

Described from 7 9 's? all bred from Chrysobothris femorata. — [Seventh Rept., p. 75. Fig. 13.

BRACOX SCOLYTIVORUS, Cress. — 9 — Black, shining, metathorax and base of abdo- men pubescent ; face, anterior orbits, lower half of cheeks, clypeus, mandibles, except tips, palpi, teguhe, legs, including cox;«, and abdomen, honey-yellow, the latter darker ; posterior coxie sometimes dusky ; antenna} at base beneath, dull testaceous ; wings fuliginous, apical half paler, iridescent ; abdomen shining, first segment whitish later- ally, the base and disc sometimes dusky ; base of second segment with a large subtri- angular flattened space inclosed by a deep groove, the posterior side of which is generally blackish; ovipositor longer than abdomen ; sheaths black; length, .15 — .17 inch [ = 34— 4imm].

$ — More pubescent; posterior cox;e blackish, also the femora above, especially the posterior pair ; posterior tibitu dusky ; abtlomeu black, polished ; apex of first, basal half of second, and sides of apical segments more or less honey-yellow ; sides of basal segment whitish ; wings paler ; abdomen narrower and rather more convex ; length, .16 inch [=4mm].

Three $ , three 9 specimens. — [Mr. E. T. Cresson, in Fifth Rept., p. 106.

SIGALPHUS CURCULIOXIS, Fitch — Imago. — Head black, sub-polished, and sparsely covered on the face with short whitish hairs; ocelli touching each other; labrum and jaws brown ; palpi pale yellow ; antennie (Fig. 7, c) 27 -jointed, filiform, reaching, when turned back, to middle joint of abdomen and beyond, the bulbus and small second joint rufous and glabrous, the rest black or dark brown, though 3-10 in many specimens are more or less tinged with rufous ; 3-14 very gradually diminishing in size ; 14-27 sub- equal. Thorax black, polished, the metathorax distinctly and broadly punctate, and the rest more or less distinctly punctate or rugose, with the sides sparsely pubescent. Abdomen pitchy-black, flattened, the dorsum convex, the venter concave, and the sides narrow-edged and slightly carinated ; the three joints distinctly separated and of about equal length ; the first joint having two dorsal longitudinal carime down the

68 INDEX TO MISSOURI ENTOMOLOGICAL REPORTS.

middle ; all densely marked with very fine longitudinally impressed lines, and sparsely pubescent; (Dr. Fitch in his description published in the Country Gentleman, under date of September, 1859, states that these lines leave " a smooth stripe along the middle of its second segment and a large smooth space on the base of the third ; " which is true of a few specimens, but not of the majority, in which the impressed lines gener- ally cover the whole abdomen.) Ovipositor longer than abdomen, but when stretched in a line with it, projecting backwards about the same length beyond ; rufous, with the sheaths black. Legs pale rufous, with the upper part of hind tibia? and tarsi, and sometimes the hind femora, dusky. Wings subhyaliue and iridescent, the veins pale rufous, and the stigma black. Length 9 , 0.15-0. 16 inch [=3.7-4mm], expanse 0.30 [ = 7.5 mm] ; $ differs only in his somewhat smaller size and in lacking the ovipositor. In many specimens the mesothorax and the eyes are more or less distinctly rufous.

Described from 50 9 9 , 10 $ $ , bred June 23d-July 29th, 1870, from larva of Conotra- ckelus- nenuphar, and 299 obtained from Dr. Fitch.

Larva (Fig. 8, «) — White, with translucent yellowish mottliugs.

Pupa (Fig. 8, c 9) — 0.17 inch [ = 4Jmm] long; whitish, the members all distinct, the anteunfe touching hind tarsi, the ovipositor curved round behind, reaching and touching with its tip the third abdominal joint, which afterwards forms the apical joint of imago; five ventral joints, which in the imago become much absorbed and hidden, being strongly developed.

Cocoon (Fig. c, l>) — Composed of one layer of closely woven yellowish silk.

VARIETY RUFUS — Head, thorax, and most of the first abdominal joint entirely ufous, with the middle and hind tibia? dusky, and the ovipositor three times as long as abdomen and projecting more than twice the length of the same beyond its tip.

Described from three 9 9 bred promiscuously with the others. This variety is slightly larger and differs so remarkably from the normal form that, were it not for the absolute correspondence in all the sculpturing of the thorax and body, and in the venation of the wings, it might be considered distinct. The greater length of the ovipositor is very characteristic, and accompanies the other variation in all three of the specimens. — [Third Rept., p. 27. Fig. 7.

EURYTOMA BOLTERI, N. Sp.— 9 Length 0.18 inch [=4. 5 mm]. Antennae black, not much longer than the face, perceptibly thicker towards the end, and apparently 10- jointed, though the three terminal joints are almost always confluent. Dimensions and appearance of joints, represented in the annexed Figure 97, a. Head and thorax rough- punctured and finely bearded with short, stiff gray hairs. Abdomen about as long as thorax, scarcely so broad, viewed from above, but wider viewed laterally ; highly polished, smooth and black, the three terminal segments with minute stiff gray hairs along the sutures ; visibly divided into seven segments, the four anterior ones of about equal length, the two following shorter, and the terminal one produced into a point. Legs fulvous with the coxa3, [trochanters], thighs and more or less of the shanks black- ish-brown. Wings perfectly transparent, glossy, colorless, and with the nerves very faint.

$ Measures but 0.14 inch [= 3.5mm], and differs in the antenna?, being twice as long as the face, in their narrowing towards the tip and in being furnished with whorls of long hairs. The number of joints are not readily made out, and I have consequently presented at Figure 97, &, a magnified figure. His body is but half as wide and half as long as the thorax viewed from above, and not quite as broad as the thorax, viewed laterally ; it it also lacks the produced point of the $ . His wings are also cut off more squarely and more distinctly nerved. — [First Kept., p. 187. PI. II, Fig. 9.

For further descriptive details see Walsh's posthumous paper on the Eurytomides (Am. Ent. II, p. 293-9), where the insect is looked upon as a variety of Eurytoma diaxtroplii.

[TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTA, N. Sp.] * * It comes nearest the genus Tricho-

yramma, Wcst'.v., and may be provisionally called Trichogramma (/) ininnta. It differs

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND VARIETIES. 69

from that genus and from nil other Chalcididau genera with which I am acquainted, iu the antenna- being hut 5-jointed (scape, plus 4 joints), the scape stout and as long, or longer, than joints 2, 3, and 4 together; joints 3 and 4 small and together as long as joint 2 ; 5 very stout, fusiform, and as long as 2, 3, and 4 together. The legs have the trochanters stout and long, the tibia- not quite so long nor so stout as the femora, and with a long tooth ; the tarsi are 3-joiuted, with the joints of equal length and with the claws and pulvilli sub-obsolete. The abdomen is apparently 6-joiuted, the basal joint wide, the 2nd narrower, 2-5 increasing in width till 5 is as wide as 1. The ovip- o-iror of 9 extends a little beyond the apex, aud starts from the anterior edge of the 5th joint.— [Third Rept., p. 158. Fig. 72.

The species was provisionally referred to Trichogramma, aiid I subse- quently proposed for it the generic name Pentarthron (Record of Am. Ent. 1871, p. 8). Pentharthrum has, however, been used by Wollastou in beetles, and until allied genera are better characterized than at pres- ent, the old generic name may be retained.

COLEOPTERA.

BRUCHUS FAB/E N. Sp. (Fig. 19,) — General color tawny-gray with more or less dull yellowish. Body black tinged with brown and with dull yellowish pubescence, the pygidium and sides of abdomen almost always brownish. Head dull yellowish -gray with the jaws dark brown and palpi black ; autenme not deeply serrate in 9 , more so in $ ; dark brown or black with usually 5, sometimes only 4, sometimes 4 aud part of 5 basal joints, and with the terminal joint, more or less distinctly rufous, or testaceous, the color being so slight iu some specimens as scarcely to contrast at all with the darker joints. Thorax narrowed before, immaculate, but with the pubescence almost always exhibiting a single pale medio-dorsal line, sometimes three dorsal lines, more rarely a transverse line in addition, and still more rarely (two specimens) forming a large dark, almost black patch each*side, leaving a median stripe and the extreme borders pale and thus approaching closely to erythrocerus Dej. ; base with the edges almost angulated; central lobe almost truncate and with a short longitudinal deeply impressed median line ; no lateral notch ; scutel coucolorous and quadrate with the hind legs more or lest notched. Elytra with the interstitial lines having a slight ap- pearance of alternating